第14次2019通用考博写作提分-2年提纲作文讲义

1、北师大英文写作主讲人一、提纲作文的精髓是什么1） 段落主旨归纳2） 看懂才能归纳3） 懂得取舍，不要一味摘抄二、什么必须读？1） 首尾必读2） 转折必读三、什么可以跳读1)时间具体化2)地点具体化3)人物引言4)名词列举5)例如说的后面四、思维线一、提纲作文写作框架结构安排首段：题目填空、点出全文主旨、顺接下一段首段第一句：用题目填空做成首句：第二段：学会浓缩段大意，注意套话迹象1：如果上段尾和下段开头有连接迹象需要合并2：段落出现转折词时，属于主要观点，要分句3：段落出现例如说的时候，可以进行摘录4：段落出现研究时，要注意起因和结果The article discusses the matt

2、er of 题目The article discusses the matter of 题目The author discusses 题目首段第二句：用 according to the author，引接到十大救命词组，点出全文主旨重要：be of great importance to; play an increasingly important role; nothing is more importantn有害：threaten to do more harmn good重视/注意：give priority to/give more priority to A over B/pay

3、 attention to/Due attention is paid to 不忽视：cannot be ignored/overlooked/neglected影响：The influence is essentiallyitive (negative/substantial/far reaching)值得：It is worthwhile for most people to解决问题：solve many practical problems/Many problems can be solved effectively by means of/ is a solution to.获得益处

4、：benefit grey from/The influence of is essentially benefil.利大于弊：The benefits outweigh the so-called disadvantages.弊大于利：The disadvantages outweigh the so-called benefits依赖：rely on for 1.结尾段：五：论证层次出现的通用句型：根据段落的不同逻辑关系，选择不同的论证句型：六、模板The essay, from differentbackground information,s, mainly discusses the

5、 ie of By providing concretele exles and in-depnalysis, the article focuses on , as canbe seenhe following paragraphs.Three major factors are sant in this article. To begin with, it is essentialt beemphasized Whats more, as can be illustrated above, without , it is barelysible for a manto let alone

6、. Conversely speaking, but for , would nove . Third and last, apart fromthe above facts, another aspect also deserves due attention: it is To sum up, some details are provided to make thet logical and reasonable, for出现时间和地点的时候he development of this paragraph, a series of events are listedhe order in

7、 which they happened, particularly 事件列举. Trivial as these events seemto be, all of them showt出现因果的时候As the author can see it,can be related to some other factors,particularly 名词列举.出现引言的时候句, as is illustrated by Mr. s remark. He bevest 事件引述出现例证的时候句. is a case in po, emphasizingt 段落改写出现试验的时候救命词组套句. Th

8、is is best shown in an experiment by , which was made under the background of .出现建议的时候It is advisedt (To prevent the situation from worsening off, some measures should be taken as soon assible.一些怎么说都对的结尾句To sum up, the essay is well written, providing the reader with concrete facts and in-depth ysis

9、. Though the authors is somewhat conservative and conventional, it turns out to be rational and realistic. 末段首句：To sum up, 呼应首段词次句：用“救命”词组表明自己的立场观点5：段落一些带有的短语和句子不要有翻译的冲动instance, 1, 2and 3. However, it must be poed outt three key pos are santof :1 , 2and 3 .he discus练）1999 年考题Perhaps the most obviou

10、s relationship betThe vocabularies of all languages are elaboratedn language and culture is seen in vocabulary.he direction of what is considereptivelyimportant int culture. In industrialized societies the vocabularies contain large numbers ofwordst reflect complex technologies and occupational spel

11、ization. The average speaker ofstandard. American. English knowsmicrochip, and bulldozer, as well as adreds of technological terms, such as carburetor,myriad of terms designating occupational spelties,such as accountant, philosopher, draft smart, clerk, and thoracic surgeon, because technologyand pr

12、ofess are focal concerns in U.S. culture. Thus, standard American English enables NorthAmericans to adapt most effectively to their environment by providing a conceptual lexicon mostsuited to U.S. culture.It is equally true for nonindustrialized societiest those aspects of environment andculturet ar

13、e of spel importance will be reflectedhe vocabulary. The Kof southernhave seven different words for bamboo, an important natural resource in their tropicalenvironment, yeve北师大 2002Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 120words.Developments in 19th ce

14、ntury Europe are bounded by two great events. The French Revolution broke out in 1789, and its effects reverberated throughout much of Europe for many decades. World War I began in 1914. Its inception resulted from many trends in European society,culture, and diplomacy during the late 19th century.

15、In betn these boundaries-the oneopening a new- set of trends, the other bringing long-standing tenmodern Europe was defined.s to a head-much ofEurope during this 125-year span was botited and deeply divided. A number of basiccultural trends, including new literary styles and the spread of science, r

16、an through the entirecontinent. European ses were increasingly locked in diplomaticeraction, culminating incontinentwide alliance system after 1871. At the same time, this was the century of growingnationalism, in which individual ses jealously protected their identities andestablishedmore rigorous

17、border controlsn ever before. Finally, the European continent was to an extentdivided betn two zones of differential development. Changes such as the IndustrialRevolution and political liberalization spreadand fastest in western Europe-Britain, France,the Low Countries, Scandinavia, and, to an exten

18、t, Germany and Italy. Eastern and southernEurope, more rural at the outset of the period, changed more slowly and in somewhat different ways.Europe witnessed important common patterns and increasingerconnections, but thesedevelopments must be assessed in terms of nation-se divis and, even more, of l

19、argerregional differen. Some trends, including the ongoing impact of the French Revolution, ranthrough virtually the entire 19th century. Other characteristics, however, had a shorter life span.Some historians prefer to divide 19th century historyo relatively small cks.Thus1789-1815 is defined by th

20、e French Revolution and Napoleon; 1815-48 forms a period ofreaction and adjustment; 1848-71 is dominated by a new- round of revolution and theunifications of the German and Italian nations; and 1871-1914, an age of imperialism, is shdby new- kinds of political debate and the prerest culmi atin war.

21、Overri i g theseimportant markers, however, a simpler divican also be useful. Betn 1789 and 1849Europe dealt with the forof political revolution and theimpact of the IndustrialRevolution. Betn 1849 and1914 a fuller industrial society emerged, including new- forms ofses and of diplomatic and military

22、 alignments. The mid-19th century, in either formulation,looms as a particularly important poof transition withhe extended 19th century.2003 年Europe was theof the major world regions to develop a modern economy based oncommerl agriculture and industrial development. Itcsful modernization can be trac

23、ed tothe continents rich endowment of economic resour, its history of innovations, the evolutionof a skilled and educated labour force, and theerconnectedness of all its parts-both naturallyexisting and man-madewhich facilied the easy movement of massivematerials and finished goods and the communica

24、tion of ideas.ties of rawEuropes economic modernization began wimarked improvement in agriculture outputin the 17th century, particularly in England. The traditional method of cultivation involvedperiodically allowing land to remain fallow; this gave way to continuous cropon fieldstwere fertilized w

25、ith nature from animals raised as food for raly expanding urban markets.Greater wealth was accumulated by landowners at the same timet fewer farmhands wereneeded to work the land. The accumulated capital and abundant cheap labour created by thisrevolution in agriculture fueled the development of the

26、 Industrial Revolutionhe 18th century. The revolution vegan in northern England in the 1730s with the development of water-driven machinery to spin and weave wool and cotton. By mid-century James Watt haddeveloped a practicalenginet emancipated machinery from sites adjacent to waterfallsand ras. Bri

27、tain had been practically deforested by this time, and the insant demand formore fuel to run the engines led to the exploiion of coal as a major industry. Industries werebuilt on the coalfields to minimize the cost of transporting coal over long distan. Theincreasingly surplus rural population flock

28、ed to theufacturing areas. Cs and otherimprovements in the transporion infrastructure were made in these regions, which madethem attractive to other industriest were not nesarily dependent on coal and thusprompted development in adjacent regions.Industrialization outside of England began in the mid-

29、19th century in Belgium and northeastern France and spread to Germany, the Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, and otherareas in conjunction with the construction of railways. By the 1870s theernments of theEuropean nations had recognized the vital importance octory production and had taken stepsto e

30、ncourage local development through subsidies and tariff protection against foreigncompetition. Large areas, however, remained virtually untouched by modern industrialdevelopment, including most of the Iberian Peninsula, southern Italy, and a broad belt of easternEurope extending from the Balkans on

31、the south to Finland and northern Scandinavia.During the 20the century Europe has experienced periods of considerable economic growthand prosperity, and industrial developmens proliferated muore widely throughout thecontinent; but continued economic development in Europe has been handicapped to a la

32、rgedegree by its multinational character which has spawned economic rivalries among ses andtwo devasing world wars-as w ll as by the exhaustion of many of its r s urand byincreased economic competition from overseas.ernmental protectionism, which has tendedto restrict the potential market for a prod

33、uct to a single country, has deprived many industrialconcerns of the efficiencies of large-scale production serving a mass market (such as is found inthe United Ses) In addition, entrise efficiency haffered fromernment support andfrom a lack of competition within a national market area. Within indiv

34、idual countries there havebeen growing tens betn regionst have prospered and thoset have not. Thiscore-periphery problem has been particularly acute in situations where the contrasting regionsare inhabited by different ethnic groups.2004 年Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary

35、 of it in English in about 120words.The sucs oilure of a company abroad depends on how effectively its employees canexercise their skills in a new location.t ability will depend on both their job-related expertiseand the individuals sensitivity and responsiveness to the new cultural environment. One

36、 of themost common factors contributing to failure inernational business assignments is thehe home environment, he or she will beerroneous amptiont ifrson icsfulequally sucsful in applying technical expertise in a different culture.Research has shownt failures in the overseas business setting most f

37、requently resultfrom an inability to understand anpt to foreign ways of thinking and acting rathern fromtechnical or profesalpetence. At home U.S. businesspeople equip themselves with vastamount of knowledge of their employees, customers, and business partners. Market researchprovides detailed infor

38、mation on values, attitudes, and buying preferenof U. S, consumers;middle-and upper-level managers are well versedhericacies of theiranizations culture;and labor negotiators must be highly sensitive to what motivates those on the other side of thetable. Yet when Normericans turn to theernational arena, they frequently are willing todeal with customers, employees,