文稿考研类大工

1、00SectioIDirections:Reading ComprehenEach of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers markedA, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corre

2、sponding letter(Text 1he brackets wipencil.A history of long and effortlesa driving force. When the United Scs can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it mayees entered just such a glowing period afterof the Second WorldWar, id a market eight times largern any competitor, giving its in

3、dustries unparalleled economiesof scale. Its scientists were the worlds best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans wereprosperousIt was inevitablethe dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.t this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew ri

4、cher. Just as inevitably,the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished he face of foreign competition. By 1987 t

5、here was only one American evimaker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Koreas LG Electronics in July.)Foreign-made cars and textiles were so the domestic market. Americas machine-tool industrywas on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, wh

6、ich America had inventedand which sathe heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity franted. They began tobevet their way ofng business was failing, andt theires would therefore shortly begino the cau

7、ses of Americas industrialto fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after anotherdecline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition fromoverseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United S has been struggling. Few Americans attributethe t

8、urning of the business cycle. Self-doubes can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar ors yielded to blind pride. “American industry has changedits structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Ric

9、hard Cavanagh,executive dean of Harvards Kennedy School ofernment. “It makes me proud to be an American just tosee how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, athink-in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School bevest peopl

10、e willlook back on this period as “a golden age of business managementhe United Ses.”51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because .ABCDi its thethed made painstaking efforts towards this goal domestic market was eight times largern beforewar had destroyed the economies of most p

11、otential competitorsunparalleled size of itsworkforce had given an impetus to its economy52. The loss of U.S. predominanceAmerican .he world economyhe 1980s is manifestedhe factt theABCDTV industry had withdrawn toits domestic marketsemiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign entrises mach

12、ine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actionsauto industry had lost part of its domestic market53. What can be inferred from the passage?ABCDIt is human nature to shift betn self-doubt and blind pride.ense competition may contributeThe revival of the economy dependsto economic progress.oner

13、national cooperation. the way for further development.A long history of sucs may pave54. The author seems to be.ve the revival of the U.S. economyhe 1990s can be attributed to theABCDturning of the business cyclerestructuring of industry improved business managementsucs in educationText 2Being a man

14、 has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratiodrops to near balance atof maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. Now, boy babiervive almost as well as girlsdo.

15、This meanst, for thetime, there will be an exs of boyshose crul years when theyare searching for a mate. More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or to

16、o heavy meant almost certain death. Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variationis due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, buve fewer children. Few people areas fertile ashe past. Except in some religious

17、 communities, very few women have 15 children. Nowadaysthe number of births, likeof offspring. Again, differenof death, hase average. Most of us have roughly the samberbetn people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantageof ive diminished.shows what is happening. The country offers

18、 wealth for a fewhe great citiesand poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. The grand mediocrity of today - everyone being the same insurvival and number upper-middle-classFor us, this meansof offspring - meanst natural selection has lost 80% of its compared to the tribes.t evolution is over; the

19、biological Utopia has arrived. Strangely, ier ins involvedlittle physical change. No other species fills so many plain nature. Buthe pass 100,000 years -even the pass 100 years - our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. We did not evolve, becausemachines and society did it for us. Da

20、rwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “lookat ananic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something whollyhis comprehen.” No doubtwe will remember a 20th century way of lifecomprehenfor itsugliness. But however amazed ourdescendants may be at how far from55. What used t

21、o be the dangerUtopia we were, they will look just like us.in being a man according to theparagraph?ABCDA A AAlack of mates. fierce competition. lower survival rate.defective gene.56. What does the exle ofillustrate?ABCDWealthy people tend to have fewer childrenNatural selection hardly works among t

22、he rich The middle class population is 80% smallern poor people.and the poor.nt of the tribes.is one of the countries wivery high birth rate.57. The author arguest our bodies have stopped evolving because .ABCDlife has been improved by technological advancetheour thenumber of femaabieshas been decli

23、ninghighest stage of evolutionnd poverty is disappearingbe the best title for the passage?species has reached thedifference betn weal58. Which of the following wouldABCDSex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution Ways of Continuing Mans Evolution The Evolutionary Future of NatureHuman Evolution Going Nowhe

24、reText 3tains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates areWhen a new movement in araiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it issibletin years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the ca

25、se is ratherdifficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be - even admittingbe right - it can hardly be classed as Literature.t the theory on which it is based mayThis, in brief, is what the Futurist says; for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionallyspeeding up, till now we live in

26、a world of noise andand speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughtsand emotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requiresa new form of expres. We must speed up our literature too, if we want toret modern stress. Wemust pour out a large stream of ess

27、ential words, unhered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finiteverbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up wordst imie them; we must use many sizes of typeand different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.Certainly their descriptions of battles are confus

28、ed. But it is a little upsetting to readhe explanatorybridge off whichnotest a certain line describes a fight betn a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on athey both fallo the river - and then to findthe weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! At the line consists of the noise of their falling anddred

29、and eighty-five kilograms.”This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature.All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept theirproition:t a great change in our emotionallife calls for a change of expres. The whole question is really this

30、: havessentiallychanged?59. This passage is mainly .ABCDa survey of new approaches to art a review of Futurist poetryabout merits of the Futurist movementabout laws and requirements of literature60. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to .ABCDdetermine its puresignorefollow accepti

31、tsthe theflawsnew fashions principlest we must .61. FuturistABCDincrease the production of literature use poetry to reve modern stress develop new modes of expresavoid using adjectives and verbs62. The author bevest Futurist poetry is .ABCDbased on reasonable principlesnew and acceptable to ordinary

32、 people indicative of basic change in human nature more of a transient phenomenonn literatureText 4Aimleess has hardly been typical of thetwar Japan whose productivity and sol harmony are the envyof the United Ses and Europe. But increasingly the Japaare seeing a decline of the traditionalwork-moral

33、 values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people dont know where theyshould go next.The coming of age of thetwar baby boom and an entry of womeno the male-dominated job

34、markevelimited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavyal sacrifiinvolvedin climbing Japans rigid soonly 24.5 percent of Japal ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was foundtstudents were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percentof st

35、udentstheir jobshe United Ses. In addition, far more Japaworkers expressed dissatisfaction withrveyed.n did their countartshe 10 other countrieWhile often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japaeducation tends to stress testtaking and mechanical learniner creativity and self-expre

36、s. “Those thingst do not show up inthe test scores -ality, ability, courage or humanity - are compley ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu,chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Partys education committee. “Frustration against this kindof thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experi

37、enced 2,125 incidents of school,theincluding 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the oprewar emphasis on moral education. Last year eyebrows when he arguedt liberal reformsry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return toMitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raisedroduced by the American

38、occupation authorities after WorldWar II had weakened the “Japamorality of respect for parents.”Butt may have more to do with Japalife-styles. “In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “its nevera question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” With economic growt

39、h has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities wherecommunity and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. UrbanJapaas the Japahave long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living c

40、onditions, butold group and family values weaken, thefort is beginning tol.he past decade, thedivorce rate, while still well belowt of the United Ses, has increased by moren 50 percent,andsuicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.63. ABCDhe Westerners eyes, theunder aimless development aitive ex

41、lea rival to the Weston the declinetwar Japan was .64. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japasociety?ABCDWomens participation in sol activities is limited.More workers are dissatisfied with Exsive emphasis has been placedThe life-style has been influen

42、cedtheir jobs. on the basics.by Western values.65. Whichofthe following is true according to the author?ABCDJapa Japa MoreDropeducation education stress shouldout leadsis is betopraised for helthe young climb the sol ladder.characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity. placed on the cu

43、ltivation of creativity.frustration against test taking.66. The change in Japalife-style istolerant ofrevealedforts inhe fact lifeU.S.t .ABCDthe the thetheyoung are lessdivorceJapa Japarate inendure appreJapan exceedstbeforehemoren everte their present lifeText 5If ambition is tobewell regarded, the

44、 rewards of ambition - wealth, distinction, controlover onesdestiny - must be deemed worthy of the sacrifimade on ambitions behalf. If the tradition of ambitionis to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it espelly must be highly regarded by people who arethemselves admired, the educated not

45、least among them. In an odd way, however, it is the educated who haveclaimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd ist they have perhaps most benefited fromambition - if not always their own thent of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note ofhypocrisyhis, a case of closin

46、g the barn door after the horses have escd - with the educated themselvesriding on them.Certainly people do not seem lesserested in sucs and its signs nown formerly. Summer homes, Europeantravel, BMWs - the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less indemand t

47、odayn a decade or two years ago. Whas happened ist people cannot confess fully to theirdreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead,we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now moren ever seem inle supply: the criticof Am

48、erican materialism wiSoumpton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his mealshree-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, t

49、he proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive,where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, aquality

50、to be admired and fixedhe mind of the young, is probably lowern is ever beenheUnited Ses. This does not meant ambition is at an end,t people no longer feel its stirrings andpromptings, but onlyt, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequenfollow fromthis, of course, some of whic

51、h aret ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is theway things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stusupporters, andhe middle, as usual,themajority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67. It is generally bevedt ambition may be well regarded if .ABCDits returns we

52、ll compensate for it is rewarded with money, fameits goals are spiritual ratherthe andnsacrifi ermaterialit is shared by the rich andthe famousparagraph most probably imp68. The lastence of thest it is .ABCDcustomary of the educated todiscardambition in words s been let outfulfillment of the goaltoo

53、 late to checbition once idishonest to deny ambition after theimpractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition69. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because .ABCDthey think of it as immoraltheir pursuits are not fame or wealthambition is not closely related to material be

54、nefits they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible70. From the last paragraph thecan be drawnt ambition should be maained .ABCDsecretly and vigorously openly and enthusiastically easily and momentarily verbally and spirituallySection IV English-ChiTranslationDirections:Read the following pass

55、age carefully and then translate the underlined senten translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 pos)o Chi. Yourernments throughout the world act on the amptiont the welfare of their people depends largelyon the economic strengnd wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions,

56、 this requires varyingmeasures of centralized control and hence the help of spe operational research experts. 72) Furthermore, it is obviousdirectly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture andlized scientists such as economists andt the strength of a countrys economy isindustry, andt thisurn

57、 rests uponthe efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also meansternments are increasinglycompelled toerferehese sectors in order to step up production and ensuret it is utilized tothe best advantage. For exle, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up o

58、ftheir own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, orerfere in order to reduce thewastage of natural resouror tap resourhitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directlyhegrowing number ofernational projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all sucherv

59、entions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manof all kinds.er73) Owing to the remarkable developmentunications, people everywhere are feeling new wantsand are being exed tcustoms and ideas, whileernments are often forced torodutill furtherinnovations for

60、 the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of solchange throughout theworld is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For exle, 74)he earlyindustrialized countries of Europe the pros of industrialization - will the far-reaching changesin sol patternst fol