模拟CMOS集成电路设计：1-Introduction

1、1Introduction第2页Reference Books模拟CMOS集成电路设计毕查德拉扎维著西安交通大学出版社CMOS模拟集成电路设计（第二版）Phillip E. Allen 等著电子工业出版社模拟集成电路的分析与设计（第4版）Paul R.Gray等著高等教育出版社第3页AgendaIntroductionBasic ConceptsAnalog Integrated Circuit DesignNotation, Symbology and TerminologyAnalog Signal ProcessingExampleSummary第4页IntroductionDigita

2、l CircuitCost/Function decreased by 29% every yearMoores LawChip complexity will double about every 18 monthsAnalog CircuitCost/Function is almost constantDropping supply voltages threaten feasibility第5页IntroductionTransistor RevolutionTransistor - Bardeen (Bell Labs) in 1947Bipolar transistor Schoc

3、kley in 1949First bipolar digital logic gate Harris in 1956First monolithic IC Jack Kilby in 1959First commercial IC logic gates Fairchild 1960TTL 1962 into the 1990sECL 1974 into the1980s第6页IntroductionMOSFET TechnologyMOSFET transistor Lilienfeld (Canada) in 1925 and Heil (England) in 1935CMOS 196

4、0s, but plagued with manufacturing problemsPMOS in 1960s (calculators)NMOS in 1970s (4004,8080) for speedCMOS in 1980s preferred MOSFET technology because of power benefitsBiCMOS, Gallium-Arsenide, Silicon-GermaniumSOI (silicon-on-insulator), Copper-Low K, 第7页IntroductionBirth of Modern Electronics

5、- 1947AT&T Bell Laboratories Invention of Point Contact TransistorWilliam Shockley, Walter Britain, and John BardeenWinners of the 1956 Nobel Prize in PhysicsVacuum tubes ruled in first half of 20th century: Large, expensive, power-hungry, unreliableBut now, everything changes!第8页IntroductionSolid-S

6、tate Electronics GoesCommercial 1950AT&T Bell Laboratories - Junction Transistor第9页IntroductionMicroelectronic Revolution 1958The First IntegratedCircuit - Jack Kilby,Texas Instruments1 Transistor and 4Other Devices on oneChipWinner of the 2000Nobel Prize第10页IntroductionThe Planar Process - 1959A Mo

7、re Efficient Wayto Make TransistorsFairchild Electronics- Jean Hoerni andRobert Noyce第11页IntroductionFirst Commercial Planar ICFairchild - One BinaryDigital (Bit) Memory Deviceon a Chip4 Transistors and 5ResistorsStart of SSI Technology第12页IntroductionA New Form of Transistor 1962Metal-OxideSemicond

8、uctor Field-Effect Transistor(MOSFET)Radio Corporationof America (RCA)Sarnoff Laboratories第13页IntroductionFirst Linear IC 1964The A 702 OPAMP Fairchild第14页IntroductionFirst IC Created with CAD - 1967MOSAIC Fairchild第15页IntroductionFirst 1,024 Bit Memory Chip 1970Intel Corporation DRAM 1970s processe

9、susually had onlynMOS transistors Inexpensive, butconsume powerwhile idle 1980s-present:CMOS processesfor low idle power第16页IntroductionFirst EPROM 1971The INTEL1702第17页IntroductionBirth of the Microprocessor - 1971The Intel 4004 2,300 TransistorsTHE FIRSTCOMPUTER ON ASINGLE CHIP,Beginning of LSITec

10、hnology第18页IntroductionFirst General-Purpose Microprocessor - 19748-Bit Intel 8080, IntelCorporation 4,500 Transistors第19页IntroductionFirst 65,536 Bit Dynamic Memory Chip - 1977IBM Corporation第20页IntroductionOne of the Most Powerful 16-Bit Microprocessors - 1979The Motorola 68000WELL INTO THE LSIERA

11、第21页IntroductionA Very Early 32-Bit Microprocessor - 1981The HP Focus Chip,Hewlett-Packard Co. 450,000 TransistorsTHE VLSI ERA BEGINS第22页IntroductionIntel Pentium Processor 1993 -4 million transistors第23页IntroductionIntel Pentium 4 Processor 2003 -55 million transistors第24页IntroductionMoores Law第25页

12、IntroductionWhy analogThe real world is analogExamplesProcessing of natural signalsDigital communicationsDisk drive electronicsWireless receiversSensorsMicroprocessors and memories第26页IntroductionProcessing of natural signals第27页IntroductionDigital communicationsAttenuation and distortion of data th

13、rough a lossy cable第28页IntroductionDisk drive electronicsThe signal will be amplified, filtered and digitized for further processing第29页IntroductionAnalog circuitsInterface to real worldConnection belt between Ideas and ActionsIdeas - Digitals CircuitsActions Real analog phenomenonCMOS Technology hi

14、gh density and well power savingMillions of transistors on a single dieMixed-signal systemCPU, SOC, etcCAD TechniquesMainly for digital design automationBut for analog design, hands on designs are still needed第30页IntroductionObjectivesAnalysis, modeling, simulation and design of analog circuitDesign

15、 methodology and hierarchical approachEspecially inCMOS analog circuit designAchieving an understanding of analog circuit designHand calculation using simple modelsEmphasis on insightSimulation to verify the resultsHierarchical approach Technology Devices Sub-circuits Circuits SystemsExamples第31页Int

16、roductionSilicon Technology第32页IntroductionTypical TechnologyBipolar vs. CMOS technologyCategoryBipolarCMOSTurn on voltage0.5-0.6V0.8-1VSaturation Voltage0.2-0.3V0.2-0.8Vgm at 100uA4mS0.4mS(W=10L)Analog Switch ImplementationOffsets, asymmetricGoodPower DissipationModerate to highLow but can be large

17、SpeedFasterFastCompatible CapacitorsVoltage dependentGoodAC performance DependenceDC variables onlyDC variables and geometryNumber of terminals34Noise (1/f)GoodPoorNoise ThermalOKOKOffset voltage1mV5-10mV第33页Analog Design ChallengeDigital circuits deal primarily with speed power tradeoffAnalog circu

18、its deal with multidimensional tradeoff of speed, power, gain, precision, supply, etc.Due to speed and precision requirements, analog circuits are much more sensitive to noise, crosstalk and other interferers.High performance analog circuit design can rarely be automatedTypically require hand-crafte

19、d design and layoutAnalog circuits are much more sensitive to second-order device effectsModeling and simulation of analog circuits is still problematic, requiring experience and intuitionEconomic forces require the development of analog circuits in mainstream digital processes and push the integrat

20、ion of analog and digital functions on a single substrate第34页Basic ConceptsSignal SourcesFigure 1 Two alternative representations of a signal source(a) The Thvenin form(b) The Norton form第35页Basic ConceptsSignalIn narrow sense, it is expressed as a detected value of voltage, current or chargeFigure

21、2 An arbitrary voltage signal vs(t).第36页Basic ConceptsFourier transformFourier seriesFigure 3 sine-wave voltage signal第37页Basic ConceptsFourier transformFigure 4 symmetrical square-wave voltage signalFundamental frequency第38页Basic ConceptsFrequency SpectrumFigure 5 frequency spectrum of symmetrical

22、square-wave voltage signal of Figure 4第39页Basic ConceptsFrequency SpectrumFigure 6 frequency spectrum of an arbitrary signal waveform such as in Figure 2第40页Basic ConceptsSignalAnalog signalContinuous range of timeContinuous range of amplitudeDigital signalDiscrete values of amplitudeDiscrete values

23、 of timeFigure 7 analog signal or continuous timeFigure 8 analog sample signal or discrete timeFigure 9 digital signal第42页Basic ConceptsDigital signalBinary-weighted sum of signals having only two defined values of amplitudeFigure 10 3-bit representation of an analog signal第43页Analysis vs. DesignAna

24、lysisFrom the known circuits, finding its behaviorsThe solution is uniqueDesignFrom the desired concepts, finding the solutionsThe solution is not unique, but creative第44页IC Design ProcessGeneral steps for IC designDefinitionSynthesis or ImplementationSimulation or ModelingGeometrical descriptionSim

25、ulation including the geometrical parasiticsFabricationTesting and verificationThe designer is responsible for all of the above steps except fabrication第45页IC Design ProcessUnlike the Bread-Board approach, IC design relies on the CAD tools tightlyAdvantagesElimination of the need for bread-boardAbil

26、ity to monitor signals at any point in the circuitAbility to open a feedback loopAbility to easily modify the circuitAbility to analyze the circuit at different processes and temperaturesDisadvantagesAccuracy of modelsFailure of the simulation program to converge to a solutionTime required to perfor

27、m simulations of large circuitsUse of computer as a substitute for thinking第46页Analog IC DesignDiscrete Circuits vs. Integrated CircuitsActivity/ItemDiscrete CircuitsIntegrated Circuits1.Component AccuracyWell knownPoor absolute accuracies2.Bread-boardingYesNo (Kit parts)3.FabricationIndependentVery

28、 dependent4.Physical ImplementationPC LayoutLayout, Verification and Extraction5.ParasiticsNot ImportantMust be included in the Design6.SimulationModel parameters well knownModel parameters vary widely7.TestingGenerally complete testing is possibleMust be considered before design8.CADSchematic captu

29、re, simulation, PC Board layoutSchematic capture, simulation, layout, DRC, LVS, routing and extraction9.ComponentsAll possibleActive devices, capacitors and resistorsFigure 11 IC Design Process第48页IC Design ProcessElectrical AspectsPhysical AspectsImplementation of the physical design includingTrans

30、istors and passive componentsConnections between the aboveBusses for power and clock distributionExternal ConnectionsTesting AspectsDesign and implementation for experimental verification of the circuit after fabrication第49页Hierarchy and Description of IC DesignDescription formatDesign Specified fea

31、tures of the circuitPhysical How to fabricate itModel How to validate itHierarchy viewpointSystem Whole system behaviorCircuit functional or block behaviorDevice component behaviorHierarchyDesignPhysicalModelSystemsSystem specificationsFloorplanBehavioral modelCircuitsCircuit specificationsParameter

32、ized block/cellsMacromodelsDevicesDevice specificationsGeometrical descriptionDevice models第50页Analog IC DesignWhat is Analog IC DesignAnalog IC Design is the successful implementation of analog circuits and systems using integrated circuit technology第51页Analog IC DesignEggshell Analogy第52页Analog IC

33、 DesignUnique Features of Analog IC DesignGeometry is an important part of the designElectrical Design Physical Design Test DesignUsually implemented in a mixed analog-digital circuitAnalog is 20% and digital 80% of the chip areaAnalog requires 80% of the design timeAnalog is designed at the circuit

34、 level第53页Analog Circuits vs. Digital CircuitsAnalog CircuitsDigital CircuitsSignals are continuous in amplitude and can be continuous or discrete in timeSignals are discontinuous in amplitude and time binary signals have two amplitude statesDesigned at the circuit levelDesigned at the systems level

35、Components must have a continuum of valuesComponents have fixed valuesCustomizedStandardCAD tools are difficult to applyCAD tools have been extremely successfulRequire precision modelingTiming models onlyPerformance optimizedProgrammable by softwareIrregular blockRegular blocksDifficult to route aut

36、omaticallyEasy to route automaticallyDynamic range limited by power supplies and noise (and linearity)Dynamic range unlimitedAnalog Circuits vs. Digital Circuits第54页Skills Required for Analog IC DesignIn General, analog circuits are more complex than digitalRequires an ability to grasp multiple conc

37、epts simultaneously.Must be able to make appropriate simplifications and assumptionsRequires a good grasp of both modeling and technologyHave a wide range of skills, but analog only is rareBe able to learn from failureBe able to use simulation correctlySimulation Truth(Usage of a simulator) (Common

38、Sense) ConstantKnowing what to expect from the simulation BEFORE running it!Simulation is NO substitute for THINKING!第55页Notation, Symbology, and TerminologyDefinition of Symbols for Various Signals第56页Notation, Symbology, and TerminologyDefinition of Symbols for ComponentsMOS Transistor Symbols第57页Notation, Symbology, and TerminologyDefinition of Symbols for Components第58页Analog Signal ProcessingTy