语用学级期末复习思考题

1、-. z.I. Put the following English terms into Chinese. (11010)所指对象referent所指论Referential theory专有名词 proper name普通名词 mon nouns固定的指称记号 rigid designators指称词语dei*ical items确定性描述语definite descriptions编码时间 coding-time变异性variability表示反复的词语 iterative表述句 constative补救策略redressive strategies 不可别离性 non-detachabi

2、lity不确定性indeterminacy不使用补救策略，赤裸裸地公开施行面子威胁行bald on record without redressive actions阐述类言语行为 representatives承诺类言语行为 missives指令类言语行为directives表达类言语行为e*pressives, 宣告类言语行为declarations诚意条件 sincerity condition次要言外行为 secondary illocutionary act等级含义 scalar implicature等级划分法 rating scales副语言特征 paralinguistic f

3、eatures非公开施行面子威胁行为 off record非规约性non-conventionality非规约性意义 non-conventional implicature非论证性的 non-demonstrative非自然意义non-natural meaning (meaning-nn)否认测试法negation test符号学 semiotics构成性规则 constitutive rules古典格莱斯会话含义理论 Classical Gricean theory of conversational implicature关联论Relevance Theory关联原则Principle

4、 of Relevance归属性用法 attributive use规约性含义conventional implicature人际修辞 interpersonal rhetoric篇章修辞te*tual rhetoric含蓄动词 implicative verbs适宜条件 felicity conditions呼语 vocatives互相显映 mutually manifest会话含义 conversational implicature话语层次策略 utterance-level strategy积极面子positive face间接言语行为 indirect speech acts 间接指

5、令 indirect directives结语 upshots交际意图municative intention可撤销性 cancellability可废弃性 defeasibility可推导性 calculability跨文化语用失误cross-cultural pragmatic failure跨文化语用学cross-cultural pragmatics命题内容条件 propositional content condition面子保全论 Face-saving Theory面子论 Face Theory面子威胁行为 Face Threatening Acts (FTAs)蔑视 flout

6、ing明示 ostensive明示推理模式ostensive-inferential model摹状词理论Descriptions粘合程度 scale of cohesion篇章指示 discourse dei*is前提 presupposition 前提语 presupposition trigger强加的绝对级别absolute ranking of imposition确定谈话目的 establishing the purpose of the interaction确定言语事件的性质 establishing the nature of the speech event确定性描述语 d

7、efinite descriptions认知语用学 cognitive pragmatics上下文 co-te*t社会语用迁移sociopragmatic transfer社交语用失误 sociopragmatic failure 施为句 performative省力原则 the principle of least effort实情动词 factive verbs适从向 direction of fit手势型用法 gestural usage首要言外行为 primary illocutionary act双重或数重语义模糊 pragmatic bivalence/ plurivalence顺

8、应的动态性 dynamics of adaptability顺应性adaptability语境关系的顺应(conte*tual correlates of adaptability)、语言构造的顺应(structural objects of adaptability)、顺应的动态性(dynamics of adaptability)和顺应过程的意识程度(salience of the adaptation processes)。 说话人经济原则speakers economy损惠等级cost-benefit scale所表达的心理状态 e*pressed psychological stat

9、e所指 reference所指对象 referent特殊性会话含义particularized conversational implicature条件性的双重言外行为 conditional bivalent illocutionary act调节性规则 regulative rules投射问题projection problem推理论 inference theory推理模式 inferential model文学语用学 literary pragmatics问卷调查 questionnaire习语论 idiom theory 显性施为句 e*plicit performatives 显映

10、 manifest 限定语篇长度策略 space-making strategies相对权势 relative power相邻对 adjacency pair象征型用法 symbolic usage小句含义 clausal implicature协商性negotiability新格莱斯会话含义理论Neo-Gricean pragmatic theories of conversational implicature新格莱斯语用学机制 Neo-Gricean pragmatic apparatus心理表征mental representation信息意图 informative intentio

11、n行事动词 performative verb 宣告类言语行为 declarations 言后行为 perlocutionary act言内行为 locutionary act言外行为 illocutionary act言外之的 illocutionary point言外之力 illocutionary force言外之力显示手段 illocutionary force indicating devices (IFIDs)言语事件 speech events言语行为 speech act一般性会话含义 generalized conversational implicature意义 sense

12、因果的、历史的所指论 Causal or Historical Chains Theory隐性施为句 implicit performatives优先构造 preference structure语际语语用学 interlanguage pragmatics 语境 conte*t语境关系的顺应conte*tual correlates of adaptability语码模式 code model语篇标示 discoursal indicator语篇性语用模糊 discoursal ambivalence语言顺应论 Adaptation Theory 语言构造的顺应structural obje

13、cts of adaptability语言能力 linguistic petence语义学semantics语用模糊 pragmatic ambivalence语用能力 pragmatic petence 语用迁移 pragmatic transfer 语用失误pragmatic failure语用语言迁移 pragmalinguistic transfer语用语言失误 pragmalinguistic failure语用语言学 pragmalinguistics与事实相反的条件句counterfactual conditionals蕴涵、推涵、衍推 entailment期待的第二局部pref

14、erred second part预先的元语用评论语 prospective MPCs再表述 reformulations指号 designator指令类言语行为 directives追溯性的元语用评论 retrospective MPCs指示投射 deictic projection指示语/指示性词语 deictic e*pressions指示性用法 referential use指示中心 deictic center准备条件 preparatory condition着重受话人的元语用评论addressee-oriented metapragmatic ments ( A-MPCs)着重说

15、话人的元语用评论 speaker-oriented metapragmatic ments (S-MPCs)自然意义 natural meaning自我中心性 egocentricity最大关联 ma*imal relevance最正确关联 optimal relevance配比照拟paired parison卡片分类card sorting等级划分rating scales开放性面谈open interview引发法elicitationII. Fill in the blanks with a proper word or words. (21020)1. How did Morris d

16、istinguish three aspects of semiotic inquiryThe use of the term is usually attributed to two American philosophers C. Morris and R. Carnap, who first introduced the term pragmatics in their study of semiotics in the 1930s. Morris distinguished three aspects of semiotic inquiry, i.e. syntactics (or s

17、ynta*), being the study of the formal relation of signs to one another, semantics, the study of the relation of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable, and pragmatics, the study of the relation of signs to interpreters.2. What are the two most important notions in Pragmatics 3. How d

18、oes P. Grice distinguish meaningsThe American philosopher P. Grice distinguishes between what he calls natural meaning (meaning-n) and non-natural meaning (meaning-nn). The two terms parallel sentence meaning and speaker meaning.4. What distinction did Frege make in 1952The German philosopher Frege

19、(1952) is generally credited with the distinction between the reference of a linguistic e*pression, that to which the sign refers, and its sense, an interpretation of the sign, provided by the grammar of the language.5. What are the two majorphilosophical theories about referencereferential theory o

20、f names and causal-historical theory6. What are the 2 distinct uses of definite descriptionsK.S. Donnellan (1966:285-286) called attention to what he called the referential use, as opposed to the attributive use, of a definite description. 7. How many types of deictic e*pressions are there What are

21、they Deictic e*pressions in English are usually classified into five main types: person dei*is, spatial dei*is, temporal dei*is, social dei*is, and discourse dei*is.8. What are the two different uses of deictic e*pressionsThere are basically two different uses of deictic e*pressions. They are called

22、 gestural usage and symbolic usage respectively.12. What are the two categories of utterances did Austin distinguish Austin distinguished two categories of utterances, which he referred to respectively as constatives and performatives.9. Who made the greatest contribution to Speech Act Theory in the

23、 post-Austinian ageMost of the contributions to Speech Act Theory in the post-Austinian age are ascribed to the American philosopher-linguist John Searle. 10. What distinction did Searle make about an utteranceSearle made the distinction between the illocutionary act and the propositional content of

24、 an utterance.11. What did IFID stand forAccording to Searle, IFID stood for illocutionary force indicating devices.12. What are the two types of rules that govern the linguistic munication according to Searle Searle distinguishes two basic types of rules, i.e. regulative rules and constitutive rule

25、s.13. What are the three most important dimensions of variation in which illocutionary acts differ from one anotherBased on his criticism of Austins classification, Searle presented his ta*onomy of illocutionary acts. He first of all specified 12 dimensions of variation in which illocutionary acts d

26、iffer from one another. The most important of them are the following three: illocutionary point, direction of fit, and e*pressed psychological state.14. What are the five types of illocutionary speech acts that identified Searles ta*onomy It is mainly based on these three dimensions of difference th

27、at Searle builds his ta*onomy, which identifies five types of illocutionary speech acts: (1) assertives/representatives，(2) directives，(3)missives，(4) e*pressives，(5)declarations.15. What did Jenny Thomas think of indirect language as pared with direct language, indirect language is costly and risky

28、.16. Searle believed that in performing indirect speech acts, there e*ist two speech acts. What are theyIn performing indirect speech acts, two speech acts instead of one are involved, i.e. primary illocutionary act and secondary illocutionary act.17. What is the implied meaning termed in Grices the

29、ory.The implied meaning is termed conversational implicature in Grices theory. 18. What are the most important properties of conversational implicatureCalculability, cancellability or defeasibility, nondetachability, non-conventionality, indeterminacy19. What do Sperber and Wison apply to language u

30、nderstandingSperber and Wison apply cognitive psychology and monetary economics to language understanding, 20. What are the two models that Ostensive-Inferential Model base on语码模式Code Model和推理模式(Inferential Model)21. What is relevance defined in terms ofRelevance is defined in terms of conte*tual ef

31、fect and processing effort. 22. What are the most important notions that Relevance Theory focus oncognition and munication23. What are the most influential ones in the pragmatic studies of politenessIn the pragmatic studies of politeness, the most influential are Leechs Politeness Principle and Brow

32、n & Levinsons politeness strategies.24. What are the factors that measure the weightiness of a face-threatening actThe weightiness of a face-threatening act is measured by three factors: social distance, relative power and absolute ranking of impositions.25. What are the two aspects of face accordin

33、g to Brown & LevinsonBrown & Levinson define face as the public self-image of an individual, which has two aspects: first positive face, which represents an individuals desire to be accepted and liked by others; second, there is negative face, which refers to an individuals right to freedom of actio

34、n and his/her need not to be imposed upon by others.26. What are the five sets of politeness strategies put forth by Brown & LevinsonP. 230 bald on record without redressive actions, positive politeness, negative politeness, off record, and Dont do the FTA.27. What are the three types of meaning in

35、the course of municationThe meaning that is conveyed in the course of munication falls roughly into three types: the asserted meaning, the implied meaning, and the presupposed meaning.28. Whats the way to tell presupposition from entailment To tell presuppositions from entailments, semanticists prop

36、osed the so-called negation test.29. The study of Cross-cultural pragmatics mainly consists of pragmalinguistics, sociopragmatics and interlanguage pragmatics.30. What is pragmatics parametersPragmatics parameters refer to those factors that affect the choice of pragmatic strategies, including socia

37、l distance, power, size of imposition, and rights and obligations. (P. 253)31. The studies of Interlinguage pragmatics include four aspects: pragmatic understanding, language e*pression, pragmatic transfer and pragmatic failure.32. What cause negative pragmatic transferInterlingual interference, Int

38、ralingual interference, influence of L1 literacy33. What are the categories of discourse roles Thomas has distinguished five different categories of producer of talk: Speaker, Author, Reporter, Spokesperson, Mouthpiece; four categories of receivers of talk: Addressee, Audience, Bystander, Eavesdropp

39、er.34. What are the types of pragmatic ambivalenceThomasand Yu Dongmingdivided pragmatic ambivalence into four major types:1) Pragmatic multivalence, 2) Pragmatic bivalence/plurivalence, 3) Conditional bivalent illocutionary act, and 4) Discoursal ambivalence.35. Presupposition is associated with so

40、me le*ical items or certain syntactic structures, which are thus given the name of presupposition triggers. What do you know about themA large variety of presupposition triggers in English have been identified. They can be found at the le*ical, syntactic, and phonological level. Presupposition trigg

41、ers at the le*ical level:1) Definite descriptions, 2) Factive verbs3) Implicative verbs 4) Change of state verbs 5) Iteratives 6Verbs of judgingPresupposition triggers at the syntactic level: 7Adverbial clauses and e*pressions of time 8Cleft sentences 9)Structures and e*pressions indicating parison

42、10) Non-restrictive attributive clauses11) Counterfactual conditionals12) QuestionsPresupposition can also be triggered off by some phonological means such as the shift of the normal sentence stress.36. According to Adaptation Theory, municative conte*t consists of language users, the mental world,

43、the social world, the physical world, etc.37. According to Adaptation Theory, the reason why people make choices constantly is that language has variability, negotiability and adaptability.38. GU Yueguo thought that in Chinese culture, politeness included four basic elements: repectfulness, modesty,

44、 attitudinal warmth, and refinement.39. Generally speaking, pragmatic research includes theoretical e*position and empirical study.40. In empirical study, people usually adopt observational method which is usually divided into two broad categories: quantitative and qualitative.III. Put the following

45、 passages into Chinese. (10110)分值分布根据两段的长短可能比例有变化，但总分不变。后面的页码是译文在课本相应页码。1. Leech summarizes three points about trivalent meaning as illustrated in the second case: (1) It involves the speakers intention to convey a certain meaning which may or may not be evident from the message itself. (2) Conseque

46、ntly, interpretation by the hearer of this meaning is likely to depend on the conte*t. (3) Meaning, in this sense, is something which is performed, rather than something that e*ists in a static way. It involves action (the speaker producing an effect on the hearer) and interaction (the meaning being

47、 negotiated between speaker and hearer on the basis of their mutual knowledge.) (Leech, 1981：320) (P. 12)2. The following four outward criteria are specified by Leech to judge whether a particular discussion of meaning takes us into the realm of pragmatics: (1) Is reference made to speakers or heare

48、rs (2) Is reference made to the intention of the speaker (3) Is reference made to conte*t (4) Is reference made to the kind of act performed by means of using language (P. 13)3. Grice gives the following characterization of meaning-nn:S meant-nn z by uttering U if and only if(i) S intended U to caus

49、e some effect z in recipient H(ii) S intended (i) to be achieved simply by H recognizing that intention (i) (P.15)4. The version provided by J. Lyons is quite representative. He lists si* variables:(i) Each of the participants of munication must know his role and status. The relevant roles are of tw

50、o kinds: deictic and social, and status here refers to the relative social standing of the participants.(ii) The participants must know where they are in space and time.(iii) The participants must be able to categorize the situation in terms of its degree of formality.(iv) The participants must know

51、 what medium is appropriate to the situation.(v) The participants must know how to make their utterances appropriate to the subject-matter, and the importance of subject-matter as a determinant in the selection of one dialect or one language rather than another in bilingual or multilingual munities.

52、(vi) The participants must know how to make their utterances appropriate to the province or domain to which the situation belongs. (See Lyons, 1977:574ff) (P. 18-19)5. Searle further condenses these conditions into four felicity conditions:1). propositional content conditionS predicates a future act

53、 which he himself is going to perform.2). preparatory condition S believes what he is going to do is beneficial to H and it is something he does not normally do.3). sincerity conditionS intends to the act.4). essential conditionS undertakes the obligation to do the act. (P. 101)6. The factors that d

54、etermine the speakers choice are social rather than linguistic. Thomas suggests the following four factors: (1) The relative power of the speaker over the hearer(2) The social distance between the speaker and the hearer(3) The degree to which * is rated an imposition in culture Y(4) Relative rights

55、and obligations between the speaker and the hearer. (Thomas, 1995: 124) (P. 148)7. The CP subsumes mainly four ma*ims, which are the actual realizations of the CP. The four ma*ims of Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner, were formulated as follows (1991:308):Ma*im of QuantityMake your contribution

56、 as informative as is required (for the current purposes for the e*change.)Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.Ma*im of QualityDo not say what you believe to be false.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Ma*im of RelationBe relevant.Ma*im of Manner: Be per

57、spicuousAvoid obscurity of e*pression.Avoid ambiguity.Be brief (avoid unnecessary proli*ity).Be orderly.(p.154)8. Levinson replaces Grices CP and ma*ims with three principles, i.e. the Quantity Principle, the Information Principle, and the Manner Principle, and each principle subsumes a Speakers ma*

58、im and a Recipients corollary:The Q-principleSpeakers ma*im:Do not provide a statement that is informationally weaker than your knowledge of the world allows, unless providing a stronger statement would contravene the I-Principle.Recipients corollary:Take it that the speaker made the strongest state

59、ment consistent with what he or she knows.The I-principleSpeakers ma*im: The Ma*im of MinimisationSay as little as necessary. That is, produce the minimal linguistic information sufficient to achieve your municational ends (bearing the Q-principle in mind).Recipients corollary: the Ma*im of Enrichme

60、nt.Amplify the informational content of the speakers utterance, by finding the most specific interpretation, up to what you judge to be the speakers intended point.The M-principleSpeakers ma*im:Do not use a proli*, obscure or marked e*pression without reason.Recipients corollary:If the speaker used