《学术论文写作》课件 English Academic Writing 8

1、Chapter 8Considering structureResearch outline1. tentative2. working 3. Draft outlines4.Formal outlinesII. The procedure of preparing an outlineHaving a satisfactory thesis statement;Reviewing all your note cards and bringing related materials together under some general headings;Arranging these hea

2、dings according to the development of your thought;Forming a logical preliminary outline;Discussing your preliminary outline with your advisor.What is a thesis statement?（主题陈述） A thesis statement is usually a single sentence that will give you a central focus for organization of your paper.Samples o

3、f thesis statement Sample 1Topic: Pair work Design and Learners InterestThesis statement: Learners interest in pair work is increased by well designed pair work exercises.Sample 2Topic : Naturalism in Dreisers Sister CarrieThesis statement : Influenced by naturalism, Sister Carrie typically reflects

4、 Dreisers view of nature and man in the social environment of his time. III. The general contents of an outlineTwo major formats of outline;Two major types of outlineWhat are the two major formats of outline ?The standard outline systemThe decimal outline systemSample of the standard systemI. The tw

5、o reasons for A. The first reason 1. The women a. They would (1)The time (a)The technology (b)The public (2)The place b. They could 2. The men B. The second reasonII. The reasons againstSample of the decimal system1.The two reasons for 1.1 The first reason 1.1.1 The women 1.1.1.1They would 1.1.1.2Th

6、ey could 1.1.2 The men 1.2 The second reason2.The reasons against Whey preparing your outline format, you should pay attention to 2 points:Numbering;IndentationWhat are the two major types of outline ?Topic outline （主题式提纲）Sentence outline（句子式提纲）Topic Outline In a topic outline, each heading and subh

7、eading is a word or a phrase, but often only short phrases throughout, which takes less time and space.Sentence Outline In a sentence outline, each heading and subheading is a complete sentence, which has greater clarity and precision.Sample of a topic outlineRasputins Other SideThesis statement: Af

8、ter six decades of being judged a demonical libertine, Rasputin now deserves to be viewed from another point of view-as a man who was intensely religious, who passionately desired peace ,and who deeply devoted to his family and friends. I. The ambiguity of the real Rasputin A. His birth B. Popular h

9、istorical view 1. His supporters 2. His detractorsII. Rasputins religious feelings A. His rich nature B. His simple peasant faithIII. Rasputins desire for peace in Russia A. B. Sample of a sentence outlineThesis statement: (同上）I. The real Rasputin is difficult to discover. A. The birth of Rasputin c

10、oincided with a “shooting star”. B. The popular historical view of Rasputin portrays him as primarily evil. 1. Supporters called him a spiritual leader. 2. Detractors called him a satyr.II. Rasputin had intense religious feelings. A. He had a rich nature. B. He had a simple peasant faith in God.III.

11、 Rasputins passionate desire for peace in Russia revealed itself in several ways. A. B. IV. The principles for writing an outline A. 1 Parallelism Each heading and subheading should preserve parallel structure. If the first heading is a verb, the second heading should be a verb. Example: 1. Choose D

12、esired Colleges 2. Prepare Application (Choose and Prepare are both verbs. The present tense of the verb is usually the preferred form for an outline) B. Coherence The outline will reflect the progression of ideas in each selection of your paper.C. CoordinationAll the information contained in Headin

13、g 1 should have the same significance as the information contained in Heading 2. The same goes for the subheadings (which should be less significant than the headings). Example: I. Visit and evaluate college campuses II. Visit and evaluate college websites A. Note important statistics B. Look for in

14、teresting classes D. SubordinationThe information in the headings should be more general, while the information in the subheadings should be more specific. Example: I. Describe an influential person in your life A. Favorite high school teacher B. Grandparent E. Division Each heading should be divide

15、d into 2 or more parts. Example: A. Compile resume 1. List relevant coursework 2. List work experience 3. List volunteer experience(The heading Compile resume is divided into 3 parts.) Exercise of Outline Writing Direction: Below is a part of an outline from a students paper. Read the following head

16、ings carefully and try to find whats wrong with them and then correct the mistakes. . How to review with a classmate A. Deciding what is most important B. Finding relationship of most important points C. Questioning each other and verify answers D. Class notes . What do you consult the teacher in an

17、 interview A. B.Questions to be discussed :What is an outline and why do we have to prepare an outline for a research paper?Why is a thesis statement important for outline writing ?What are the two basic types of outline ?What are the principles for writing an outline ?A Sample of OutlineTitle: Fren

18、ch Revolution in A Tale of Two CitiesThesis Statement: An analysis of Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities against the background of the French Revolution helps deepen the readers understanding of the novel.Outline:I. A general introduction to the author Charles Dickens A. His family B. His education C. His way to success D. His worksII. A glimpse of A Tale of Two Cities A. gist of novel B. Literary informationIII. The