高三语法学案改

1、 三英语总复习 学案 PAGE 19 高三英语总复习学案 20122013学年学期 班级： 姓名：高三英语备课组编印一、助动词和情态动词课前篇：对标梳理，明确任务考纲要求动词： 助动词 情态动词课上篇：精于传道 专于解惑情态动词can couldmay might shall should 表示推 测must will would 情态动词 ought tohave to 不表示推 测dare (darent)need (neednt) used to一、表示推测情态动词的重要用法1. You must be Mr. SmithI was told to expect you here.2.

2、He must have known what we wanted.3. We may have read the same report.4. He cant have slept through all that noise.5. Theres someone outsidewho can it be?6. What can they be doing?7. These pills might help to cure your disease.8. You could be right, I suppose.表示推测情态动词的重要用法情态动 词对将来 对现在 对过去肯定的推 测+ V.

3、常见must be+ be doing + V. + have done可能的 推测+ V. 可以用not表示“可能不” + be doing+V. + have done 否定的 推测+V. + be doing+V. + have done疑问的 推测+ V. + be doing+V. + have done1. I dont know where she is, she _ be in Wuhan.2. At this moment, our teacher _ our exam papers.3. The road is wet. It _ last night.4. Your mo

4、ther _ for you.5. Philip _ seriously in the car accident. 菲利普可能在车祸中受了重伤.6. Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.She _ (go) by bus.7. Mike _ his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。不同的“肯定”程度可按下列层次排列： He is at home. (事实) He must be at home.（非常肯定的推

5、断） He could be at home.（很可能） He ought to be at home.（很可能） He may be at home.（仅仅可能而已） He might be at home.（或许, 非常不确定） He might not be at home.（也许不在家）He may not be at home. （比might可能） He couldnt be at home.（很可能不在家） He cant be at home.（一定不在家）He isnt at home.（事实） 二、在不表示推测的情态动词中, 我们要注意以下考点:1.情态动词与完成时的使用

6、= 1 * GB3 should(ought to)+have+过去分词：肯定句表示过去本应发生的事却没有发生；否定句表示已发生了本不该发生的事。前者可译为“本应”,后者为“本不该” .You _to her for not soon replying to the letter. 你本应向她道歉，说明为什么没能及时回信。(可你没这么做) You _him so much money only because he asked for.A.ought not to give B.ought to not giveC.ought not to have given D.ought to not

7、have given = 2 * GB3 “could (not)+have+过去分词”除了表示对过去 某个动作的否定和疑问推测外,还表示对过去的虚拟(与might相似)，肯定句表示本来可以做但却未做;否定句表示某事过去本来不应该做但做了。My mother came here by bus, but she could have taken a taxi.I stay at a hotel while in New York.Oh,did you? You _with John.A.could have stayed B.could stay C.would stay D.must have

8、 stayed = 3 * GB3 neednt+have+过去分词：表示对过去不必做的事情却做了，可译为“其实不必” Look,you neednt have bought those sweaters for me, I have just knitted(织) one.I _ to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.need have written B.neednt have writtenC. must have written D.should have written2. 表示能力、许可的情态动词的用法 = 1 * GB3 表

9、示能力: can, could, be able to*be able to 能用于各种时态。 can / could 只能表示现在或过去的能力。 *was / were able to : “设法做成某事” 相当于 managed to do sth.或succeeded in doing sth.1. A computer _ think for itself; it must be told what to do. A. cant B. couldnt C. may not D. might not2. The fire spread through the hotel very qui

10、ckly but everyone _ get out. A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to3. They will _ run this machine on their own in three months.A. can B. could C. may D. be able to4. That big cinema _ seat 2,000 people.A. can B. should C. ought to D. is able to = 2 * GB3 表示许可: may / might, can / could * might,

11、could 比较委婉, 一般多用于疑问句.* can, may 表达的语言比较随便.* 在以could, might 表示征询对方意见或表示请求时，回答应相应使用can, may.5. Could I borrow your dictionary? Yes, of course you _. A. might B. will C. can D. should6. Might I watch TV after supper? Yes, you _. A. may B. must C. might D. can3. 表示否定的情态动词的用法:部分情态动词的否定式是情态动词中的考点之一。mustnt

12、 不准, 禁止 neednt 没必要 ( = dont have to )cant 不能; 不可能may not 不可以; 可能不shouldnt 不应该 ( = ought not to )7. You _ return the book now. You can keep it till next week if you like. A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. may not8. Johnny, you _ play with the knife, you _ hurt yourself. A. wont ; cant B. mustnt ; may C.

13、 shouldnt ; mustD. cant ; shouldnt9. -Will you stay for lunch? -Sorry, _. My brother is coming to see me. A. I mustnt B. I cant C. I neednt D. I wont10. -May I pick a flower in the garden? - _. A. No, you neednt B. Not, please. C. No, you mustnt D. No, you wont4. 情态动词：shall, will 的多种意义: = 1 * GB3 sh

14、all / will+ 动词原形:* 均可表示将来。 过去时为 should, would.* shall 用于第二、三人称陈述句时可表示说话人的承诺、命令,指示, 用于第一,三人称疑问句时表征询意见.* will 可表示意愿、常出现的动作、在疑问句中表示请求和建议.11. He _ be punished if he disobeys.如果他不服从, 就要受到惩罚.12. We are not going to quarrel at all if you _only let me speak. 只要你让我说话, 我们根本就不会吵架.13. -Sir, _ he go or stay? -Le

15、t him go. A. will B. shall C. might D. could14. The door _ open. 这门经常打不开.15. Ronald _ stay in his small garden for a long time every day in the past. A. could B. might C. should D. would16. You _ have the book after I read it. 我看完以后一定把这本书给你.5. used to 的用法:used to 表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在.在否定陈述句中，一般用didnt

16、 use to,也可用used not to；在疑问句中一般用“Diduse to”。 He used to smoke. (He doesnt smoke now.)He didnt use to smoke. He used not to smoke. 否定句Did he use to smoke? 疑问句在带有used to 的陈述句后面, 附加疑问句可以用did/didnt 也可以用used/usedntHe used to smoke, _? 或 _?注意used to与be used to的不同，后者表示be accustomed to “习惯于某种状态”，而且跟接名词或v-ing

17、形式，而used to后接动词原形，试比较: He used to drink. 表示“他过去经常喝酒”而现在不喝了。 He is used to wine (He is used to drinking wine) at each meal. 表示“他现在已养成习惯，每顿饭喝点葡萄酒。”三、可兼做行为动词的情态动词：need 、 dare 情态动词 (+动词原形)行为动词 needdare1.无人称和数的变化; 多用于肯定句;(sb.) need to dodare to do(sth.) need tobe done(sth.) need doing 2.一般用于：*否定句及疑问句中;*在

18、if/whether之后;*或与hardly, never, no one, nobody连用;3.常以neednt 和darent 的形式出现;4.dare有其过去时dared.I darent ask her for a rise.How did you dare to tell her that? I wonder whether he dare stand up in public. I dont know how she dares to wear that dress. Do you need any help?I wonder whether he need send it im

19、mediately.I need hardly tell you that the work is dangerous.The garden doesnt need watering at the moment.You neednt finish that work today.判断正误:1.How dare you say such a thing?How dare you to say such a thing?2.He darent to speak English before such a crowd, did he?He darent speak English before su

20、ch a crowd, dare he?3.Nobody need to be afraid of catching the disease.Nobody need be afraid of catching the disease.4.These dishes need be cleaned carefully.These dishes need to be cleaned carefully.These dishes need cleaning carefully. 二、非谓语动词课前篇：对标梳理，明确任务考纲要求非谓语动词：动词不定式动词的-ing形式动词的-ed形式课上篇：精于传道 专

21、于解惑非谓语动词在句中充当不同成分动词不定式的基本形式主动语态被动语态一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing 完成进行式to have been doing 分词的基本形式主动语态被动语态现在分词一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done过去分词 done一、作主语: (一)不定式做定语 To obey law is everyones duty.(1)不定式作主语时,谓语用单数,为了平衡句子，通常用it作形式主语,构成句型:Its +n.(adj.)

22、+ for(of) sb. +to do sthEg. To find out who stole the money is not easy.=Its not easy (for you )to find out who stole the money.如果要表示不定式动作的执行者,要在不定式短语前加上一个for sb.的短语，语法上称为不定式的复合结构.It is useful for you to learn some spoken English.(2)在某些形容词如clever, good ,nice, kind ,foolish, careless, right, wrong, r

23、ude, impolite等词之后的不定式前，常加of短语,这是对人做某事的赞扬，责备或感激等。It is very kind of you to come here.It is foolish of him to do such a thing.It would be rude of us to refuse their invitation.(3)动词不定式（短语）做主语时，可用it做形式主语，通常是一些特定的形容词，动词和名词adj.做表语常见的adj.有important, difficult, easy, hard, possible, impossible等Eg. It is im

24、possible to do it well.）V.做谓语常见的v.有take, require, need, cost, amuse, delight, irritate(激怒), annoy(打扰，扰乱)Eg. It took us three hours to finish the work.It requires another three persons to do the work.3) n.做表语Eg. Its a great pleasure to help you.Its an honour to be invited to you birthday party.Its a

25、good idea to do the work in another way.（二）动名词做主语it也可作形式主语用于这种形式的是一些特定的adj.和n.，但这类次较少.adj.:enjoyable, good, worthwhile, nice ,worth, useless, 等；n.:no use, no good, fun, a hard/difficult job, a wonder, a waste of time等Eg. Its worthwhile doing it.Its no use doing it.Its a waste of time trying to persu

26、ade him not to smoke.二、作宾语（一）不定式做宾语Im preparing to take the examination next week.When the boy was only four, his father decided to make an artist of him.以不定式做宾语的常见动词有attempt, afford, agree, aim, arrange, beg, care，choose, decide, demand, determine, enable, expect, hope , intend , long, learn , mana

27、ge, offer, plan, pretend, prepare, promise , refuse ,seek, wish, want , etc.(二)动名词作宾语以动名词做宾语的常见动词有allow, mind, miss, excuse, enjoy, doubt, escape, consider, admit(承认)，advise, appreciate=enjoy（欣赏）, avoid, finish, face, practise, suggest, delay（延迟）, imagine, include, keep, quit（离开）, resist(抵抗), risk（冒

28、险）, understand, be used to, look forward to（期望）, object to, pay attention to, etc.以及介词后接动名词doing有些动词后既可接不定式做宾语，也可接动名词做宾语,两者意义差别不大.这些词有begin, start, love, continue等注意：（1）有些动词后既可接不定式做宾语，也可接动名词做宾语,两者意义差别不大.这些词有begin, start, love, continue等start, begin后面，一般接不定式和动名词无多大区别。但在下列情况下，多用动词不定式：a. 自然界变化：It start

29、ed to rain.Snow started to melt as spring came.b. 心理活动，在understand, know, realize等词前I began to realize my mistakes.c. begin, start本身为进行时：People are beginning to take some measures to stop pollution.（2）有些动词后既可接动词不定式做宾语有可接动名词做宾语，但意义截然不同。go on doing go on to do regret to do regret doingcant help to do

30、cant help doing注：这组短语后接不定式时一般表示将来，此动作还没有发生；而接动名词时，常表示过去，此动作发生在过去（3）need, require, want译作“需要”时，跟v-ing作宾语，主动表被动，相当于to be done.（4）动词+疑问词+不定式I dont know what to do next.We havent decide where to spend our holiday.这类词有: advise, decide, discuss , explain, know, learn , show, tell, teach, understand（5）不定式既

31、可作动词的宾语也可作介词的宾语.不定式作介词的宾语时,介词之后一般不直接接不定式，一般都是:疑问词+不定式作宾语.Im worrying about what to do next.Marx gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.个别介词例外: 需要注意的是,此句型中but/ except 前必须要有实义动词do时，but / except后的不定式to才能省略，否则to则不省.我们用一句话概括就是： 有do无to，有 to无 do She has no choice but to wait for the news.There

32、 was nothing she could do but cry.He had no choice but to wait.He could do nothing but wait.三、作表语不定式：具体的，将要发生的动作动名词：抽象的，习惯性的动作分词：现在分词：令人的过去分词：感到的The situation is encouraging.He felt encouraged by the teachers words.She looked disappointed.The news is very disappointing.Our work is serving the people

33、.His hobby is collecting stamps.四、做定语(一)不定式做定语1. 不定式做定语时常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后 She was very busy and had no time to visit her friends.Ladies and gentlemen ,I have something important to tell you .2. 当名词被the first ,the last以及the only 等序数词以及形容词最高级修饰时，常用不定式作定语，而不管动作是否已完成 He is the only person to know the truth

34、. She is always the first to come and the last to leave.3. 不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot, anything 等习惯上用不定式做宾语I have nothing to do but wait.Do you have anything to say?4. 以“即将发生的动作”修饰事物时，可用不定式做定语He will write more books in the years to come.The students are preparing for the examinatio

35、n to take place soon.（二）分词做定语：1. 分词前置：We can see the rising sun.He is a retired worker.2. 分词后置： There was a girl sitting there.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.3. 动名词与分词做定语的区别：a sleeping baby a sleeping carthe boiling water the boiled waterthe surprised people the surprising n

36、ewsa swimming pool a reading roomthe changing world the changed world4. 作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词或代词往往存在着两种逻辑关系，即被修饰的名词和代词是不定式的逻辑主语或逻辑宾语Alice is always the first student to come to school. (主谓关系)The teacher gave me some English books to read. (动宾关系)Mr. Brown has a large family to support.(动宾关系)当被修饰的名词或代词是不定式逻辑

37、上的宾语，而该不定式动词又是不及物动词时，应在该动词后加上一个介词以形成逻辑上的动宾关系Please pass me some paper to write on.Theres nothing for us to worry about.She has a nice pen to write with.He bought a flat for the family to live in.五、不定式,分词做宾语补足语的区别:“动词+宾语+动词不定式”ask, get, allow, forbid, prefer, force, announce, press, inspire, request,

38、 advise, remind, beg, report, invited, command, show, drive, mean, train, cause, instruct, require, tell, direct, order, warn, enable, need, encourage, want, lead, teach, permit, wish, etc.在被动语态中，不定式则由宾语补足语变成了主语补足语Teacher ask him to clean the blackboard.He was asked to clean the blackboard.His boss

39、order him to go there at once.He was ordered to go there at once. 注意：在被动语态中不定式一律带to，不存在省略问题不定式在感官动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语时，要省略to，但当以上的动词用于被动式，to要还原： They saw the boy fall suddenly from the tree.The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.（表示感觉或心理状态的动词see / watch / notice /observe / look at , hear / listen

40、 to , feel / think / find/ want / like ；使役动词 have , make , get , keep） = 2 * GB3 with + 宾语宾补to do doing done 需要注意1. have, make的用法：I wont have him cheat me.“允许,让,使”I have a lot of work to do.“有”His story made us laugh.“使”Father made a kite for his son to fly.“制造, 做”2. 在谓语动词think ,consider , prove, fi

41、nd, suppose ,believe, imagine,等后面跟to be作宾补，不跟to do.Imagine yourself (to be) in his place.We found him (to be) honest.3. have, get后接三种形式做宾补时,表示”使,让,叫”have sth. done= get sth. done让某人做某事Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.此外，have sth. done还表示“使遭受” Tom had his leg broken while playing football.Mr. S

42、mith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday. = 2 * GB3 have sb./ sth. doing让使某人/物持续地做 某事 get sb./sth. doing使某人开始行动起来The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time.The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short time.have sb. do sth./get sb.

43、to do sth. 使/让/叫某人去做某事.Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.I cant get him to stop smoking. He wont listen to me .4. leave 后接几种形式 作宾补时，其中的 leave保留了原来的意思“留下”但表达的 确切之意应是“使处于某种状态”Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.(主动，进行）The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they di

44、dnt taste delicious.(被动，完成）He left ,leaving me to do all the rest work . (主动，进行）We hurriedly ended our meeting. Leaving many problems to be settled. (被动，将来）5. 能用现在分词做宾补的动词有：see ,find, discover, look at, observe, notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel, smell, keep, bring, imagine, sense, set.She sensed

45、 the danger coming near.His words set us laughing.We smell something burning in the next room.6. 能用过去分词做宾补的动词有have, get, see, hear, find, make, want, feel, keep等You should make yourself heard (understood).Youd better get your mistakes corrected.试比较：Did you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes, I di

46、d. I heard him knock three times.Yes, I did. I heard the door knocked three times.六、作状语（动词不定式与分词）（一） 动词不定式做状语He came here to attend an important meeting.（目的）He went home to find his old friend George waiting for him.（结果）She was very surprised to hear the news.（原因）I hurried to the station, only to fi

47、nd the train had left. (结果)作结果状语用的不定式常表示一种意料之外的结果，（经常与only连用） 出乎意料不定式用作结果状语时，还可以用: (主动表被动) “so as to/suchas to(如此以致于)” Jim got up so early as to catch the first bus.“too to” The maths problem is too difficult for us to work out.“adj./adv./n. + enough to do The boy is old enough to go to school.注意：1.

48、 在某些形容词做表语，表示喜怒哀乐后跟不定式表示原因。I am glad to see you.I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill.2. 主动形式表被动意义的不定式句型：主语be +adj. +to do E.g.: The question is very difficult to answer. The problem is difficult to deal with.能用于此句型的形容词有：difficult ,easy, comfortable ,fit, hard, pleasant, tiresome(使人疲劳的), light in

49、teresting, nice , heavy, dangerous, important, etc.3. 在there be结构中，作定语用的不定式如修饰主语时，即使表示被动的意义，也可用主动式来表示There is a lot of work to do/to be done.There are three letters to answer/to be answered this morning.4. there be的非谓语形式1)there to be :做宾语（expect ,like, mean, intend, want, prefer ,hate, etc.)和介词for的宾

50、语They hate there to be long queues everywhere.It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between the old and the young. 2）there being 做状语 和介词宾语（除了for）There being mo classes, they decided to have a picnic.John was relying on there being another opportunity.（二）分词做状语逻辑主语与句子的主语应该是一致的，否

51、则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语分词独立主格结构一般放在句首或句尾，做状语表示时间，原因，方式等例如：The meeting being over, they went home.(时间)Mother being ill in bed, he couldnt go to work.（原因）Time permitting , I shall stay here for another two days（条件）She lay against the wall, the sun shining upon her face.（伴随）

52、She sat still in the chair, with her eyes closed.（伴随）难点内容：用分词做状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致的，否则，就应使用状语从句，调整句子的主语,独立主格结构，with的复合结构或例如：1）If we are given more help, the project will be completed earlier.(状语从句)Given more help, we will complete the project earlier.2）His leg broken, he couldnt go to school.（独立主格结

53、构） He couldnt go to school with his leg broken. 注：1. 现在分词与过去分词做状语的区别Having finished their work, they had a rest.Walking along the street, I met a friend of mine.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.Given more time, she could do it better.2. 当and或or连接同一概念的不定式时， 或者当它们之间的关系并列时，可将and或

54、or后面的to省去Id like to go and see a film.He had to have a job or go hungry 三、虚拟语气课前篇：对标梳理，明确任务考纲要求虚拟语气课上篇：精于传道 专于解惑语气的分类语气(mood)是一种动词形式，用以表示说话者的意图或态度。在英语中随着说话人意图的不同，动词需用不同的形式，称为语气。英语语气有三种：陈述语气 祈使语气 虚拟语气陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。 There are two sides to every question.祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求、邀请

55、、命令、警告或劝告等。Please be careful. 请细心点。虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是表示说话人的一种愿望、建议、命令、要求、有时是一种非真实的假设、料想，或是不可能实现的与事实相反的愿望。I wish you were more careful. 但愿你更细心些。If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。May you succeed! 祝您成功！虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的应用条件状语从句分为真实条件句和非真实条件句。 如果假设的情况与事实相反，或根本不可能实现，或发生的可能性很小，就

56、是非真实条件句，即虚拟条件句。两种条件句的谓语动词形式各不相同。真实条件句用陈述语气的动词形式，而非真实条件句用虚拟语气的动词形式。1) If he has time,he will go shopping tonight.2) If I had time,I would visit you. 与事实相反1. 与现在事实相反：虚拟条件句主句 did; bewereshould/would/could/might + doEg. If I were you, I would study English harder.If it were not raining, we should go for

57、 a picnic.2. 与过去事实相反虚拟条件句主句 had doneshould/would/might/could +have +doneEg. If you had been there last night, nothing would have happened.If I had got there earlier, I would have caught the bus.3. 与将来事实相反虚拟条件句主句did/should do were to doshould/would/could/might +doEg. If it should fail, I would try ag

58、ain.If it were Sunday tomorrow, we wouldnt have an exam.注意一：含有虚拟语气的条件状语从句中，如果有had, should, were可以将if 省略，再将句子的主语和谓语实行部分倒装。eg: If it should be fine,we would go for an outing.Should it be fine, we would go for an outing.eg: If they had had time, they would have come and helped us. Had they had time, th

59、ey would have come and helped us.eg. If it were to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off. Were it to rain tomorrow, the football match would be put off.Exercises: 1. I _ (come) too if I had time to spare. 2. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _ (come), she would have met my

60、brother. 3. If the hurricane had happened during the daytime, there _ (be) more deaths. 4.If it _ _ (rain) tomorrow, we _(not go out). 5._(be) I in good health, I _ (go) with you tomorrow.注意二：当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。Eg. If he had set out earlier, he would b