2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习讲义阅读理解及训练05应用文

1、B. To draw readersattention to the present situations in American schools.2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习讲义阅读理解及训练05应用文小试牛刀阅读理解There s a dark little joke: Rip Van Win kle awake ns in the 21st cen tury after a hun dred-year sleep. Men and wome n dash about, talk ing to small metal devices. Young people sit on sof

2、as, movi ng min iature athletes around on electro nic scree ns. Airports, hospitals, shopp ing malls every place Rip goes just puzzles him. But whe n he fin ally walks into a schoolroom, the old man knows exactly where he is. This is a school, he declares. We used to have these black in 1906. Only n

3、ow the blackboards are gree n.American schools aren t exactly frozen in time, but consideringthe pace of change in otherareas of life, our public schools tend to feel like throwbacks. Kids spe nd much of the day astheir great-grandparentsonce did: sitting in rows, listening to teachers lecture,scrib

4、blingno tes by hand, readi ng textbooks that are out of date. A yaw ning chasm separates the world in side the schoolhouse from the world outside.The n ati onal con versati on on educatio n has long focused on readi ng scores, math tests andclos ing the achieveme nt gap. This is not a story about th

5、at con versati on. This is a storyabout the big public con versati on the n ati on is not havi ng about educati on, the one that willultimately determine whether an entire generation of kids will fail to make the grade in theglobal economy because they can t think their way through abstract problems

6、, work in teamsor speak a Ian guage other tha n En glish.This week the conversationwill burst onto the front page, when the NCSAWfeleases a blueprintfor reth inking America n educati on from pre-K to 12 and bey ond to better prepare stude nts to_thrive in the global economy. While that report in clu

7、des some debatable proposals, there isa remarkable agreeme nt among educators and bus in ess and policy leaders on one key con clusi on:we n eed to bring what we teach and how we teach into the 21st cen tury. Today s economy dema nds not only a high-level pete nee in the traditi onal academic discip

8、li nes but also what might be called 21st-century skills.What is the writer s purpose to use a dark little joke in the first paragraph?To serve as an in troduct ion to Rip Van Win kle.C. To remind people that American literature plays an important role in economy.D. To let its readers enjoy the arti

9、cle from the very beginning.What is the writer s general impression of American school children?They look much like their great-grandparents.They can do everything as they like.They are well developed on all sides.They are almost separated from the outside world.From the third paragraph, we know the

10、 writer .has focused on reading scores and math teststells a story about the national conversationtends to care much about the big public conversationpromises to help kids with their grade in the global economyThe underlined part“ to thrive” in the last paragraph most probably means to bee and conti

11、nue to be successful and strong.to enjoy something especially other people would not like.to pete with other people for better positionsto work in teams with any other people.64-67 BDCA*厶士 ft*结束【考点定位】 xx 考纲解读和近几年考点分布时事新闻类阅读材料在近年高考中屡屡涉及。这类材料往往语言地道，内容时新。、材料特点阅读材料的组成有一个共同的特点，即都是由标题（Headline）、导语（Introdu

12、ction）、背景（Background）、主体（Main body）和结尾（End）五部分构成。此类文章主题突出，文章的第一句话或第一自然段往往就是对整篇文章的高度概括，因此读懂首句或首段至关重要。下 面分别叙述这五个部分在阅读理解中的作用。标题是对新闻报道中心思想所作的高度而又精辟的慨扛必然是命题者考虑设题的 重点。这类阅读理解材料常不给出标题，而要考生选择标题。因此，同学们平时在看英 语报刊或者在做时事新闻类阅读理解题时要特别注意研究标题和英语标题的特点。知事抓导语。导语位于新闻报道的首段，高度慨括新闻事实晒g Wg 讥 Why）包括其中。因此，抓导语便对新闻事件有了大体把握，对做阅读

13、理解试题而言就杲抓住了牛鼻子爲欲知详情，谟新闻背景和主体。新闻背景交待新闻事实的起因，主体则对导语槪括 的新闻事实逬行详细叙述。探求结果到结尾。结尾往往是新闻事件的结果或动态展望，也是中心思想的概括并常常与新闻导语相呼应，也乐于在此设题。广告类阅读题的五大特点材料特点：大家知道，刊登广告是要钱的，为了节省费用，人们在拟写广告时往往都希望用最少的篇幅表现最大量的信息，这就决定了广告类材料通常具有以下特点：信息量大，用词简练，形式灵活。内容特点：综观近几年的高考英语阅读理解题，其中广告类阅读题内容主要涉及的是与人们生活息息相关的信息，如产品宣传、服务介绍、招生招聘等。形式特点：做广告的主要目的就是

14、要让受众了解并记住广告内容，并为广告上所刊登的内容（产品或服务等）买单。为了达到这一目的，人们在设计广告时往往会做到：标题醒目，重点突出，条理清楚。用词特点：广告类阅读材料的用词有以下“三多”特点：一是人名、地名、专有名词多；二是生词多；三是缩略词、省略句多。命题特点：广告类阅读是近几年高考英语阅读理解最常考的题材，在阅读理解的选材中占有很大的比重的目的是要考查考生提取信息和处理信息的能力，所以命题的题型多是以 获取信息为主的细节理解题。【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。【考点pk】名师考点透析考点一、细节事实理解。一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容

15、构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列 起来，来进一步解释或 阐释主题，体现文章的 主旨大意。細节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解寵力，属于表层理解题范 畴，难度较小但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体 事实或细节出发来设计题目。此类题通常根据文章具体内容未设问，也常使用下列方式来提问Vliich oithe following statements is（notrue correct?VHch of the follow ing is not mentioned?All of the following are true exce

16、pt. .According to the passageen here hem- how what which.etc.?直接事实题在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。女口：A giant damwas built many years ago to controlthe Colorado River in the U.S.Thisdam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.This huge dam is in the Black Canyon

17、.lt is possible to drive a car from one sideof the river to the other on a road， which is on the top of the dam.This dam is sobig that there is an elevator in side.The elevator goes dow n forty-four stories fromthe road to the bottom.There is eno ugh con crete in this dam to build a highway fromNew

18、York to San Fran cisco.Thousa nds of people worked on this dam for five years.This huge dam was called Boulder Dam whe n it was fini shed in 1936.Later it wasren amed Hoover Dam in honor of a preside nt of the Un ited States.Hoover Dam， one ofthe highest dams in the world ， is situated between the s

19、tates of Arizona and Nevada.Q: Hoover Dam lies.betwee n Ariz ona and Nevadain the Black Ca nyonbetwee n New York and San Fran ciscoboth A and B2间接事实题解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单 的计算。Invited by Mr Ye Huixian, host of (lie well-received W pragranune Stars IbnighF, Miss Luo Lin Miss Asia of 1

20、991 appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday,Bom in Shansjiai and taken to Honsjcong when die w as only six years oldi Luo Lin has ne er dreamed of being Miss Asii.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in th亡 competition she had b亡en an airhoste

21、ss in Canhay Airline for seven years Howe er* it still took her three months to kam the art of polking 也 the stage? dan cin singing:niaking-up and other proper mannersj designed by th亡 Asia TV Statical.“ It s really a hard job for me.l won t enter for such petition any more.Anyhow,I amquite lucky.Ia

22、m also glad to have had more chanee to work for the social welfaresince I won the title.This time， in Shanghai ， I d love to make a deep impressionon my TV audienee ，” said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q: Which of the following is NOT true?Luo Lin is a n ative of Shan ghai.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong wi

23、th her pare nts.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.Asia TV Stati on helped Luo Lin to bee Miss Asia.【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案，而B项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong可判断不是 moved to Hongkong with her parents ，因此选 B。3、数据推算。If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the sametime,you will

24、save.A.$100B.$300C.$350D.$400这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。 考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。一、主旨阅读理解题考查的内容短文的标题(title,headline )；短文或段落的主题(subject )；中心思想(main idea)；作者的写作目的(purpose)。二、此类题的设问方式hci.t wouId bu rhe best title for the t

25、ext?What does the second paragraph mainly仁 i sC JijS?:L Nt江 is the passage mainly ahout?Thu ujaiii 卩 jrposc of auiidiiricins i-hc above uven Is i s,考点三、推理推断。推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外 之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。此类题的设问常常包括in fer,imply,suggest,co nclude等词，

26、这类题的设问方式主要有： TOC o 1-5 h z Wu can iidci iiom theLimL.Wlm DEin be inferred froui the P(issagc?hich of thu following can be inferred from the Fassagu?Il can be inicurd fioni ltraf；ra|jh 3 LhaL,The author suggests in t 1 二 * 丨用口：WJ：i|jh 上羅,G. The Tfritcr iipl ics that.7. Il can be inierred Lhat,8.1; ca

27、n be concluded Ilf.iifj Lhc Pttsllial,Of： Lhu whulvG can coneludc LiiaL.From the text we can con clude that 1Aficr reading Lhc Passage we nidy conelude that.llhar conclusion an bu drawn from the? Passage? The auIl:ui is inclined lo think LhaL. h亡ii Lhe wri llt talks abouL, whaL he rcally ujeans is L

28、h也L,15.What s th 亡 v,rri t-?r s p.f.-Tiio/fccl -ig Top.rds. . . ?lt）. Tn rhe wri ter s opinion,.近年来，高考加大了对学生判断推理能力的考查。判断推理题要求在理解原文表面文字 信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及 的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据， 既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。做题时 要注意题干的语言形，女口According to the passage.,lt

29、can be inferredfrom the passagethat. ； It can be concluded from the passage that.等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话 或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如题干中有具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句（一句或几句话），然后做出推理；2.假如题干中无线索，女口 It can be inferred from the passage that.； It can be concluded from the passa

30、gethat.等，先浏览一下 4个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词 找到原文相关句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如infer,conclude题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置（如主题句出现处）；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果 如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关， 这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。考点四、词义、句义猜测。词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上

31、，要根据语境来判断。此类题的设问方式主要有L Tbni n Lino. . . Tncais/ran hr? replaced by. 一As .ised in l.lie passage, i.he phiase.From the passagu, wo can infer that the wnrel/pn,.Fi.5；C” i s./refcjrr?d Tc.一The word “. ” is closest in meaning to.猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认*结束识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会“顺藤摸

32、瓜”，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、 常识、上下文等线索确定词义。1 一定义法。如：Annealing is a. ay of making metal softer by heating it and ihen letting it cool veryslowly:句子给予annealing以明确的定义 即 迪火JIt will b亡 verv hard but also ver. brittle atis.it will break 亡asilvJ从后面的解释中裁们可以了解到brittle是脆的意思。The herdiman10oks aftersheeps eami about

33、 650 y 111113. year.定语从句中looks after sheep就表明了 herdsman的词更为“牧人。同位法。女口 ：They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large buildingin old times.同位语部分a large building in old times给出了 castle的确切词义，即“城堡”。We are on the ni ght shift from midni ght to 8 a.m. this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明night shift是“

34、夜班”的意思。对比法。如：She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle ofher first class.but 一词表转折，因此 but前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。构词法（前缀、后缀、复合、派生等）。如：Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred? possibility 是possible

35、的同根名词，据此可以判断定possibility 意思是“可能性”。因果法。如：The lack of moveme nt caused the muscles to weake n. Sometimes the weak ness wasperma nen t.So the player could n ever play the sport aga in.从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中，可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的，永久”。2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习讲义阅读理解及训练06社会生活、文化教育小试牛刀阅读理解Un til recen tly, the “ scie n

36、ee of the future ” was supposed to be electr on icsand artificialin tellige nee.Today it seems more and more likely that the n ext great breakthroughs in tech no logywill be brought through a bin ati on of those two scie nces with orga nic chemistry and gen etic engin eeri ng. This bin ati on is the

37、 scie nce of biotech no logy.Organic chemistry enables us to produce marvelous synthetic（合成的）materials. However, itis still difficult to manufacture anything that has the capacity of wool to con serve heat and and eyes ” which can replace diseased organs in human beings. These will not be rejected b

38、y the body, as is the case with orga ns from huma ns.also to absorb moisture. Nothi ng that wehavebinationof strength,lightnessand flexibilityNevertheless,scientistsin the laboratorythat has many of thecharacteristics of huma n skin.bee n able to produce sofar es any where n ear thethat we find in t

39、he bodies of ordinary in sects.have already succeeded in “ growing ” a materialThe next step may well be“ biotech heartsThe applicati on of biotech no logy to en ergy producti on seems even more promis ing. In 1996the famous science fiction writer, Arthur C. Clarke, many of whose previous prediction

40、s have e true, said that we may soon be able to develop remarkably cheap and renewable sources of energy. Some of these power sources will be biological. Clarke and others have warned us repeatedly that sooner or later we will have to give up our depe ndence on non-ren ewable power sources.Coal, oil

41、 and gas are in deed convenient. However, using them also means creat ing dan gerouslyhigh levels of polluti on .It will be impossible to meet the grow ing dema nd for en ergy withoutin creas ing that pollutio n to catastrophic（ 灾难性的）levels uni ess we develop power sources that are both cheaper and

42、clea ner.*结束It is attempting to think that biotechnology or some other“ science of the future” cansolve our problems. Before we surrender to that temptation we should remember nuclear power.Only a few generations ago it seemed to promise limitless, cheap and safe energy. Today those promises lie bur

43、ied in a concrete grave in a place called Chernobyl（ 切尔诺贝利 ）, in the Ukraine. Biotechnology is unlikely, however, to break its promises in quite the same or such a dangerous way. TOC o 1-5 h z According to the passage, the science of the future is likely to be .electronics B. biotechnology C. geneti

44、c engineering D. nuclear technologyOrganic chemistry helps to produce materials that are .as good as woolB. as good as an insect s bodyC. not as good as natural materials D. better than natural materials.According to the passage, it may soon be possible.to make something as good as human skin B. to

45、produce drugs without side effectsC. to transplant human organs D. to make artificial hearts and eyesIn 1996, Arthur C. Clarke predicted that .A. biological power sources would be put into use soonoil, gas and coal could be repeatedly used in the futuredependence on non-renewable power sources would

46、 be reduced soonthe Chernobyl disaster would happen in two yearsWhat do we learn from the last paragraph?A. Biotechnology can solve all our future energy problems.Biological power is cheaper than nuclear power.Biological power may not be as dangerous as nuclear power.Biological power will keep all i

47、ts promises.68-72 BCDAC【考点定位】 xx考纲解读和近几年考点分布社会文化包括经济、政治、文化、科学等各种题材，是高考英语阅读理解的热点题材。它以中西文化差异作为选材的重点，比如礼仪、语言、价值观、生活习惯等为主题。题 材涉及社会、文化、教育、体育等方面的内容。一般一篇文章一个主题，以议论文和记叙文 为主。命题方面，既重主旨把握，又重特定细节、推理判断。从近年的高考题看，阅读内容 的社会实用性越来越强，更重视语言和文化的关系，阅读材料会更多地涉及社会化背景知识。 因此，要通过阅读更多地涉及社会文化背景知识，更多地了解并丰富自己的知识。【考点pk】名师考点透析考点一、细节事

48、实理解。一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序(时间、 空间、情感变化等)排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴， 难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出 发来设计题目。此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问XVhich of die following statements is(not)tru 亡 conect二Which ofthe icilowing is net mentioned1All of t

49、he following are true except.According to the passage.v.hen wh亡r亡 vh-how whit 代hi Hl 去亡？h直接童实题在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阖读.因为这 类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。如：A giant dam was built many years ago to conirol the Colorado Ripei in die L S This dam was built to proteci the land and houses around the river.This h

50、u零 dam is in the Black Canyon.lt is possible w dri/a :n nom 5ide of die river id the otiier on a road hich is on the top of 出亡 dam This darn is sc big that there is an elevator inside.Hie elevator goes dmvn fbm-fbut stori ftuni ti:e roaJ tc th 亡 bottom Hi ere is enougji concrete in diis dam to build

51、 a hidiiy from、務v Yoik to San Francisco.Thousands of people w cited on thi s dam for tiT e yearsThis huge dam ivas called Bouldei Dani it finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Howit Dam in hon?r of i president of ihe United Sutes,Hoo er Dam? one of the highest dams in th odd. is situate d between th

52、e states ofArizcna and Nevada.Q： Hoover Damlies_.bwtw亡亡ii Arizona and ?adlme)；工短文或段落的主题(subject);3 一中心思想(main idea);丄作者的写作目BtJi.purposed二此类题的设问方式LTVhai would be thebest title for the text?2/vviiat does the second paragraph mainly discuss?3 航話 the passage mainly abouC4.The main purpose of amiouncing

53、die abo e events is.考点三、推理推断。推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外 之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。此类题的设问常常包括in fer,imply,suggest,co nclude等词，这类题的设问方式主要有： TOC o 1-5 h z can iiiici iiom the Passage iha.L.Wlm c-an he inferred frijui the Passage?Which of the following can

54、bu inferred from the Fassagu?4t canbu i rrorfod fmi 卩“二谓门订止 3 rlv-i.t一The ambor sugt;cs：-s in this paitigiitoh llml, Tl:c wiiLcir i:叩lies Lhat,Il- can be inierred Lhal,8.1 ： can be concluded iuitj Lhu Pttssac limL,9.0n the whole,we ca r 门.、1-1山3 T：wT-lipon L1:c ical we chii coriciudc LhaL.After read

55、ing Lhe Passage we niay coneludc that.llhar conclusion cin bu drawn from the? Passage? The auIl:ui is inclined lo think LhaL.Whe n the tHi ter LFJks abcj.ir, what he rcril 1 y me Fins i s that.1斤谄用1： s tin?聊丁讨的 s attitndo/focl ing towards. . ?lt）. Til rhe wri ter s opinion,.近年来，高考加大了对学生判断推理能力的考查。判断推

56、理题要求在理解原文表面文字 信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及 的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据， 既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。做题时 要注意题干的语言形，女口According to the passage.,lt can be inferred from the passagethat. ； It can be concluded from the passage that.等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话 或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形，可以采取以下