4.17语法精讲三基础班第三讲

1、（一）定语从句1.构成2.分类3.定语从句的划分4.定语从句省略（二）名词性从句1同位语从句2宾语从句3表语从句4. 主语从句（一）定语从句：用于关系词引导句子修饰名词1. 构成：定语从句的形式I know the girl.The girl comes from Beijing.I know the girl who comes from Beijing.定语从句三步骤先找出两个句子中相同的名词判断名词是人还是物，人who/that物which/that将who/that/which引导的句子放于相同的名词后面(引导词要放在他所修饰的句子句首）I like reading books.The

2、 books were written by O. Henry.I like reading books which/that were written by O. Henry. I planted a tree.The tree is taller than the house.I planted a tree which is taller than the houseThe tree that/which I planted is taller than the house不能用which，只能用that前面的先行词是不定代词，包括all，anything，nothing, the on

3、e, much, little等;eg: Have you taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said ?如果先行词中出现了the only, the very等；eg: This is the only way that we can think out.如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词最高级；eg: This is the best film that I have ever seen.如果先行词中即有人，又有物；eg: They are talking about the school and the teachers that they vi

4、sited yesterday1谓语动词（结构）和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密&关系疏远look+ for寻找关系紧密look+ at看 关系疏远2定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面，不能做任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到which/ who的前面；This is the book which you are looking for.This is the book at which you are looking.This is the book which you are interested in.This is the boo

5、k in which you are interested.This is the book which you asked for.3关系代词和关系副词 Beijing is the place. I was born in the place. -Beijing is the place which l was born in. -Beijing is the place in which l was born. 定语从句中，如果介词+which表示地点，则可以用where替换； Beijing is the place where l was born.eg:I cant forget

6、the day.I join the army on the day.I cant forget the day which I joined the army on.I cant forget the day on which I joined the army. (when)判断关系代词和关系副词的方法(1)不管是关系代词还是关系副词，都取决于从句中的谓语动词；若该谓语动词为及物动词，则一定使用关系代词；若该谓语动词为不及物动词，且其后没有介词，则一定使用关系副词；eg: I will never forget the days_ I worked together with you. (

7、on which/when) I will never forget the days_ I spent in the countryside. (which)(2)通过判断先行词在定语从句中的成分Is this the museum (that) you visited a few days ago? Is this the museum (in which/where) the exhibition was held?关系代词：前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分；介词+which:恰好表示时间和地点，可以替换成when，where这样的关系副词；B分类：限定性定语从

8、句和非限定性定语从句(1)非限定性定语从句：先行词（即名词）后有一个逗号；In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers who come from Australia.（限定性定语从句）In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers，who come from Australia.（非限定性定语从句）限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变；非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义；I have a

9、 sister who is a nurse.I have a sister, who is a nurse.(2)非限定性定语从句：先行词是前面的整句话；eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation. We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year This is the house, which we bought last month.非限定性定语从句引导词which/as:

10、which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as则只能放在句子前面；eg: Smoking is harmful to our heath, which we know. As we know, smoking is harmful to our heath.eg: Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise A.lt B. that C. as D. whichc定语从句的划分 There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun

11、. Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore. In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded. The police explained that the difficulties which they faced wer

12、e too severe.D定语从句省略（分词作定语）1.关系词充当宾语的时候I know the boy who the teacher praised just now.The police explained that the difficulties which they faced were too severe.2.关系词充当主语I know the girl who comes from Beijing I know the girl coming from BeijingI like the book which were written by O Henry I like t

13、he book written by O Henry关系词充当主语 1. The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder. 2.Databases used by some companies dont rely on data collected systematically. 3.Hamilton isnt the only educator crossing the Atlantic. 4.Career experts say that one of the ways (that) job seeker

14、s can stay safe while using the 5.Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities. ( 职业专家说求职者)用因特网找工作时保持安全的一个方法是隐瞒其真实身份。 Over the past three decades the number of students leaving home each year to study abroad has grown at annual rate of 3.9 percent, from 800,000 in 1975 to 2.5 million i

15、n 2004.（二）名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同位语从句； 定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等成分；1同位语从句：对前面名词的进一步解释 I know the man, the president of the New Oriental School. 英语中的简单句：陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句。eg: He is a student. Are you a student? Who is a student?同位语从句：关系词不再和前面的名词有关系，而是取决于后面的从句；eg: I know the fact. He is

16、a student. I know the fact that he is a student.eg: I have a question. Are you a student? I have a question whether you are a student.eg: I have a question. who is a student? I have a question who is a student.同位语从句的构成从句仍然接在名词之后，名词有可能为answer，belief, concept，explanation，fact，hope, message, news, prom

17、ise, question, thought等形式：名词+从句；连接词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式；如果是陈述句，直接加that引导；一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上whether或者if；特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词后面的句子变成陈述句语序；The news soon spread the whole school.They had won the game.The news that they had won the game soon spread the whole school.定语从句与同位语从句的区别That在后面的从句中充当成分，为宾语从句，不充当成

18、分，为同位语从句。区分：The suggestion that she should stay in the room is good.The suggestion that she has given in the meeting is good.The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate, says this ethics professor at the University of Chicago, is the reason to

19、hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.2宾语从句从句部分的连词取决于从句时一般疑问句、特殊疑问句还是陈述句；eg: We must find out who did all these. I want to know whether he will come. I hope that he will come.注意：宾语从句的时态：如果宾语从句前的动词是过去式，则宾语从句的时态应相应变成过去时态； eg：My teacher told that we would go there.如果宾语从句是客观事实或真理，不管宾语从句前的动

20、词时什么时态，宾语从句都用一般现在时； eg：My teacher told that the earth is round.宾语从句后接陈述句用that引导，that 一般可以省略，eg. I think (that) you are right.宾语从句如果谓语动词是doubt，后面接的一般疑问句通常用whether或if引导；如果前面的谓语动词是dont doubt，则后面从句的连接词一定是that;宾语从句如果谓语动词是wonder, 句型为I wonder if，后面的连接词不能用whether;宾语从句的否定转移：think，believe，suppose，expect，imagi

21、ne等动词后面宾语从句的否定词而从句的谓语动词用肯定式；转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，3表语从句若从句为陈述句，直接加that;若从句为特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；若从句为一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上whether或者if；China is no longer what she used to be.The question is who is responsible for what has happened.(2002 text3) One more reason not to lose sleep over the ri

22、se in oil prices is that it hasnt occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.(2000) What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams.4. 主语从句That the college will take in more students is true. Whether he will come or not hasnt b

23、een decided. Why he isnt here is not clear to everyone.it做形式主语的情况(1) It is+名词+主语从句； eg: It is a pity that you should have to leave.(2) It is+形容词+主语从句； eg: It is clear that the whole project is due to failure.如果是It is necessary /important /strange / natural+ that引导的主语从句，从句中的谓语动词一定要用should+动词原形；eg: It is necessary that on