《商务英语语法》8-Non-finite verbs

1、Non-finite VerbsAssignment Exercise 19A Exercise 21A（110） Exercise 22B（110） Task One : Grammatical term （语法术语） Task Two : Forms of the non-finite verbs （非限定动词的形式）Task Three: Grammatical function （语法功能）Task 4: TEM & Non-finite verbsEnglish verbs have three non-finite forms: （1）infinitive不定式 （2）-ing p

2、articiple (present participle现在分词/gerund动名词)（3）-ed participle end task oneTask Two Forms of the non-finite verbs1. Grammatical forms of infinitives (p219) 动词不定式的语法形式active主动passive被动simple一般to doto be doneperfective完成to have doneto have been doneprogressive进行to be doing无被动结构perfectiveprogressive完成进行

3、to have beendoing无被动结构e.g.I have a lot of work to do. (simple, active)The matter to be discussed at the meeting is a hard nut to crack. (simple, passive)I am sorry to have taken up so much of your time. (perfective, active)We knew him to have once been arrested by the police. (perfective, passive)Sh

4、e had no need to be worrying. (progressive) She wished to have been training as hard as the others. (她真愿过去也像其他人那样努力锻炼.) (perfective progressive)A negative infinitive（否定形式） is formed by adding not or never immediately before the infinitive sign to, e.g.:We decided not to buy that house.She wished nev

5、er to see him again.2. Form of ing participleactive (vt)passive (vt)(vi)simplewritingbeing writtengoingperfectivehaving writtenhaving been writtenhaving gonee.g. He was praised for having made great progress. Having been delayed by the storm, I missed the train. Negative form: 在分词之前加 not , not doing

6、 / not having done Not to mention the form of ed participle. end task 2Task Three: Grammatical Function of non-finite verbsInfinitives 不定式1. 动词不定式作主语To say something is one thing, to do it is another.注意：为保持句子的平衡常把作主语的不定式移至句尾，用it作形式主语 To restore（修复）the painting in one week is not possible. It is not

7、possible to restore the painting in 形式主语 真正主语one week. 2. 动词不定式作表语，常跟在系动词be, seem, appear 之后： His only wish is to become a doctor. 3. 不定式作宾语I want to visit my parents during the summer vacation. 学习要求：记忆不定式与动词的搭配 （p237动词+不定式) 4. 动词不定式作宾语补足语常用的接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有ask, advise, allow, force, consider, believe

8、, prove, want, like, expect, wish等。（p237-238)His fans expected him to be the winner of the Voice of China. The famous singer invited many friends to come to her wedding.在有些动词之后的宾语补足语结构中，不定式符号to必须省略。a. 在let, make, have等使役动词之后的宾补结构中用不带to的不定式 The interviewer made Peter wait outside. b. 在hear, see, watc

9、h, feel, notice等感觉动词之后的宾补结构中用不带to的不定式 Mother didnt see Christine come in and go upstairs. 5. 不定式作定语修饰名词，放在名词后面（p234:不定式与名词的搭配）I have a lot of work to do.He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 6. 不定式做状语He went to the night school to study English. 常见结构：“not/never tooto” 不太能We are never

10、 too old to learn.“all/only/but tooto” 非常She is but too happy to join us.“too ready/eager to” 乐于；急于He is too ready to help others“toonot to” 很不会不He is too careful not to have noticed it. so as toHe was so careless as to leave his phone on the desk. such as toHe is not such a fool as to believe what

11、I said. 不定式用于介词+there be 结构It was too late _ any taxis.A. to be B. being C. to have D. for there to be答案：D 太晚了，不可能有出租车了。-ing participle-ing 分词1. Subject作主语Seeing is believing.It is no use crying over spilt milk.2. Predicative作表语Seeing is believing.Her job was looking after the commune sheep.Our achi

12、evements in science are very striking. (participle in this use almost changed into adjs, encouraging, boring, disappointing, exciting)3. Object作宾语He has just finished reading that novel. (This kind of usage will be discussed in detail later.)4. Attributive作定语Frank has some teaching duties. moving st

13、ories (动人的故事) running water (自来水) a good-looking child a high-sounding expression (高调)5. Adverbial作状语Not knowing what to do, I telephoned the police. (表原因)If traveling south, you must change at Beijing. (表条件)6. appositive作同位语 His habit, running in the fresh morning air, remains unchanged. -ed partic

14、iple-ed 分词 1. 做前置修饰语，如： a retired teacher an escaped prisoner a faded flower a withered flower fallen leaves an expired lease the risen sun a returned student the vanished treasure a grown man (p252)2. 作补语e.g.:I saw the students assembled in the hall.Everybody thought the battle lost.3. 作状语 1. Given

15、 time, he will make a first-class swimmer. (adverbial of condition)2. Utterly exhausted, they could hardly put one foot before the other. (adverbial of cause)3. Although invited by the mayor, she wont go. (adverbial of concession)Absolute Construction (分词独立结 构; 独立主格）分词独立主格在句中作状语，可表示时间、条件、原因、伴随等, 如：S

16、o many students being absent, the discussion had to be put off.Weather permitting, well play football.The project finished, they had a two weeks leave. 独立结构也可由with 引出，如：With you standing there, we cant work.There be 结构也可用于独立结构中，如：The car stopped, there being no fuel in the tank.汽车停了，油箱里没有燃料了。独立结构中 b

17、eing 和 having been 可省略：The question (having been) settled, we ended up the meeting.He watched the soldiers pass, his eyes (being) bright and eager. end task 3 TEM 4 & Non-finite Verb1. In phrases like freezing cold, burning hot, or soaking wet, the ING participle is used _ (2011, 55)A. as a command.

18、命令B. as a condition. 条件C. for concession.让步D. for emphasis. 强调1. In phrases like freezing cold, burning hot, or soaking wet, the ING participle is used _ (2011, 55)A. as a command.B. as a condition.C. for concession.D. for emphasis. 2. _ should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work. (20

19、10, 65) A. To be not tall B. Not being tall C. Being not tall D. Not to be tall2. _ should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work. (2010, 65)A. To be not tallB. Not being tall 非限定动词的否定符号放在非限定动词之前C. Being not tallD. Not to be tall3. What a nice day! How about the three of us _ a walk in t

20、he park nearby? (2009, 51) A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking3. What a nice day! How about the three of us _ a walk in the park nearby? (2009, 51) A. to take B. take C. taking 介词之后用动名词 D. to be taking4. “The man preparing the documents is the firms lawyer” has all the following possible me

21、aning EXCEPT _ (2009, 65)A. the man who has prepared the documentsB. the man who has been preparing the documentsC. the man who is preparing the documentsD. the man who will prepare the documents4. “The man preparing the documents is the firms lawyer” has all the following possible meaning EXCEPT _

22、(2009, 65)A. the man who has prepared the documentsB. the man who has been preparing the documentsC. the man who is preparing the documentsD. the man who will prepare the documents 5. _ at in his way, the situation doesnt seem so desperate. (2007, 64)A. Looking B. Looked C. Being looked D. To look5.

23、 _ at in his way, the situation doesnt seem so desperate. (2007, 64)A. Looking B. Looked 表示被动，完成C. Being looked D. To look6. There are only ten apples left in the baskets, _ the spoilt ones. (2006, 63)A. not counting B. not to count C. dont count D. having not counted6. There are only ten apples lef

24、t in the baskets, _ the spoilt ones. (2006, 63)A. not counting 表示伴随状况B. not to count C. dont count D. having not counted7. Agriculture is the countrys chief source of wealth, wheat _ by far the biggest cereal crop. (2003, 51)A. is B. been C. be D. being7. Agriculture is the countrys chief source of

25、wealth, wheat _ by far the biggest cereal crop. (2003, 51)A. is B. been C. be D. being （独立主格结构）8. The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _ for that. (2003, 57)A. for us to be prepared B. that we are prepared C. of us to be prepared D. our being prepared8. The opening ceremony is a great occasion. It is essential _ for that. (2003, 57)A. for us to