通过配方及饲料加工改善养猪效益

1、通过配方及饲料加工改善养猪效益Formulation Strategies and Feed Processing to Improve Profitability in Pork Production乔汉考克 博士 美国堪萨斯州立大学Dr. Joe D. HancockKansas State UCHO Sources 碳水化合物的来源The building block of animal feeds饲料最基本的组成Why? 为什么CHEAP CALORIES!单位能量价格便宜Cereal Grains谷物Palatability 适口性Co

2、nsistent chemical composition 稳定的化学成分Consistent availability 稳定的供应Consistent and minimal issues with toxins and antinutrients 抗营养因子及毒素因素影响小Consistent and minimal issues with milling and handling characteristics良好及稳定的加工特性So Why Corn? 为甚么使用玉米谷物种类与育肥猪的日增重Cereals & ADG in Finishing PigskgCV 5Corn vs oth

3、ers, sorg & wheat vs barley (P 0.01)玉米与其它作物比；高粱及小麦与大麦比（P0.01）谷物种类与育肥猪日粮的肉料比Cereals & G/F in Finishing Pigsg/kgSorghum RFV = 95%Wheat RFV = 92%Barley RFV = 89%其它 Others Triticale 黑小麦Oats 燕麦Rye 黑麦Cassava 木薯Broken rice碎米淀粉来源与仔猪的日增重Starch Sources ADG in Nursery PigsgCV 6Cassava vs rice flour (P 0.04)木薯：

4、米粉（P0.04）淀粉来源与仔猪日粮的肉料比Starch Sources & G/F in Nursery Pigsg/kgCV 3Corn vs others (P 0.01) 玉米：其它作物Cassava vs rice flour (P 0.01) 木薯：米粉Coproducts 副产品Hominy feed 玉米糁渣 Wheat midds 小麦中间产物Bakery waste 面包副产品Molasses 糖浆“King” of the protein sources = 蛋白质最佳来源Soybean Meal豆粕Balances the nutritional shortcoming

5、s of corn 弥补玉米的营养不足Cost/Availability/Palatability 成本/来源/适口性Consistent chemical composition稳定的化学成分Consistent and minimal issues with toxins and antinutrients 抗营养因子及毒素因素影响小Consistent and minimal issues with milling and handling characteristics 良好及稳定的加工特性So Why SBM? 为什么使用豆粕Baby pigs = 仔猪Dried Skim Milk

6、脱脂奶粉Skim Milk Alternatives 脱脂乳粉的替代品Whey protein concentrates & dried buttermilk乳清浓缩蛋白& 干乳酪Soy concentrates & isolates 大豆浓缩蛋白& 分离蛋白Wheat gluten 小麦面筋粉Plasma protein 血浆蛋白蛋白来源与0-14天仔猪的日增重Protein Sources & ADG in Nursery Pigs (d 0 to 14)gCV 12Plasma vs whey conc & buttermilk (P 0.01)血浆粉与乳清浓缩蛋白&奶酪（P0.01）蛋

7、白来源与0-14天仔猪日采食量Protein Sources & ADFI in Nursery Pigs (d 0 to 14)gCV 9Plasma vs whey conc & buttermilk (P 0.001)血浆蛋白与乳清浓缩蛋白&奶酪比 （P0.001）Whey conc vs buttermilk (P 0.06)乳清浓缩蛋白与奶酪比（P0.06）Conclusions 总结Pick ingredients carefully 慎重选择原料Find “Real” constraints 选择真实的限制参数Processing is key regardless of ing

8、redients used 不考虑所应用原料的话，加工最重要Feed Processing饲料加工Why Grind? 为什么粉碎Enhanced mixing 提高混合效果Decreased segregation 减少分级Increased nutrient digestibility 增加营养消化性初产母猪饲料粒度大小与窝增重的关系Particle Size & Litter Wt Gain in Primiparous SowskgSD 6.4 Linear effect (P 0.05)线性关系（P0.05）初产母猪饲料粒度大小与干物质消化率Particle Size & DM Di

9、gestibility in Primiparous Sows%SD 1.9Linear effect (P 0.001)线性关系（P0.001）粒度大小及第二胎母猪日粮代谢能Particle Size & ME of Diets for Second Parity Sowskcal/kgSD 70Linear effect (P 0.001)线性关系（P0.001）颗粒大小及初产母猪粪便干物质量Particle Size & DM Excretion in Primiparous Sowsg/dSD 109 Linear effect (P 0.001)线性关系（P0.001）推荐的粒度Pa

10、rticle Size Recommendations 筛网孔径和颗粒大小Screen Openings and P-Size平均粒度与粒度均匀度Mean P-size vs P-size Uniformity?锤片粉碎机与对辊粉碎机的比较Hammermills vs Roller mills?小结Bottom Line?如果有一小时和一美元可支配, 请用于控制平均粒度而不必在意粒度的均匀程度 If you have 1 h of your time and $1 of your money to spend . spend them on controlling mean particle

11、size and not on uniformity of particle size.平均粒度从850减小到550微米, 可使生长效率提高3%-4%，而将粒度的标准差从2.5降低至2.0却做不到这一点Decreasing mean particle size from 850 to 550 microns will improve efficiency of growth by 3 to 4% . decreasing the standard deviation from 2.5 to 2.0 will not!混合 Mixing混合均匀度 Mix Uniformity如何采样 How d

12、o I sample? 使用何种标记物 What do I use as a marker?需要什么样的均匀度How much uniformity do I really need?XXXXXXXXXXCoefficient of Variation (CV) = standard deviation as a percentage of the mean 变异系数标准差与平均值的比值混合时间与标记物Mix Time and Markers (80% of NRC)CV %White = salt 盐Red = Microtracer red 红色示踪物Blue = Microtracer

13、blue蓝色示踪物Green = sodium 钠肉鸡饲料混合均匀度与日增重的关系Mix Uniformity & ADG in Broilers (80% of NRC)gSE 1.7Quad effect (P 0.15) 无相关性混合均匀度和育肥猪脂肪厚度Mix Uniformity and Fat Thickness in Finishing PigsmmSE 0.2No trt effect (P 0.13) 无相关性混合均匀度和育肥猪骨骼强度Mix Uniformity and Bone Strength in Finishing Pigskg of forceSE 10No tr

14、t effect (P 0.15) 无相关性混合均匀度 Mix Uniformity肉鸡和保育猪 Broilers and nursery pigs:盐铬其他微量示踪物的的变异系数应 20%CV for salt, Cr, or Micro tracer 20%育肥猪 Finishing pigs:盐的变异系数应 30%CV for salt 30%有无其他途径改善日粮的营养价值So, what else can I do to improve the nutritional value of my diets?蒸汽压片 Steam flaking制粒 Pelleting挤压/膨化 Extru

15、sion/Expansion制粒 PelletingADG提高6% ADG increased by 6%肉料比提高6-7% Gain/feed increased by 6 to 7%粉料粒度大小的独立作用 Independent of particle size从断奶到上市直径为4-6mm的颗粒足够 Pellets of 4 to 6 mm are adequate for weaning to market颗粒质量Pellet Quality肥育猪饲料颗粒质量与平均日增重Pellet Quality & ADG in Finishing PigskgSE .01Linear effect

16、 of fines (P .04)粉料肥育猪饲料颗粒质量与肉料比Pellet Quality & G/F in Finishing PigsSE .008g/kg粉料影响颗粒质量的因素调制环模规格冷却/干燥粉碎粒度配方热加工与颗粒耐久性指数Thermal Processing & Pellet Durability Index%普通制粒膨化制粒小结Bottom Line?颗粒质量很重要 Pellet quality is important料槽中饲料含有30% 到50%的细粉将使制粒的效果丧失Somewhere between 30 to 50% fines at the feeder all

17、 response to pelleting is lost先进的调制技术将显著改善颗粒质量，但是否划算？Advanced conditioning technologies can have profound effects on pellet quality . But how cost effective?根据韦氏词典According to Webster.挤压 Extrude (vb): 强制加压或推出; 强制通过模板成型(如同塑料) to force press or push out; to form (as plastic) by forcing through a die为什

18、么挤压 Why Extrude?蛋白变性 Denature proteins淀粉糊化 Gelatinize starch灭菌和成型 Sterilize & form feed大豆基因型与加工方法对保育期仔猪ADG的影响Soybean Genotype & Processing Method on ADG in Nursery PigsExtgSE 9烘烤与挤压的比较 Roasted vs extruded (P 0.02)RstExtRst大豆基因型与加工方法对保育期仔猪肉料比的影响Soybean Genotype & Processing Method on G/F in Nursery PigsExtg/kgSE 6烘烤与挤压的比较 Roasted vs extruded (P 0.001)RstExtRst用5公斤体重的仔猪测定不同品种大豆与不同加工方法的大豆的谢能值Soybean Genotype & Processing Method on