考研英语历年真题-完型填空

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业专心-专注-专业精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上专心-专注-专业2013People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri

2、Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced fi

3、ve or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the res

4、ults of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicants score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardi

5、sed exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an ave

6、rage of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.A grantB submitsC transmitsD delivers2.A minorBobjectiveC crucial D external3.A issue B vision C pictureD moment4.A For exampleB On a

7、verageC In principleD Above all5.A fond Bfearful C capable D thoughtless6.A inB on C to D for7.A ifBuntilC thoughD unless8.A promoteBemphasizeC share D test9.A decision B qualityC statusD success 10.A chosenBstupid Cfound D identified 11.A exceptional B defensibleC replaceableD otherwise 12.A inspir

8、edBexpressedC conductedD secured 13.A assignedBratedC matched D arranged 14.A putBgotCgaveD took 15.AinsteadBthenC everD rather 16.AselectedBpassedC markedD introduced 17.AbeforeB afterC aboveD below 18.A jumpB floatC dropD fluctuate 19.AachieveBundoC maintainDdisregard 20. A promisingB possibleC ne

9、cessaryD helpful2012 The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the courts reputation

10、for being independent and impartial. Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, t

11、he court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary. This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics. The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. The

12、y gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_. Constitutional law is political because it results from choices roote

13、d in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust. The justices must _18_ doubts about the courts legitimacy by making t

14、hemselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law. 1. Aemphasize 2. Awhen 3. Arestored 4. Achallenged 5. Aadvanced 6. Aresistant 7. Aresorts 8. Aevade 9. Aline 10. Aby 11. Aso 12. Aserve 13. Aconfirm 14. Aguar

15、ded 15. Aconcepts 16. Aexcludes 17. Adismissed 18. Asuppress 19. Aaccessible 20.Abyall means BmaintainBlestBweakened Bcompromised BcaughtBsubjectBsticksBraiseBbarrier BasBsince BsatisfyBexpressBfollowed Btheories Bquestions BreleasedBexploitBamiableBat all costsCmodifyCbeforeCestablishedCsuspectedCb

16、oundCimmuneCloadsCdenyCsimilarity CthoughCprovided CupsetCcultivate CstudiedCdivisions CshapesCranked CaddressCagreeable Cin a wordD recognizeD unlessD eliminatedD acceptedDfoundedDproneDappliesDsettleDconflictDtowardsDthoughDreplaceDofferDtiedDconceptionsDcontrolsDdistortedDignoreDaccountableDas a

17、result2011 Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But _some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical filness Laughter does _short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, _ heart rate an

18、d oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to _, a good laugh is unlikely to have _ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does._, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the _, studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that

19、laughter. muscles, Such bodily reaction might conceivably help_the effects of psychological stress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types of _feedback,that improve an individuals emotional state. _one classical theory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted _ physical reac

20、tions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry _they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow. Although sadness also _ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _ muscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of

21、 the University of Wurzburg in Germany asked volunteers to a pen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile - or with their lips,which would produce a(n) expression.Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths we

22、re contracted in a frown, that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. ,the physical act of laughter could improve mood. 1AamongBexceptCdespiteDlike 2AreflectBdemandCindicateDproduce 3AstabilizingBboostingCimpairingDdetermining 4AtransmitBsustainCevaluateDobserve 5A

23、measurableBmanageableCaffordableDrenewable 6AIn turnBIn factCIn additionDIn brief 7AoppositeBimpossibleCaverageDexpected 8AhardensBweakensCtightensDrelaxes 9AaggravateBgenerateCmoderateDenhance10AphysicalBmentalCsubconsciousDinternal11AExcept forBAccording toCDue toDAs for12AwithBonCinDat13AunlessBu

24、ntilCifDbecause14AexhaustsBfollowsCprecedesDsuppresses15AintoBfromCtowardsDbeyond16AfetchBbiteCpickDhold17AdisappointedBexcitedCjoyfulDindifferent18AadaptedBcateredCturnedDreacted19AsuggestingBrequiringCmentioningDsupposing20AEventuallyBConsequentlyCSimilarlyDConversely2010In 1924 Americas National

25、Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting EQ XBO(大1家) workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended EQ XBO(大2家) giving their name

26、 to the Hawthorne effect, the extremely influential idea that the very EQ XBO(大3家) to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior.The idea arose because of the EQ XBO(大4家) behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to EQ XBO(大5家) of the experiments, their hourly output rose when l

27、ighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not EQ XBO(大6家) what was done in the experiment; EQ XBO(大7家) something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) EQ XBO(大8家) that they were being experimented upon seemed to be EQ XBO(大9家) to alter workers behavior EQ XBO(大10家) itself.After sever

28、al decades, the same data were EQ XBO(大11家) to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store EQ XBO(大12家)the descriptions on record, no systematic EQ XBO(大13家) was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of con

29、ducting the experiments may be have let to EQ XBO(大14家) interpretation of what happed. EQ XBO(大15家), lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output EQ XBO(大16家) rose compared with the previous Saturday and EQ XBO(大17家) to rise for the next couple of days. EQ XBO(大

30、18家), a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers EQ XBO(大19家) to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before EQ XBO(大20家) a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged Hawthorne ef

31、fect is hard to pin down.1.A affectedB achievedC extractedD restored2.A atB upC withD off3.A truthB sightC actD proof4.A controversialB perplexingC mischievousD ambiguous5.A requirementsB explanationsC accountsD assessments6.A concludeB matterC indicateD work7.A as far asB for fear thatC in case tha

32、tD so long as8.A awarenessB expectationC sentimentD illusion9.A suitableB excessiveC enoughD abundant10.A aboutB forC onD by11.A comparedB shownC subjectedD conveyed12.A contrary toB consistent withC parallel withD peculiar to13.A evidenceB guidanceC implicationD source14.A disputableB enlighteningC

33、 reliableD misleading15.A In contrastB For exampleC In consequenceD As usual16.A dulyB accidentallyC unpredictablyD suddenly18.A ThereforeB FurthermoreC HoweverD Meanwhile19.A attemptedB tendedC choseD intended20.A breaking B climbing C surpassing D hitting2009Research on animal intelligence always

34、makes me wonder just how smart humans are. EQ XBO(大1家) the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times . Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly EQ XBO(大2家) to live shorter lives. This suggests that EQ XBO(大3家) bulbs burn longer, that there is an

35、EQ XBO(大4家) in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it EQ XBO(大5家) out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow EQ XBO(大6家) the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual EQ XBO(大7家) instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to le

36、arn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to EQ XBO(大8家).Is there an adaptive value to EQ XBO(大9家) intelligence? Thats the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance EQ XBO(大10家) at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicit

37、ly asks what the real EQ XBO(大11家) of our own intelligence might be. This is EQ XBO(大12家) the mind of every animal Ive ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would EQ XBO(大13家) on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, EQ XBO(大14家), is

38、 running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that EQ XBO(大15家) animals ran the labs, they would test us to EQ XBO(大16家) the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really EQ XBO(大1家7), not merely ho

39、w much of it there is. EQ XBO(大18家), they would hope to study a EQ XBO(大19家) question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? EQ XBO(大20家) the results are inconclusive.1.A SupposeB ConsiderC ObserveD Imagine2.A tendedB fearedC happenedD threatened3.A thinnerB stablerC lighterD dimmer4.

40、A tendencyB advantageC inclinationD priority5.A insists onB sums upC turns outD puts forward6.A offB behindC overD along7.A incredibleB spontaneousC inevitableD gradual8.A fightB doubtC stopD think9.A invisibleB limitedC indefiniteD different10.A upwardB forwardC afterwardD backward11.A featuresB in

41、fluencesC resultsD costs12.A outsideB onC byD across13.A deliverB carryC performD apply14.A by chanceB in contrastC as usualD for instance15.A ifB unlessC asD lest16.A moderateB overcomeC determineD reach17.A atB forC afterD with18.A Above allB After allC HoweverD Otherwise19.A fundamentalB comprehe

42、nsiveC equivalentD hostile20.A By accidentB In timeC So farD Better still2008The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is EQ XBO(大1家) to say it anyway. He is that EQ XBO(大2家) bird, a scientist

43、who works independently EQ XBO(大3家) any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not EQ XBO(大4家) thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.EQ XBO(大5家) he, however, might tremble at the EQ XBO(大6家) of wh

44、at he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only EQ XBO(大7家) that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in EQ XBO(大8家) are a particular people originated from centr

45、al Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, EQ XBO(大9家) 12-15 points above the EQ XBO(大10家) value of 100, and have contributed EQ XBO(大11家) to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the EQ XBO(大12家) of their elites, including several world-renowne

46、d scientists, EQ XBO(大13家). They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, EQ XBO(大14家), have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been EQ XBO(大15家) to social effects, such as a strong tradition of EQ XBO(大16家) e

47、ducation. The latter was seen as a (an) EQ XBO(大17家) of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately EQ XBO(大18家). His argument is that the unusual history of these people has EQ XBO(大19家) them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this E

48、Q XBO(大20家) state of affairs.1.A selectedB preparedC obligedD pleased2.A uniqueB particularC specialD rare3.A ofB withC inD against4.A subsequentlyB presentlyC previouslyD lately5.A OnlyB SoC EvenD Hence6.A thoughtB sightC costD risk7.A advisesB suggestsC protestsD objects8.A progressB factC needD q

49、uestion9.A attainingB scoringC reachingD calculating10.A normalB commonC meanD total11.A unconsciouslyB disproportionatelyC indefinitelyD unaccountably12.A missionsB fortunesC interestsD careers13.A affirmB witnessC observeD approve14.A moreoverB thereforeC howeverD meanwhile15.A given upB got overC

50、 carried onD put down16.A assessingB supervisingC administeringD valuing17.A developmentB originC consequenceD instrument18.A linkedB integratedC wovenD combined19.A limitedB subjectedC convertedD directed20.A paradoxicalB incompatibleC inevitableD continuous2007By 1830 the former Spanish and Portug

51、uese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million EQ XBO(大1家) of these nations looked EQ XBO(大2家) to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence EQ XBO(大3家) the ideals of representative government, careers EQ XBO(大4

52、家) to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the EQ XBO(大5家) to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. EQ XBO(大6家) there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a EQ XBO(

53、大7家) set of laws.On the issue of EQ XBO(大8家) of religion and the position of the church, EQ XBO(大9家), there was less agreement EQ XBO(大10家) the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one EQ XBO(大11家) by the Spanish crown. EQ XBO(大12家) most leaders sought to maintain C

54、atholicism EQ XBO(大13家) the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the EQ XBO(大14家) of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying EQ XBO(大15家) for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of every

55、thing. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had EQ XBO(大16家) in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spains EQ XBO(大17家) colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much EQ XBO(大18家) b

56、ecause the new nations still needed the revenue such policies EQ XBO(大19家). Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was EQ XBO(大20家) self-rule and democracy.1.A nativesB inhabitantsC peoples（B）D individuals2.A confusedlyB cheerfullyC worriedly（D）D hopefull

57、y3.A sharedB forgotC attained（A）D rejected4.A relatedB closeC open（C）D devoted5.A accessB successionC right（C）D return6.A PresumablyB IncidentallyC Obviously（D）D Generally7.A uniqueB commonC particularD typical8.A freedomB originC impact（A）D reform9.A thereforeB howeverC indeedD moreover10.A withB a

58、boutC among（C）D by11.A allowedB preachedC granted（A）D funded12.A SinceB If C Unless（D）D While13.A asB forC under（A）D against14.A spreadB interferenceC exclusion（C）D influence15.A supportB cryC plea（B）D wish16.A urgedB intendedC expected（D）D promised17.A controllingB formerC remainingD original18.A s

59、lowerB fasterC easier（A）D tougher19.A createdB producedC contributed（B）D preferred20.A puzzled byB hostile toC pessimistic about（D）D unprepared for2006The homeless make up a growing percentage of Americas population. EQ XBO(大1家) homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments cant p

60、ossibly EQ XBO(大2家). To help homeless people EQ XBO(大3家) independence, the federal government must support job training programs, EQ XBO(大4家) the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.EQ XBO(大5家) everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates EQ XBO(大6家) anywhere from