参加网络经济学课程学习的同学请注意

1、矮参加氨网络巴经济学坝课程胺学习懊的叭同学凹请巴注意氨，邦我们败现在颁把懊何笆梦鞍笔疤教授矮的芭网络经济瓣学矮介绍把转摆给敖你们凹。班里面昂既爱有爱他哀设想蔼的坝学习岸方法扒的把叙述袄，版也般有拔参加按这门霸课程蔼的鞍同学拌必须爱回答邦的坝问题扳，挨也敖有艾参加哎学习挨的瓣人熬在败网靶上澳需要捌找到板的爸阅读碍材料捌。败请蔼按照碍何佰梦叭笔岸教授拔在巴他白的隘介绍吧中板的吧要求敖去盎做搬，搬否则爸可能啊会昂影响霸到扳学习按效果斑。隘Introdu唉ction I瓣nto Evo傲lutiona罢ry Econ扮omics案Teacher澳: Prof.稗 Dr. Ca百rsten H邦errm

2、ann跋-Pillat爱h, Witt班en/Herd耙ecke Un扳iversit叭y, Germ版any俺In a no安n-techn罢ical fa搬shion, 暗the cou摆rse off澳ers an 佰introdu癌ction i坝nto the啊 newly 伴emergin昂g field把 of Evo安lutiona敖ry Econ疤omics. 阿Basic c拜oncepts碍 and me暗thodolo绊gical p盎remises扮 are de凹veloped般, follo霸wing an斑 indepe敖ndent a绊pproach挨 whi

3、ch 隘is clos蔼ely rel阿ated to半 Europe坝an inte阿llectua捌l tradi鞍tions i挨n econo暗mics (e按.g. ins捌titutio笆nal eco班nomics,百 theory吧 of ord扮er, reg罢ulation扳 theory笆, Schum伴peteria霸n econo吧mics, A耙ustrian爱 School板 etc.).爸 半Teachin稗g metho芭dology 鞍is “ero拔tetic”,颁 based 疤on the 绊Socrati奥an appr笆oach to鞍 gain

4、n笆ew know般ledge v半ia posi百ng ques俺tions a办nd cond挨ucting 芭an open阿 and eq傲ual dia扳logue b敖etween 袄student百 and te疤acher. 挨The cla班ss pres哎upposes肮 prior 罢indepen啊dent st靶udy by 佰the stu扳dents, 肮the und安erlying坝 materi吧al of w捌hich is背 offere板d via t暗he webs办ite HYPERLINK 皑www.evo霸lutiona唉ryecono办mic

5、s.ne哀t拜. Stude瓣nts are埃 asked 背to prep盎are the凹ir answ拜ers to 哀the que白stions 般by expl皑oiting 昂this ma八terial,般 howeve白r they 捌are fre胺e to in隘clude i拌ndepend拌ent res班earch a啊nd view版points.哀 The we澳bsite c凹ontains败 numero靶us link澳s to ot皑her res疤ources 坝that ca敖n be us凹ed for 扮this pu背rpose. 艾In pa

6、rt案icular,稗 they a坝re stro佰ngly en癌courage安d to fi笆nd thei跋r own s伴olution盎s and t耙o devel板op thei袄r indep隘endent 氨opinion柏. In th昂e class奥room, t罢he teac瓣her act爱ively p胺articip癌ates in背 the fr吧ee disc鞍ussion 伴among t熬he stud爸ents an按d provi版des add芭itional疤 inform版ation a芭nd pers翱pective把s.绊The cl

7、a隘ss is c暗onclude皑d with 扮a writt艾en exam班ination唉 where 拌one out扮 of two跋 questi邦ons for白 choice芭 has to阿 be dis绊cussed.芭 Origin懊al and 跋critica白l thoug半ht is e吧special伴ly prai岸sed, wi柏th less把 emphas敖is on “邦right” 摆or “wro靶ng”.背Languag半es used吧 in the跋 classr昂oom are阿 Englis澳h and C八hinese.盎 The

8、wr白itten e捌xaminat胺ion is 班in Chin扮ese (cl跋early w半ritten吧).拔Session叭 One: 安First S爱teps To罢ward a 白New Vie挨w of Ec隘onomics捌: Knowl叭edge an蔼d Netwo般rks艾1-1. Wh澳at are 凹the cos稗ts of t八he entr白epreneu罢r? Are 疤they in背cluded 佰in the 奥data fr八om the 佰account阿ing dep靶artment摆? 笆1-2. Pe肮ople of班ten dec跋i

9、de wit百h incom吧plete i佰nformat肮ion and俺 even t唉otal ig疤norance柏 about 跋the fut岸ure. Do傲 you th白ink tha袄t they 盎can app啊ly some搬 optimi阿zation 板calculu鞍s about癌 the ne爱cessary挨 invest埃ment in碍to the 凹collect案ion of 版informa扳tion? W澳hat are半 the al拜ternati爱ves? Im稗agine y胺ourself奥 buying瓣 a new 把compu

10、te芭r with 肮cutting把 edge e癌quipmen般t. How 袄do you 芭find th啊e best 颁buy? Wh凹en do y爸ou stop靶 search拌ing for氨 furthe案r marke捌t intel拔ligence板?俺1-3. Ho般w would疤 you de隘fine k敖nowledg疤e“? Is 俺there a敖lways a败 subjec盎t who “版knows” 肮the kno拔wledge?昂 Consid笆er some傲 social埃 rules 唉the fun班ction o岸f which佰

11、 might 凹differ 扒from th拜e meani皑ng that版 is ass哀igned t瓣o the r斑ules by澳 the pa懊rticipa奥nt subj背ects. D罢raw a c敖omparis懊on with颁 the “k吧nowledg挨e” that斑 is emb拜odied i芭n your 暗genes.班1-4. Wh翱at is t盎he diff班erence 隘between哀 the fo版llowing吧 two vi碍ews of 柏the mar癌ket? a)版 The ma半rket is隘 the pl伴ace w

12、he癌re supp百ly and 翱demand 巴meet an败d are e坝quilibr般ated vi案a the p盎rice me靶chanism板, and b白) the m半arket i芭s a com隘plex so岸cial ne碍twork w百here su百bjects 蔼communi霸cate an氨d proce拌ss info笆rmation八 to fin白d oppor奥tunitie柏s for m皑utually八 benefi爸cial ba皑rgains.挨 Try to伴 define懊 a netw捌ork of 绊relatio邦n

13、s betw扒een act百ors and伴 compar挨e your 疤concept百 with s百tandard耙 descri拔ptions 半of mark颁ets in 班a micro霸economi巴cs text埃book.挨1-5. In癌 what w半ay do s佰tructur胺es of n伴etworks伴 consti班tute po百wer of 般an acto半r? What矮 does p傲ower me爸an in t摆he econ邦omic co坝ntext? 挨In the 伴context啊 of com斑petitio爸n, powe

14、靶r is of哎ten per半ceived 阿as bein巴g detri挨mental 般to the 拜emergen瓣ce of s摆ocially皑 optima鞍l outco艾mes. Ho邦wever, 半how abo稗ut the 板role of斑 power 鞍for sta哀bilizin安g struc凹tures o邦f netwo邦rks tha案t coord柏inate m扳arket t拜ransact啊ions?俺Session把 Two: 艾Ends an稗d Means瓣 in an 俺Evoluti板onary C霸ontext挨2-1. Ma

15、般ny econ搬omists 傲think t胺hat pre袄ference岸s are g板iven an俺d do no胺t need 靶to be e挨xplaine肮d. Peop艾le are 安presume翱d to fi袄nd an e扒quilibr凹ium of 哎their c霸onflict艾ing wan耙ts such岸 that t把hey are奥 fully 笆satisfi版ed with邦 their 拜realize颁d state坝 of con伴sumptio案n. Yet,瓣 try to佰 unders霸tand co耙nsumpti奥on

16、and 癌prefere拌nces wi俺th a vi斑ew on t搬hen exi八stence 扒of inte坝rnal co扮nflicts隘, for e稗xample,板 betwee岸n the w扳ish to 拔have a 颁beautif绊ul body跋 and th芭e drive埃 to eat百 a lot 吧of deli隘cious t癌hings, 埃or betw癌een sho艾rt-term八 intere办sts in 挨leisure袄 and lo爱ng-term暗 intere拜sts in 隘profess坝ional s叭uccess.

17、蔼 How ca氨n we ex摆plain t霸he diff矮erent k埃inds of哎 prefer哀ences, 斑and how绊 can we稗 unders芭tand th按e way o绊f solvi艾ng the 扳conflic版ts? Is 鞍the equ胺ilibriu八m conce佰pt real伴ly sens埃ible he岸re?俺2-2. Do百 you th白ink tha拔t it ma般kes a d爱ifferen稗ce whet巴her peo岸ple try昂 to max疤imize t鞍heir pe凹rceived耙 level

18、懊of mate岸rial we跋lfare o皑r wheth盎er they爱 try to哀 maximi稗ze thei拌r relat跋ive pos案ition t唉o other艾 people袄? What 皑is the 癌implica稗tion fo澳r socia鞍l coope矮ration 矮and soc靶ial ord蔼er? Try笆 to fin巴d some 埃argumen版ts why 背the max稗imizati笆on of r岸elative安 status半 might 拜be engr般ained i跋n our g坝enes as鞍 a

19、resu岸lt of n版atural 安evoluti熬on. Wha肮t kind 班of evid皑ence do傲 you fi鞍nd in e罢veryday疤 life?案2-3. Ec叭onomist爱s mostl唉y think版 of peo稗ple bei隘ng led 俺by self瓣-intere芭st and 傲rationa斑l choic氨e. In r坝eality,坝 there 扳is much绊 room f柏or symp半hathy, 伴love an爸d hatre肮d and o摆ther em疤otions.颁 Think 坝of prob熬

20、lems of芭 strate唉gic int霸eractio暗n where柏 “irrat板ional” 暗behavio扒r may l啊ead tow背ard opt稗imal ou哎tcomes!白 Strate吧gic int捌eractio邦n invol八ves com鞍plex is扮sues of百 mutual俺 inform邦ation a把bout th笆e knowl般edge of芭 the di拌fferent啊 actors稗 involv叭ed. How爱 can em般otional瓣 commit芭ment he柏lp to o百vercome伴 obs

21、tac啊les aga把inst a 爸solutio瓣n to th板e probl耙em to u澳ndersta叭nd and 八anticip傲ate the搬 other白s actio皑n?柏2-4. On懊e of th矮e main 阿achieve岸ments o笆f human埃 histor跋y is th奥e capab暗ility t霸o creat败e large佰 organi矮zations斑. Consi矮der dif胺ferent 皑explana蔼tions o鞍f the e板mergenc瓣e of th阿e organ俺ization熬 in a

22、m稗arket c拜ontext.靶 To whi岸ch exte般nt can 百we expl班ain the案 organi哀zation 挨as a re颁sult of敖 explic碍it huma班n desig敖n? Can 佰we thin靶k of go班als of 罢the org搬anizati霸on whic挨h are p哀artly a颁utonomo吧us from疤 the go版als of 拔the ind败ividual挨 member败s? 芭Session绊 Three:按Pattern俺s of Pr柏ocess a碍nd Chan稗ge板3-1

23、. Th癌ink abo笆ut time凹. In mo案st scie拜ntific 版analyse搬s, time扳 is tre坝ated as哎 a line扒ar arro瓣w betwe败en past哀 and fu爸ture. H疤ow far 案can we 柏say tha坝t time 瓣has als耙o a str斑ucture?熬 Imagin拌e produ矮ction a巴s a cha案in of e扒lementa板ry proc巴esses w把hich ca唉nnot be捌 furthe捌r subdi搬vided i八n time.扮 In wha

24、拔t way a瓣re simu凹ltaneou摆s event拌s a cru俺cial de跋termina皑nt of t敖he spec吧ific ou俺tcome? 巴How is 白coordin傲ation o芭f diffe艾rent pr八ocesses盎 in tim伴e possi唉ble? Th俺ink of 版economi柏c devel俺opment 疤as an i摆ncreasi板ng comp坝lexity 拔of stru胺ctures 暗of time昂!阿3-2. Ho八w does 碍the pas阿t deter疤mine th鞍e prese般n

25、t? Tak胺e techn百ology a班s an ex矮ample, 靶as, for摆 instan懊ce, the板 automo巴bile. H板ow far 拜are cur白rent te般chnolog疤ical ch般oices r班estrain傲ed by p罢ast eve埃nts in 伴technol巴ogy evo跋lution?八 Try to摆 unders佰tand te颁chnolog盎y as a 胺network俺, both 百on the 班materia岸l and t澳he soci安al leve鞍l. How 安do netw半ork s

26、tr半uctures哀 channe扳l furth颁er tech般nologic唉al chan哎ge?罢3-3. A 盎fundame斑ntal co唉ncept o跋f any e板volutio懊nary ex安planati癌on is t疤he mech版anism o岸f varia败tion, s肮electio安n and r巴etentio隘n. Imag白ine the安 market败 proces奥s and t傲ry to d爱epict i爱t as a 啊VSR-mec皑hanism.哎 Could 懊you thi芭nk of t坝echnolo盎gy ev

27、ol霸ving vi靶a VSR-p鞍rocesse半s? How 叭is plan拔ned con哀structi凹on rela耙ted to 昂evoluti碍on? Wha八t is th扳e role 暗played 暗by limi霸ted kno捌wledge 百about c百omplex 案systems扳? Pay s伴pecial 靶attenti按on to t靶he sour般ces of 熬variety碍 and to瓣 the me叭chanism拜s of re翱tention霸. Consi翱der wha艾t happe笆ns if t傲he mech斑a

28、nisms 瓣of rete胺ntion a扒re them笆selves 矮the obj敖ect of 爸a VSR-p阿rocess.敖3-4. We澳 can sa芭y that 班an econ敖omic sy翱stem ma搬intains百 a stat肮e of or哎der as 俺compare胺d to it阿s envir蔼onment.摆 For th叭is, the爸 system把 needs 挨energy.挨 Try to稗 apply 爱the law瓣s of th澳ermodyn版amics o扒n this.邦 How fa拌r can w斑e can

29、 g埃o in re鞍aching 扮certain半 conclu肮sions f八or ener鞍gy poli办cy? For败 exampl熬e, shou佰ld we t扳ry to m熬inimize半 energy叭 throug隘hput as背 far as按 possib八le, eve稗n if ma拜rket pr昂ices su懊ggest o耙therwis胺e? Shou阿ld the 扮governm霸ent pur傲sue an 巴explici佰t polic蔼y to sa霸ve reso皑urces? 按Or, wil巴l the m奥arket r胺e

30、gulate暗 the pr霸oper pr叭eparati暗on for 啊future 哎needs?凹Session柏 Four:邦Evoluti胺on of S按tructur摆e败4-1. Ho矮w can w耙e disti把nguish 唉between靶 differ扳ent lev岸els of 俺evoluti啊on? Wha罢t is th板e relat叭ion bet邦ween un盎its of 笆selecti伴on and 挨complex办ity of 隘VSR-mec霸hanisms碍? Consi扒der the挨 effect颁 of a s把elf-r

31、ef半erentia爸l VSR-p翱rocess.翱 Apply 哀these t笆heoreti办cal dis皑tinctio败ns on h挨uman so坝cial or办ganizat斑ion and拌 cooper巴ation. 皑For exa唉mple, c柏onsider傲 cooper半ation a邦mong vi啊llagers摆 who co靶llectiv白ely org埃anize a蔼n irrig疤ation s扒ystem, 叭and who爱 stay i暗n a com巴petitiv颁e relat吧ion wit翱h a nei熬ghbouri肮n

32、g noma柏dic tri唉be who 搬might t捌ry to l背ive par唉asitica蔼lly on 靶the vil哀lage by唉 means 摆of regu艾lar rai罢ds. How霸 far ca案n we go傲 with a捌n indiv芭idualis唉tic exp拜lanatio柏n of ob斑served 靶pattern拜s, and 巴do we n佰eed a c蔼oncept 败of grou疤p selec板tion?伴4-2. An胺alyze t肮he diff把erent f癌unction敖s of in跋stituti

33、暗ons in 傲the eco敖nomy. H傲ow far 俺can we 疤explain盎 these 颁as a re蔼sult of艾 ration哀al choi板ce amon哀g a lar跋ger gro拜up of a柏ctors? 蔼Discuss埃 the re佰lation 办between翱 “evolu澳tion” a伴nd “rev氨olution熬” in in皑stituti敖onal ch唉ange, t挨aking C氨hinas 案recent 半history跋 as an 靶example袄. 颁4-3. Co傲nsider 班market 奥i

34、nstitu坝tions t跋hat cop班e with 隘the pro叭blem of颁 qualit办y uncer颁tainty.班 How ca摆n they 鞍emerge 皑spontan艾eously 板out of 百the mar吧ket pro班cess? T邦o which奥 extent叭 is a p拔owerful昂 interv霸ention 懊needed 扳to crea昂te and 斑stabili案ze such拜 instit矮utions?肮4-4. Is跋 there 半a relat袄ion bet半ween te摆chnolog佰y and

35、 i哀nstitut瓣ions? B挨roaden 鞍your vi拔ew on o埃rganiza稗tions. 斑How far昂 is tec拔hnology艾 evolut鞍ion det凹ermined矮 by int阿ernal f柏actors,碍 how fa白r by ex哎ternal 坝factors坝, i.e. 搬referri瓣ng to t盎he inst拌itution昂al and 隘organiz皑ational安 enviro捌nment? 俺Is ther霸e an in唉teracti澳ve rela奥tion, w瓣ith tec伴hnology罢

36、also d安etermin白ing the奥 evolut案ion of 扳institu案tions a拔nd orga肮nizatio澳ns? 背4-5. An案alyse t柏he diff败erent k碍inds of昂 knowle奥dge inv碍olved i罢n techn叭ology e版volutio皑n. Test胺 your r拌esult b氨y means叭 of app八lying i耙t on th稗e quest霸ion how啊 users 敖influen俺ce tech傲nology 蔼evoluti罢on.拌Session佰 Five:案Emerg

37、en蔼ce of O拌rder芭5-1. Ma啊ny peop柏le thin败k that 盎culture岸 is an 颁importa芭nt dete靶rminant哀 of eco板nomic d搬evelopm鞍ent. Ho皑w can c胺ulture 按be fit 吧into an版 evolut佰ionary 岸approac熬h? How 半do you 柏think a熬bout re吧cent fe邦ars abo碍ut a “c斑lash be佰tween c懊iviliza颁tions”?坝 Try to斑 distin埃guish b扳etween 柏negativ挨e and p傲ositive背 econom艾ic effe肮cts of 氨cultura拌l disti斑nctiven安ess amo捌ng grou柏