土木工程英语作文

1、土木工程英语作文 篇一：对土木工程专业英语的看法 Views on English for Civil Engineering With the development of international engineering projects of civil engineering industry in China in more and more international engineering and technological exchanges and cooperation have become increasingly frequent, the participatio

2、n in the construction of the engineering and technical personnel of the increasingly high demand. Not only they have fluent English communication ability, but also to have the professional skills of civil engineering. But now many undergraduate civil engineering professional English teaching still e

3、xist many problems, culture is not conducive to the relevant personnel, be imperative to English teaching reform of civil engineering specialty. The main problems of civil engineering professional English Teaching One is the English course of civil engineering major neglected. Civil engineering prof

4、essional English course importance is not attached to it mainly displays in two aspects. The importance of school, not fully understanding the course. Ignore the professional English Teaching in many universities in civil engineering, civil engineering professional English in professional training p

5、rogram was scheduled for elective total hours, rarely, assessment methods to examine the basic. Second, students have insufficient understanding of the importance of English course of civil engineering major. Many students think that the future work can almost never use, not knowing it is an importa

6、nt way of learning, thinking contempt, lack of learning motivation. Thirdly, an important reason is the effect of assessment of students do not pay enough attention to the course. Students generally test course not important learning not pay enough attention to. Two is the content of English Teachin

7、g of civil engineering specialty choice is not appropriate. At present the teaching contents of many geotechnical engineering college English basic is according to the teaching material arrangement. Most of the content of textbooks mainly summarizes some of civil engineering professional English in

8、terms of English literature, textbook content covers small, not comprehensive, systematic, and sections are not coherent, some emphasis on the application of the knowledge and some emphasis on basic theory. The three is the teaching method and means can not keep pace with the times. At present many

9、colleges teaching of civil engineering professional English is still remained in the traditional teaching mode, the main teacher centered, students rarely participate in. Teaching main mode is: to learn new words, translation of the text. Teaching emphasis on the text word, word, sentence translatio

10、n exercises, ignored the literature of civil engineering professional English expressions and civil English listening and speaking ability. The teaching process is the spoon feedingteaching method, single teacher-student interaction in the classroom, teaching boring, the students interest in learnin

11、g, learning effect. Four is the students enthusiasm of learning English in civil engineering is not high. Mainly for the low class attendance, class absquatulate phenomenon, not a positive answer questions. Discussion on English teaching reform of Civil Engineering Specialty An objective and clear m

12、eaning of civil engineering professional english. The latest research achievements of civil engineering is almost always used English expression and international academic exchanges in civil field common language is english. In addition the geotechnical field new equipment and software the operation

13、 that most of the english. So to work or continue their studies have to deal with civil engineering specialty english. The two should pay attention to the choice of teaching content. The spirit of based onApplication of the principle ofchoice of civil engineering professional English teaching.Teachi

14、ng content rich teaching in from easy to difficult, step by step manner. The three should pay attention to the reform of teaching methods and teaching methods. The first is to change the original civil engineering professional English spoon feedingteaching methods, to improve the students learning o

15、f the course the interest as the guidance, take the teacher lectures, group discussion, classroom teaching methods such as multimedia and network technology, reasonable use of teaching methods. At the same time, the classroom teaching mainly for civil engineering majors English literature long sente

16、nces, complex sentences and sentences. For each type of sentence separate from the show, the first to explain in detail, sentence structure, English habit expression analysis. Then after the teaching to let the students practice grasp the sentence translation method. In addition to actively carry ou

17、t the interaction between teachers and students. Problems in the teaching process, and according to the degree of difficulty condition, and usually results.篇二：土木工程专业英语翻译文章 砌体表面的低强度与普通强度的砂浆面的结构性能 托马斯齐默尔曼 1 ，阿尔弗雷德施特劳斯 1 （1） 1190 和康拉德Bergmeister 1 大学结构工程研究所，自然资源和生命科学，彼得-乔丹82大街，奥地利维也纳， ThomasZimmermann

18、（通讯作者） 电子邮件:Zimmermann.Thomas KoadBergmeister 电子邮件： Koad.Bergmeister 收稿日期：2011 年4月12日 接受日期：2011 年8月29日 线上发表于：2011 年11月8日 AlfredStrauss 电子邮件:Alfred.Strauss 摘要 砌体建筑物是基于许多世纪以来的经验。尽管这一设计被广泛使用,但是了解到的关于砌体材料的性能依然存在不确定性。这些结构在抗震中的安全性更是一个复杂的挑战。比如，它取决于结构的抗力、地震活动和许多不确定的细部结构。其中最关键的受力因素便是砌体的剪力。按照EN 1015 - 11对砂浆棱柱

19、进行一系列的试验，在不同强度的砂浆下，测得砌体的抗弯和抗压强度。在接下的试验中，按照EN1052-3测得砌体的标准抗剪强度。进行三轴剪切试验，得出在不同砂浆强度下砌体的抗剪强度。此外，对于砂浆棱柱试验和三轴剪切试验，都采用了描述性统计参数进行计算。更有人企图作进一步的尺寸和随机评估的概率分布描述来进行数据收集。 关键词 剪切强度-摩擦系数-旧砖石 1 引言 砌体是一种典型的承压型建筑材料，但其剪切强度和抗弯承载力较低。这使得无筋砌体建筑十分有必要进行力学性能的分析，特别是对老旧的砌体建筑，以及进行合适的评估、分析和改造。 通常的设计和规范都特定采用欧洲标准（EC）。对于砌体结构，规范和设计方面

20、的规定采用EC61。极限状态分为三种情况：1.砌体竖向承载极限状态，2砌体剪切承载极限状态；3砌体抗弯承载极限状态。其中起控制因素的是抗剪承载力和抗弯承载力，尤其是在无筋砌体结构中。而主要的水平荷载是由风荷载或地震作用引起的。 关于材料在水平荷载下的参数可以分为两种：第一类直接影响的是应力，例如能量耗散和人为因素。第二种类型直接影响的是抗侧，例如抗剪、抗拉强度、剪切模量。根据欧共6规范知,抗剪强度设计值取决于初始抗剪强度、摩擦系数以及几何参数。按照EN 1052 - 32进行试验得出，用这两种材料参数表征砌体性能是可行的。进一步的可以定义剪切强度：砌体发生剪切破坏时的强度。因此,在广泛的研究的

21、基础上可以发现（在Tomazevic3）,破坏集中发生在砖和砂浆材料的分界面上。 在试验的过程中采用的是先进的EN 1052 - 3试验方法,测得的砌体的抗剪强度没有区分砌体的新旧。因此两个样本布局都可以使用，最小的实际样本由两个砖单元和一个砂浆层组成，而第二样本有三个砖单位和两个砂浆层。在试验老砌体的试验中，第二样本布局比较合适,因为进一步采用了对称在加载的方式，更加容易实现规范要求。 本文中阐述的试验过程重点针在不同性质的砂浆对老旧的砌体结构的影响。试验的结果在采用了假设的材料强度，并结合广泛文献资料的基础上，进行了阐述。 2 材料特性 2.1 砖 剪切试样只采用一种古老的、固体砌体砖,见

22、图1。这种砖是从十九世纪维也纳典型的房子采集的。砖块的平均尺寸是L / B / H = 29.12 / 14.13/7.05厘米。根据EN 772 - 164测量尺寸。基于获得最小的长度和宽度尺寸,砖被切割以为砖和砂浆提供一致的界面层。砖块的最后的维度是L = 25厘米,B = 12厘米。砖的高度保持不变。砖的干密度是q= 1467公斤/立方米。 压缩强度 f B 是获得符合EN 772-1 抗压强度平均值，即在 F B = 19.28MPa。图 1 旧实心粘土砖，用于剪切试验 2.2 砂浆 要确定砖和砂浆之间的初始抗剪强度，而采用一种由低强度的、纯净的砂组成的混合砂浆。 选择两组由四组几乎有

23、相同的特点的砂浆组成的砌体，为砌体墙的抗剪试验提供可比性,这是一个非常低的强度砂浆。这些砌体墙的剪切试验已经进行了记录 6 。 在一个试验中，对包含了四种不同的混合砂浆的砂浆棱柱（尺寸为4040160毫米）进行了试验，获得抗压强度，F m和抗弯强度，F 米，FL。 表 1 显示了所有四种砂浆混合物的成分。 表1 调查砂浆混合物，单位：克所获得的抗压强度和抗弯强度均符合EN 1015-11 7 ，经过后28天的硬化时间后，得出表 2 显示的试验的结果。 表2 调查砂浆混合物材料的参数，单位为MPa从以上试验结果得出砂浆混合物二是作为第一、三重剪切试验组的选择，因为它的性能是最接近砌体墙的剪切试验

24、中使用的砂浆特点。 砂浆混合物四被选定为第二个三重剪切试验组。 2.3 砌体样本 第三组用于剪切试验的样本，由三块砖通过两个连接面构成。 标准砖提供了轴承负载所需的光滑表面，这只限用于水泥砂浆试样上下表面。 建成后的样本，每一个被加载的竖向荷载约3.0 10?3 MPa。同时得到三重剪切试验样本，两种混合物的砂浆试件会另外进行进一步的砂浆试验。 3 试验方法 研究砂浆和砖的接缝处的剪应力和正应力均匀分布是作为砖砌体性能研究的一般问题。 为了避免出现其他情况，应尽可能使剪切载荷接近砂浆接缝处，参见 8 。 此外在接缝处也不应该存在拉应力，有因为这些应力可能会影响破坏荷载。 然而，在接缝周围发生一

25、些应力集中，和围绕接缝发生的其他情况，这意味着试验几乎是不可能得出纯剪应力分布。 砌体的抗剪强度取决于砂浆缝强度，垂直压力级别和摩擦角的剪切粘结性能。 要获得这些性能可采用不同类型的样本。 图 2 显示了各种不同的试验方法。 图 2 剪切试验各种不同的试验安排，根据EN 1052-3，B霍夫曼和Stoeckl的三重试验 9 ，C Riddington等。 ，D范德尔普勒伊姆 10 11 ，电子哈米德等。 12 ，F阿卜杜等。 13 和 g Popal和Lissel的 14 这些试验方法包括采用两个，三个或四个砖。 这个观点可以在朱克斯等人的论述 15 和阿卜杜等额外的实验研究 13 中发现。

26、此外，几个试验安排进行了调查，通过有限元分析，由Stoeckl等提出结果。 16 。 因此，它可以表明，剪切和正常应力高峰出现在所有试验。 也有一些不同的试验方法的优点结合起来的方法，例如： 。然而，所有提到的方法有一个共同点，它们需要非常复杂的设备，他们不是一个标准的试验方法，采用标准EN 1052-3预计三重剪切试验。 4 剪切性能的调查 前面提到的试验方法中，这样的试验砖只有部分重叠。 但是不要紧，或多或少都是的新砖。 在旧砖的情况下，一个完整的重叠更有利，因为考虑到凹凸不平和印可能产生的影响。 因此，三重试验方法标准EN 1052-3用于本文中提出的调查。 根据标准EN 1052-3，

27、两个不同的试验程序是可能的。 （一）在程序的样本必须至少有三个不同的正常应力水平下的试验，每个级别至少有三个样本。 程序（二）是没有任何预压缩至少6个试件。 为了避免正常的拉伸应力沿砂浆层接缝，程序（一）被选定。 这在正常的压力是不可取的，因为抗剪强度的结果可以由砂浆接缝处存在的拉应力的影响。 两组样本进行了试验。 表 显示了剪切试样的性能。 两组砖是一样的，但不同的是砂浆混合物。 第二砂浆混合物用于第一组，第二组砂浆采用混合物四 表3 砌体样本特征，单位为MPa基于两砖抗压强度 f b，和砂浆 f 米 ，砖石抗压强度 f K 是根据EC6，国家附件乙1996年1月1日 17 。篇三：土木工程

28、英文文献 Reinforced Concrete Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the chemica

29、l hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement in the

30、 tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element. It is this deviation in the composition of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the bas

31、ic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet

32、 mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing bars, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system. The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be

33、 cast: that is, whether it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmf

34、ul materials. In foundations, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of

35、 either the immersion or external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete. Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of mo

36、isture at temperatures above 50F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surfacecracking takes place. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full

37、chemical hydration. It is clear that a large number of parameters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in

38、the choice of concrete sections, with assumptions based on conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in c

39、ontrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sections in steel structures. A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load

40、. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses. The trial-and adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, and personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and