3月精读团增补文章

1、【说明】由于 3 月 11 日考了P11，所以时间定为 3 月 22 日 晚上 7 点半当晚内容：1. P13再增加一篇的讲解剩下的句子推断题和指代题题大家在 22 号之前最好把精读团前面的内容复习和消化好P13 Plant and Animal Life of the Pacific IslandsThere are both great similarities and considerable diversityhe ecosystemst evolved on theislands of Oceania in and around the Pacific Ocean. The isla

2、nds, such as New Zealand,t wereoriginally parts of continents still carry some small plant and animal remnants of their ear rbiota (animal and plant life), and they also have been extensively modified by evolution, adapion, and the arrival of new species. By contrast, the other islands, which emerge

3、d viageological prosech as volcanism,sessed no terrestrial life, but over long periods, winds,ocean currents, and the feet, feathers, and digestive tracts of birds brought the seeds of plantsand a few species of animals. Only those species with ways of spreading to these islands were able to underta

4、ke the long journeys, and the various factors at play resulted in diversecombinations of new colonists on the islands. One estimate ist the distribution of plants was75 percent by birds, 23 percent by floating, and only 2 percent by wind.The migration of Oceanic biota was generally from west to east

5、, with four major factorsinfluencing their distribution and establishment. Thewas the size and fertility of the islandson which they landed, with larger islands able to provide hospitality for a wider range of species.Second, the further east the islands, generally the less the species diversity, la

6、rgely because ofthe distanced to be crossed and because the eastern islands tended to be smaller, morescattered, and remote. This easterly decline in species diversity is well demonstrated by birds andcoral fish. It is estimatedt there were over 550 species of birds in New Guinea, 127heSolomon Islan

7、ds, 54 in Fiji, and 17he Society Islands. From the west across the Pacific, theBismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands have moren 90 famis of shore fish (withmany species withhe famis), Fiji has 50 famis, and the Society Islands have 30. Third, thelatitude of the islands also influenced the bio

8、tic mix, as those islands in relatively cooler latitudes,notably New Zealand, were unsuited to supporting some of the tropical plants with which Pacificislands are generally assoted.Finally, a fourth major factor in species distribution, andin the shaof Pacifict there areecosystems, was wind. It tak

9、es little experience on Pacific islands to be awareprevailing winds. To the north of the equator these are called north-easters, while to the souththey are called south-easters. Further south, from about 30 south, the winds are generally from the west. As a result on nearly every island of significa

10、nt size there is an ecologicaldifference betn its windward and leeward (away from the wind) sides. Apart from the windaction itself on plants and soils, wind has a major effect on rain distribution. The Big Island ofHawaii offers a prime exle: one can leave Kona on the leeward side in brilliant suns

11、hine anddrive across to the windward side where the city of Hilo is bletedist and rain.While such localized plant life and climatic conditions are very noticeable, over Oceania as awhole there is relatively littiodiversity, and the smaller the island and the further east its,the less there is likely

12、 to be. When humans movedthe islands of Near Oceania (Australia,New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands), they encountered no indigenous mammals except forflying foxes, fruit bats, and seals on some islands. Other vertebrate species were restricted to flying animals and a few small reptiles. However, lo

13、cal adap ions and evolution over long periods of isolation promoted fascinating species adap ions to local conditions. Perhaps mostnotable,he absence of mammals and othredators, are the many species of flightless andground-nesting birds. Another consequence of evolution wast many small environmentsb

14、oasted their own endemic (native) species, often small in number, unused to serious predation,limited in range, and therefore vulnerable to disruption. In Hawaii, for exle, the highlyadapted 39 species and subspecies of honeycreepers, severaldred species of fruit f s, andmoren 750 species of tree sn

15、ails are often cited totomize the extent of localized Oceanicendemism (species being native to the area).1.A.B.C.D.The word “remnants”remainders reminders reproductionsresemblanhe passage is closeteaning to2.A.B.C.The passage supports which of the following sements about species on volcanic islands?

16、Volcanic island species are unlike the species found in othVolcanic islands lack the diversity of species found elsewhereacific Ocean locations.he Pacific.Volcanic island species are all transplants from distant locations and exist in combinationsnot found elsewhere.D.Volcanic island species differ

17、from those on other islandshat animal species show greaterdiversityn plant species do.3.According to paragraph 1, how did the majority of plant species arrive on islands created bygeological prosech as volcanism?A.B.C.D.They were transported by ocean currents.They were carried to the islands by bird

18、s. They were brought to the islands by humans.They were transported by winds.4.A.B.C.The word “remote”unknown isolated hostilehe passage is closeteaning toD.infertile5.In paragraph 2, what is the authors pureenti ni g the esti atnumb rs of birdsand coral fish species on various Oceanic islands?A.B.C

19、.D.To give exles of the wide range of speciest can be found on Oceanic islandsTo demonstrate how mucowledge about Oceanic species has been accumulatedTo illustrate the decline in species diversity from west to east on Oceanic islandsTo identify the influence of latitude upon Oceanic plants and anima

20、ls6.Which of the sentenbelow best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentencehe passage? Incorrect choichange the meaning in important ways or leaveout essential information.Because of its latitude, New Zealand had a relatively cooler climate islands.A.n other PacificB.New Zealand

21、, like othplants.Because the latitudinalacific islands, showed the effects of latitudes on its rich tropicalC.ition of an island also affected its biotic mix, islands in coolerlatitudes did not support some tropical species typical of the Pacific islands.Pacific islands were notable for their impres

22、sive biotic mix and assotion with tropical plants.D.7.According to paragraph 2, all of the following types of islands are assospecies diversity EXCEPTted with higherA.B.C.D.islandst are large in sizeislands located in cool latitudesislands locatedhe western part of Oceaniaislands located near other

23、landmasses8.A.B.C.D.The Big Island of Hawaii is discussedhe passage as an exle ofthe relationship betn latitude and windhow prevailing winds influence rainfall patternsthe relationship betn rainfall and species distributionthe effects of wind action upon plants and soils9.A.B.C.D.What can be inferre

24、d from paragraph 3 about Kona and Hilo?The ecosystems of Kona and Hilo differ from each otherKona and Hilo have approximay the same rainfall in a given year.Kona receives northeasterly winds while Hilo receives southeasterly winds.Both Kona and Hilo have plants and soilst are often damaged by winds.

25、10.A.B.C.The word “cited”expected beved comparedhe passage is closeteaning toD.mentioned11. According to paragraph 4, why have species of flightless and ground-nesting birdsnumerous on Oceanic islands?e soA.B.C.D.They have no predators on the islands.They were some of the strongest species to arrive

26、 on the islands.They live closer to their food sourn other species do.They are affected less by climatic changesn other animals are.12.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 4 about the speciesOceanic islands?Certain species are native only to particular islands.t lionA.B.C.D.Speciest

27、are native to Oceanic islands include relatively few mammals.Populations of most species are small in number.Some species have evolved over time toe predators.Paragraph 1There are both great similarities and considerable diversityhe ecosystemst evolved on theislands of Oceania in and around the Paci

28、fic Ocean. The islands, such as New Zealand,twere originally parts of continents still carry some small plant and animal remnants of theirear r biota (animal and plant life), and they also have been extensively modified by evolution, adapion, and the arrival of new species. By contrast, the other is

29、lands, which emerged viageological prosech as volcanism,sessed no terrestrial life, but over long periods, winds,ocean currents, and the feet, feathers, and digestive tracts of birds brought the seeds of plantsand a few species of animals. Only those species with ways of spreading to these islands w

30、ere able to undertake the long journeys, and the various factors at play resulted in diversecombinations of new colonists on the islands. One estimate ist the distribution of plantswas 75 percent by birds, 23 percent by floating, and only 2 percent by wind.13. Look at the four squares passage.t indi

31、cate where the following sentence can be added to theWhen varied ecosystems are present, they can be explained as resulting in part from theprost formed the islands.Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14. Directions: Anroductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choit express the mosthe summary becauseimportant ideashe passage. Some answer choido not belongth