懂你英语笔记L4U2

1、英语流利说 L4U21/4listeningEarth forms and extinctionAThe earth was formed about four point six billion （46 亿 ） years ago.The first life appeared about a billion（10亿 ） years later.The first plant-like didn t appear until around two billion（20 亿 ） years ago.Until about five hundred eighty million（五 亿 八千万

2、） years ago lifeforms were small and microscopic（ 极小的，微小的）.Since that time, life has evolved（ 进 化 ） into many different types or species.However scientists estimate（ 估 计 ） that more than ninety nine percent （ 99%） of them are now extinct（ 灭绝 的 ）.BThere have been several extinction（ 绝 种 ） events in t

3、he history of the earth.In an extinction events many life forms or species of life die out.The causes of mass extinction events are unsolved mysteries（ 未解之谜 ）.These events are not predictable（ 预 告 ） and can happen at any time.Scientists think that someo f them were started by asteroid impacts（ 影响，碰

4、击 或者装机） or volcanic eruptions（ 火山爆 发 ）.Events like this, can change the global conditions that life dependson.COne major extinction event happened about sixty-six million（6600万 ） years ago.That event may have been started by a large asteroid that hit the earth.As a result, the dinosaurs and about ha

5、lf of all species（物种，种类 ， 类 型 ） on the planet die out.When the asteroids hit the earth, it started a chain of events.A chain of events is a series of events linked together like a chain.DThis particular chain of events happened over a period of months and years.When the asteroid hit the earth, it ca

6、used a huge cloud of dust to enter the atmosphere.This cloud of dust blocked the Sun and darkened the Earth for many months.Without enough sunlight, plants and plant-eating animals quickly died.With the deaths of so many plants and animals, the food chain collapsed.This led to the deaths of many mor

7、e species.EMass extinction events have played an important part in the evolution（ 演 变 ， 发 生， 进 化 论 ） of life.In fact, some extinction events have helped to accelerate（加快，加速 ） evolution.For example, some mammals（ 哺乳 动 物 ） lived through the age of the dinosaurs, but they couldn t compete （竞 争 ）.Whent

8、he dinosaurs were removed, the mammalsw ere able to compete more successfully.Once they could compete, mammals evolved to a higher state.Without extinction events, perhaps we wouldn t be here today. Existence（ 存在 ）FScientists estimate（ 估 计 ， 预测 ） that there have been at least five mass extinctions（

9、五次大 灭绝 ） in the last five hundred forty million years.They also believe that we have entered a new extinction events.Species are becoming extinct at a much faster rate than before.Instead of asteroids or volcanic eruptions the current（ 最近的 ） events is the result of human activities.Human activities

10、for example have led to global warming.Gglobal warming is the result of an increase in carbon gases（含碳气体 ） in our atmosphere.These gases trap heat（ 阻碍 热 量排放 ） from the sun, so the Earth is getting warmer.As a result, sea levels are rising and weather patterns（ 气候模式） arechanging.In addition（ 另外 ）, we

11、 humans are destroying the habitats（ 动 物的栖 息地 ） of many plants and animals.Cutting down forests and polluting rivers destroy the habitats of many forms of life.HThere is no longer any doubt that this is happening.Species（ 物种， 类 型 ） of life are disappearing at an increasing rate.Global temperatures a

12、re rising and weather patterns are changing.Scientists are warning us that fast action is necessary to save our future.If we don t act, we may go the way of the dinosaurs.练：（ 读 ）this new extinction event is caused by humans.It s when an asteroid collides w ith something.An asteroid hit the Earth and

13、 started a chain of events.With the rise in temperature. The polar icecaps are melting.L4U21/4vocabularyBody organ 2 and human being evolution（ 进 化 ）AThe body s circulatory（ 循 环 的 ） system includes the heart and blood vessels（ 血管 ）.The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body through a network（网络

14、，网状物） of arteries（ 动 脉 ） and veins（ 静脉 ）.The digest system（ 消化系 统 ） breaks down（ 分解 ） and absorbed（ 吸收 ） food into the body.It supplies the energy that the body needs for growth and repair.After digestion, excess（ 超重，超量） food is turned into waste andeliminated（ 排除，消除） from the body.The nervous syste

15、ms include the brain, spinal（ 脊柱的 ） cord（ 脊髓 ） and nerves.This is your bodies control system.It controls your muscles（ 肌肉 ） and organs（ 器官 ） including your circulatory（ 循 环 ） and digest（ 消化 ） system.The respiratory（ 呼吸的 ） system includes the nose and lungs.t brings air and oxygen into the body and r

16、emoves carbon dioxide（ 二氧化碳 ）.11.The lungs are where oxygen enters the bloodstream（ 血 流 ，体内循环的血液 ） and （ 二氧化碳）carbon dioxide（二氧化物） is removed.12.The immune（ 免疫的 ） system protects the body against infections（传染，感染，传 染病 ） and diseases.13.Sneezing（ 打 喷 嚏 ） and fever are example of how the immunes ystem

17、 works.14.If an infection invades（ 侵入 ） the body the immune system attacks（ 攻 击 ） it.练：The blood vessels（ 血管 ） that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heartare called arteries（ 动 脉 ）.The nervous system regulates（ 控制，管理，调节 ） your heartbeat anddigestion.For some diseases, the immune system uses white bl

18、ood cells and antibodies （ 抗体 ） to attack it.The digest system is where food is broken down and absorbed into the body.BThe controlled use of fire allowed people to cook food and survive in colder climates.Fire provided light so that people could work and socialize for longer hours.With the inventio

19、n of agriculture（ 农 耕， 农业 ） people could grow food in settle into communities.By growing food, people can spend less time hunting（ 打 猎 ） and more time for other things, such as art.The domestic（ 家庭的，家的，国内的，驯 养的 ） action of animals allowedpeople to raise and use animals for food and work.By raising h

20、erds（ 放牧 ） of animals such as sheep, humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.The strength of animals such as horses or oxen was used for work and transportation.The development of tools and machines has resulted in more efficient（ 有效率的） manufacturing（ 制造 业 ） and construction（ 建筑物，建造 业 ）.Wit

21、h better tool and machines, work can be done with fewer people and at much lower cost.The development of sciences and engineering has approved（ 经 核准的， 被 认 可的 ） many things, including communications.With understanding of electricity, telephones and radios allow people to communicate over long distanc

22、es.（ 听 ） the use of machines has reduced the number of people needed to make things.（ 听 ）Science and engineering have changed the way we communicate with each other.（ 听 ） science and engineering breakthroughs are rapidly changing the way we live our lives.（ 听 ） with the development of agriculture（ 农

23、 耕， 农业 ）, people had more time for other activities.（ 填 ） The ability to raise herds of animals such as sheep humans had a regular supply of meat and clothing.The ability to raise herds of animals gave humans a regular supply of meat and clothing.L4U21/4dialogueAbout smartphoneAI took a vacation las

24、t night.What are you talking about?Where did you take your vacation?I didn t go anywhere.I just spend an evening without my smartphone.How was it?It was great! I got a real magazine and read it with no interruption.It was very peaceful.Yes, I haven t done that in a long time.BYou know what?I m begin

25、ning to hate smartphones.Really, but you can t live without one, right?Yes, that s the problem.These things are changing the way people live.CYes, I just saw a documentary about that.A husband was complaining to his wife that she was spending too much time on her smart phone.What happened? Did they

26、get a divorce（ 离婚 ）?You guessed it. In the end, they got a divorce.DIt s big I running, don t you think?Smartphones were supposed to bring people together, but they are pulling people apart.Yes, you are right.Hi, just a minute , I have got a message on my smartphone and it can t wait.EHey, wake up a

27、nd get back to work.What s wrong with you?I m on my break, sir. And I have a bad headache.Well, we re not paying you to sleep.If you going to sleep, sleep some place s else.Yea, sir. Sorry, it won t happen again.It had better not.FJust a minute.Don t talk to me like that.What did you s ay?You hurt m

28、e, you don t have a treat people like that.Well, if you don t like it. I suggest you leave.Ok, I will. I ve ha d enough of you.I ll get a job somewhere else.练：If someone is interrupted, they have to stop what they are doing.Instead of bringing people together, they are pulling them apart.L4U22/4list

29、eningSee things from different point of viewAThis man is holding a piece of fruit in his hand.The piece of fruit is either an orange or an apple.We can t see which it is because we can t see inside the box.The probability that it is an orange is equal to the probability that it is an apple.It may be

30、 an apple and it maybe an orangeIt s got to be one or the other.It can t be anything else.BNow, let s look at it from the man s point of view.From his point of view the probabilities is different.From his point of view, the probability that is an orange is one hundred percent or zero percent.That s

31、because he knows what he has.For him, there is no uncertainty（ 不确定性）.If he has an orange, the probability is one hundred percent.If he doesn t have an orange, the probability is zero percent.He either has it or he doesn t.CFrom our point of view the probability that he has an orange is fifty percent

32、.From his point of view, the probability that there s an orange isone hundred percent or zero percent.So the probability depends on your point of view.DPeople see things from different points of view.This often leads to arguments between people.Here are some examples.From this man s point of view, h

33、e is relaxing.He needs to relax, because he has been working too hard.He hasn t been getting enough sleep.EHis wife sees things differently.She isn t aware of how hard he has been working.From her point of view, he is doing nothing.However, she knows what needs to be done around the house.It isn t f

34、air that she has to work while he does nothing.FWhenp eople see things from different points of view, they often come to different conclusions.These differences can cause real communication problems.练：She ll be angry because it isn t fair that she does all the work.I t may be an apple but it can t b

35、e a banana.If his wife shouts at him and tells him to get up and do something, he may shout back and refuse to help her.It maybe anapple and it may be an orange.If hiswifeasks him to get up and help herhe probably wont be happy.If he refuses to get up and help her, she will be angry at him.If he get

36、s up and helps her she may not appreciate his help.The probability depends on your point ofview, orhow much you know.I f hiswifedoesn t ask him to get up andhelp her,he willappreciateher understanding.L4U22/4vacabularySerious event and religion（ 宗教 ）AEarthquakes are caused by forces deep within the

37、earth.Whent he earth shake, buildings can collapse and people can be buried inside.An explosion is a rapid violent release（释 放 ） of energy.爆炸是 一种快速的猛烈的能量释 放Explosion can be caused by chemical reactions such as inside an engine.A spark can ignite（ 着火，燃烧，点燃） a mixture of gases and releasesenergy for g

38、ood or destructive（ 有害的，破坏性的） purposes（ 目的 ）.一个火花可以点燃一种气体的混合物，并释 放能量，以达到良好或破坏的目的Accidents are often caused by people doing foolish things or by not being careful.One major cause of accidents is driving too fast.Accidents with fire can be very serious and can result in very painful injuries.Epidemics

39、（ 流行病 ） are the rapid spread（ 传 播 ） of a disease such as the flu or Ebola（ 埃博拉病毒）.Throughout history, epidemics have killed millions of people.Storms are caused by changes in the atmosphere, resulting（ 导 致， 应 .而 发 生 ） in high winds and heavy rain.Thunderstorms are caused by electric charges in the a

40、tmosphere thatproduce lightning, which can cause forest fires.Some storms cause flooding and major damage to homes and cities.练习 ：To reduce the danger of an explosion, it s important to prevent gas leaks（ 漏出，渗透） inside the home.Epidemics have killed more people than all wars and natural disasters.Ma

41、ny forest fires are caused by lightning.BFollowers of Islam（ 伊斯 兰 ） religion are called Muslims （穆斯林，回族） .This Muslims are praying inside a mosque（ 清真寺 ）.Muslims are called to prayer five times a day, beginning just before sunrise.Christianity（ 基督教 义 ） is based on the teaching of Jesus（ 耶 稣 ） Christ

42、（ 基督 ） who live more than two thousand years ago.Christians（ 基督教徒） believe that Jesus is the son of God.Christians often gather in churches or cathedrals（ 总 教堂，大教堂） toworship.Followers of Judaism（ 犹太教 ） are called Jews（ 犹太教徒）.This Jews are meeting inside synagogue（ 犹太人教堂，犹太集会） whichis a place of wor

43、ship（ 敬奉，信奉） in study.Judaism was founded over thirty-five hundred years ago in the middle east.犹太人的象征：白色、 蓝 色、 大 卫 王之星， 是广泛分布于世界各国的一个族群。犹太人引 历 史始于公元前第二个一千年的头 五百年，始祖是亚 伯拉罕、其子以撒和其 孙 雅各。一 场 遍及全国的饥 荒迫使雅各和他的儿子们 ，即以色列十二个部落的祖先移居埃及，在那里他 们 的后代 沦为 奴隶。 几个世 纪 之后， 摩西 （Moses）率众人出埃及，摆 脱奴役，奔向自由，最终击败 迦南人，占领 迦南人的故地。

44、他 们 在西奈 （Sinai） 沙漠上流浪了40年，在那里形成了一个民族，并接受了包括十 诫 在内的摩西律法，他们 的始祖 们 所 创 立的一神教从此初具规 模。犹太人的民族、文化和宗教信仰之间 具有很 强 的关 联 性，犹太教是维 系全体犹太人之间认 同感的 传统 宗教。Judaism is based on the teaching of Moses（摩西） who labeled（ 标签 ） themost important prophet（ 先知 书 ）.Buddhism（ 佛教 ） began in India and is based on the teachings of th

45、e Buddha. 佛陀 （ 对 佛教的 创 始人 乔 答摩悉达多 公元前 约 563约 460 的 尊称；他原是印度王子，放弃家 产 、 与家人断 绝 关系后成 为 一名苦行者，通过 默想达到了大彻 大悟的境界后，开始向所有前来求道的人传 播思想）.The religion（ 宗教 ） is about twenty five hundred years old.Some Buddhists（ 佛教徒 ） practice a form of meditation（ 沉思，冥想） inwhich they empty their minds of any thought.一些佛教徒练习 一种

46、冥想的形式，他们 清空了他 们 的思想。14.Hinduism（ 印度教 ） is the world s third most popular religion and is the main religion of India.15.Hinduism has no founder and is a mixture of many beliefs.印度教源于古印度韦 陀教及婆 罗 门 教， 是世界主要宗教之一，主要流行于印度16.Some Hindus believe in the cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth（ 重 生，再生）.练习 ： 1

47、、 Jews believe that Moses is the most important prophet.L4U22/4dialogueAbout the missing aircraftADo you any more information about the location（ 位置 ） of the missing aircraft.No, we don t the only information we have is that it disappeared.What about the last communication with the aircraft.The last

48、 communication was about fifteen minutes before it disappeared.Was there anything unusual in the communication?No, there wasn t anythi ng unusual.Nothing pointed to any kind of problem.BAnyway, we are confident that we will find it.It s a larger aircraft, so it shouldn t be diff icult to find.How ma

49、ny countries are helping with the search.Right now, we have search teams from three countries during the search.It s a big area to search so can you give us an estimate（ 估 计 ） about how long it will take?Yes, it s a big area so might take a long time.But we won t give up.We will search until we find

50、 it.CHave they found the wreckage（ 失事，残骸） yet.What are you talking about?You know the airplane that disappear last year?Oh, yes, now I know what you re referring to.Yes, they ve found some pieces of it.DWhat about the black boxes.No, they still haven t found the black boxes.It s hard to believe that

51、 they still don t know of what happened.Perhaps they ll never know especially if they don t find the black boxes.Whatever happened to it, there is no good reason why a modern airline is allowed do disappear.I agree with you.练：1. They plan to search for it until they find it.L4- U2- 3/4- listeningAlc

52、atraz-the famous prisonAAlcatraz 阿 尔 卡特拉斯 岛 （加利福尼亚 州圣弗朗西斯科湾岩石岛屿 ， 1934至 1963年 间 它是防范最严 密的 联 邦 监狱 所在地） ） is a small island in SanFrancisco bay（ 海湾 ） ， one point five miles from San Francisco.From Alcatraz you can see the famous Golden Gate bridge.Alcatraz is also famous and is now a major tourist att

53、raction.Tourists can reach the island by boat from the city.BAlcatraz has often appeared in movies including escape from Alcatraz which was made in nineteen seventy-nine （1979）.One reason it s famous is because it used to be a prison, a very special prison.It was designed for prisoners who were caus

54、ing trouble in other prisons, such as trying to escape.It was a maximum（ 最大限度） security prison, so escape was almostimpossible.The waters around the coast, and only very strong swimmers can swim from the island to San Francisco.CThe first group of prisoners arrived in nineteen thirty -four （1934）.Th

55、ere were one hundred thirty -seven prisoners, including bank robbers and murderers.They came by train from another prison in the state of Kansas.During that trip, there was heavy security.The prisoners were under guard and handcuffed.Nobody wanted them to escape.DThe prison was designed to hold up t

56、o three hundred thirty-sixprisoners.However, the average population was only about two hundred seventy.Although there were several notorious （声名狼藉，臭名昭著的） inmate（ 囚犯 ） such as Al Capone, most of the inmates were not well known.Many had tried to escape from other prisons or were considered violent.If

57、a mand id not behave at another prison, he could be sent to Alcatraz.At Alcatraz, there was just one inmate in each prison cell.EPrison life at Alcatraz was highly structured and boring.It was designed to teach prisoners to follow rules.They had four rights: food, clothing, shelter and medical care.

58、Everything else was a privilege（ 特权， 特惠待遇） that had to be earned.Privileges included working, visits from family membersa nd access（ 接近 ） to the prison library.There were also activities such as painting and music.Once a prisoner showed that he could follow the rules, he could be transferred back to

59、 another prison to finish his sentence.FAlcatraz was used as a prison for twenty -nine years （1934-1963）.During that time, no prisoner escaped successfully.There were fourteen escape attempts, involving thirty -six prisoners.Twenty-three were caught alive and six were shot and killed.Two men tried t

60、o escape twice.Two drowned and five were listed as missing and presumed（推定） drowned（淹没，溺死）.The most violent escape attempt（ 尝试 ，努力 ） occurred on May second nineteen forty six, when six prisoners tried to escape.That event is called the battle（ 战 役 ） of Alcatraz.GWhile it was used ,Alcatraz had some