英语系语言学考研

1、注意事项语言学是考研比较头疼的课程，以下几个复习中需要注意的问题，供你参考：第一，要注意基本概念和基本理论。基本概念要烂熟于心，做到能见到概念就知道它属于哪个章节，基本内容是什么，对这个概念不同的语言学流派有什么不同的理解，你个人的见解又是什么。基本理论要清楚，要知道在对待同一个问题时不同的理论是如何处理的，它们的哲学基础是什么？它们的理论前提是什么？它们的优势和弊端都是什么？你对这些理论有什么评价？第二，要注意对于基本理论的应用。比如在音位学章节里，用区别性特征理论的研究结果来描写音位；在形态学里，用派生形态学的理论来解释构词法；在句法学里，用直接成分分析法和树形图来解释歧义句等等。这些经典

2、理论的运用在考试中是经常出现的。第三，要注意语言学和其他学科的联系。虽然在考试中主要考察语言学的核心学科，可是语言学和其它学科的交叉有时也占有一定的比例。所以建议大家多看看相关的章节，掌握一下那个章节的概貌：比如说，社会语言学、二语习得、计算语言学、历史比较语言学等等。第四，要注意创造性地理解和解释新现象。在考试题目中，总会有些平时复习没有见过的语言材料让你来分析。这时不要紧张，要仔细思考那其中所包含的信息，并检索自己知识系统中的相关理论去解释它。要有创造性的见解。第五，要多做练习。英语语言学概论重点难点提示第一章概论语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）

3、；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语及书面语、共时及历时、语言及言学、语言能力及言行运用、语言潜势及语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；语言学的应用（语言学及语言教学、语言及社会、语言及文字、语言及心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、1/193数理语言学、计算语言学）等。第三章语音学和音位学发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；三大分支（发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学）；元音及

4、辅音的分类；严式及宽式标音等。音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。第三章词法学词法的定义；曲折词及派生词；构词法（合成及派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。词的定义；语法词及词汇词；变词及不变词；封闭词及开放词；词的辨认；习语及搭配。第四章句法学句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构及从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。第五章语义学语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关

5、系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。第六章语言变化语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；第七章语言、思维及文化语言及文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言及思维的关系；语言及文化的关系；中西文化的异同。第八章语用学语用学的定义；语义学及语用学的区别；语境及意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。第九章语言学和外语教学语言学及外语教学的关系；各种语言观及其在外语学习和外语教学中的意义；大纲设计；语言学习：1语法及语言学习2输入和语言学习3中际语及语言学；错误分析；测试第十章语言习得母语习得理论（行为主义，天生论）；二语习得（对比分析，错误分析，中介语）

6、；二语习得中的个体差异（语言学能，认知差异，性格特征，学习策略）；第十一章现代语言学理论及流派布拉格学派，伦敦学派，美国结构主义学派，转换生成语法2/193各流派的代表人物，重要文献；各流派的理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念。模拟题TEST1I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully,decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(1%X15=15%)1.Modernlinguisticsd

7、iffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly_.A.prescriptiveB.descriptiveC.subjectiveD.diachronic2.Whichofthefollowingisnotamajorbranchoflinguistics?A.phoneticsB.phonologyC.speechD.syntax3._phoneticsstudiesspeechorgansandhowspeechsoundsaremade(articulated)bythevocalorgans.A.AcousticB.ArticulatoryC.Arit

8、hmeticD.Auditory4._studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesthatgoverntheirformation.A.PhonologyB.SemanticsC.SyntaxD.Morphology5.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsof_.A.mannerofarticulationB.placeofarticulation3/193C.forceofarticulationD.BothAandB6.N.Chomskyisafamous_linguist.A.AmericanB.Br

9、itishC.GreekD.Swiss7.Thewords“petrol”and“gasoline”aresynonymsdifferingin_.A.stylesB.dialectsC.registerD.connotativemeaning8.Whichofthefollowingtwo-termsetsaregradableantonyms?A.hot/coldB.doctor/patientC.single/marriedD.husband/wife9.WhichofthefollowingsetoffeaturesiscorrecttodescribethesoundfinEngli

10、sh?A.voicedpalatalaffricativeB.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative10.Whatisthesententialrelationshipbetween“Johnsbikeneedsrepairing.”and“Johnhasabike.”?A.EntailmentB.PresuppositionC.ContradictionD.Anomaly11._isthesentencestructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralco

11、nstituentsandshowsthesyntacticcategoryofeachstructuralconstituentsuchasNPandVP.A.S-structureB.D-structureC.LinearstructureD.Hierarchicalstructure4/19312.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_.A.dualityB.displacementC.creativityD.reliabili

12、ty13.Theaffixeswhichmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchas“-ing,-est”arecalled_.A.derivationalaffixesB.freemorphemesC.inflectionalaffixesD.roots14.Whichofthefollowingunderlinedletterisdifferentfromothersinpronunciation?A.sinceB.sinkC.sunglassDthank15.Thesounds/k/and/g/arese

13、parate_.A.allophonesB.phonemesC.morphemesD.allomorphsII.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%X10=10%)1.Languageisasystemofa_vocalsymbolsusedforhuman

14、communication.2.Theprincipalsuprasegmentalfeaturesincludesyllable,stress,toneandi_.3.Ane_constructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttooneofitsconstituents,whichservesasthecentreofthewhole.4.C_vowelsareasetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedto5/193provideafra

15、meofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.5.Thepairofwords“femaleandmale”belongstothec_antonyms.6.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthes_,andthemorespecificwordsarecalleditshyponyms.7.Englishspeechsoundscanbeclassifiedintovowelsandc_.8.Ap_iswhatisexpressedbyadeclarati

16、vesentencewhenthesentenceisutteredtomakeastatementwithtruthvalueasitsimportantproperty.9.Thestudyoflanguagedevelopmentatsomepointintimeisgenerallytermedass_linguistics.10.G_isarelationshipinwhichawordofacertainclassdeterminestheformofothersintermsofcertaincategory,whileconcordisknownasagreement.III.

17、Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(1%X20=20%)1.Langueisrelativelystableandsystematicwhileparoleissubjecttopersonalandsituationalconstraints.2.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing

18、.3.Transformationalrulesdonotchangethebasicmeaningsofsentences.4.Theword“flower”isthesuperordinateofthehyponyms“rose”,“tulip”and“lily”.6/1935.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheactualrealizationoftheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.6.Phonologyisabranchoflinguisticswhichs

19、tudiesthesentencepatternsofalanguage.7.Allvowelsandnasalsarevoiced.8.Hallidayhastriedtorelatethefunctionsoflanguagestoitsstructures.9.Senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.Theyaretworelatedbutdifferentaspectsofmeaning.10.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheChineseusedintheTangDynastyis

20、adiachronicstudy.11.pisavoicelessbilabialstop.12.SinceEnglishhassomanyloanwords,completesynonymsarecommonlyseen.13.Inflectionalaffixesarethosewhosemajorfunctionistoattachthemselvestoothermorphemestoformanewword.14.Linguisticsstudiesanyparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.15.Ascientificstudyoflan

21、guageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.16.Foranynaturallanguage,asetofsyntacticrulesisnotcapableofyieldinganunlimitednumberofsentencesinthatlanguage.17.Asyllablewithoutacodaisaclosedsyllable.7/19318.Thephrase“greenhouse”withthefirstelementstressedmeans“ahousewhichisgreenincolour.”19.Componentialanalysi

22、sisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzesentencemeaning.20.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithdiacriticsiscallednarrowtranscription.IV.Directions:MatchthelinguistsinColumnAwiththeirrelevanttheoriesorlinguisticcontributioninColumnB(1%X10=10%)AB1.FerdinanddeSaussureA.SemanticsB.thesemantic2.D

23、anielJones3.GeoffreyLeech4.Ogden&triangleC.PhaticcommunionD.TGGrammarE.IPARichards5.J.Katz6.Malinowski7.Bloomfield8.NoamF.CourseinGeneralLinguisticsG.“TheStructureofaSemanticTheoryH.Systemic-FunctionalGrammarChomskyI.Thestructural9.M.A.K.Halliday10.J.R.FirthapproachJ.TheLondonSchool8/193V.Directions

24、:Analyzethesentences(5%X2=10%)1.Analyzethefollowingambiguousphrasewithimmediatecomponentanalysis(labeledtreediagram)morereliableinformation2.UsetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawalabeledtreediagramThestudentsawanaccidentonthestreet.VI.Directions:Explainthefollowingterms.(2%X5=10%)1.duality2.vo

25、wel3.hyponymy4.stop(爆破音)5.acronymVII.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary(5%X5=25%)1.Illustratethemainfunctionsoflanguage?2.Howisphonologyrelatedtoanddifferentfromphonetics?3.IllustrateChomskysdistinctionofcompetenceandperformance.4

26、.WhatarethewaysofclassifyingwordsinEnglish?5.Whatisthereferentialtheory?AdditionalPartDirections:Afteryouhavefinishedansweringtheabovequestions,commentonthefollowingparagraphifyoudlike.Yourachievementonthispartwillbeusedasreferenceforyourfinalscore.Iftimeisupwhenyoucometothispart,itwillnotinfluencet

27、heevaluationonyourperformanceinthistest.Aprofessorwritesarecommendationletterasfollows:9/193“JohnWangregularlyandpunctuallyattendedallmyclasses.Allhisassignmentswerehandedinontimeandveryneatlypresented.IgreatlyenjoyedhavingJohnWanginmyclass.”ASK:Whatishisimpliedmeaning?A卷答案及评分标准：卷面成绩总分为100分，占总成绩的70。

28、I.第一为选择题，共15小题，每题1分，共15分。1.B2.C3.B4.D5.D6.A7.B8.A9.D10.B11.B12.B13.C14.A15.BII.第二题为填空题，单词拼写正确方可得分。10个小题，每题1分，共10分。ernment如果第7题写为subcategory也算正确，得1分。III.第三题为判断题，共20小题，每题1分，共20分。1.T2.T3.T4.T5.F6.F7.T8.T9.T10.F11.T12.F13.T14.F15

29、.F16.F17.F18.F19.F20.TIV.10/193第四题为匹配选择题，按照顺序选择及语言学家相对应的语言学贡献。共10个匹配项，共10分。1.F2.E3.A4.B5.G6.C7.I8.D9.H10.JV.第五题要求用树型图显示歧异短语或者句子结构1.morereliableinformationmorereliableinformationAdvAdjNAdjAdjNNPAPNPNP如果只画出上面的其中一个得3分；没有标记词性的树型图扣1分；全部画出得5分。画出如下的基本树型图得3分，最后介词短语画在VP下得满分，介词短语画在VP下面的NP里面也不扣分。VI.第六题为名词解释题，5

30、个名词术语每个2分，共10分。每个小题答出关键词(黑体字)即可得2分。1.duality:Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Languagehastwolevelsofstructures,thesoundwhichismeaninglessandformunitswhicharemeaningful.2.vowel:Avowelisthesoundsegmentwhichisproducedwithoutanyobstructionalongthevocaltract.Whenitisarticulated,noturbulencecanbe

31、perceived.11/1933.hyponym:Itismeaninginclusiveness(amatterofclassmembership).Theupperterminthissenserelationiscalledsuperordinateandthelowerhyponyms.4.stop:Itisasoundproducedastheresultascompleteclosureofthearticulatorsfirstandsuddenreleaseoftheairstreams.5.acronym:Itismadeupfromthefirstletterofthen

32、ameofanorganization,whichhasaheavilymodifiedheadword,suchasWTO,BBCandWB.VII.第七题为简答题，共5题，每题5分，共25分。答出每题的主要内容得满分，少几点主要内容，相应地扣几分。1.Languagehasmanyfunctionsinourdailylife.Formostpeople,theinformativefunctionisthemajorroleoflanguage.Languageistheinstrumentofthought.Secondly,languagehastheinterpersonalfun

33、ctionbywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinthesociety.Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons.Emotivefunctionchangestheemotionalstatusofpeople.Phaticcommunionreferstothefunctionofmeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationship.Languagehasrecreati

34、onalandmetalingualfunctionaswell.(只列出关键词没有解释其中任何一条的扣2分，只解释一条的扣一分)2.Bothphonologyandphoneticsstudythespeechsoundsinlanguage.Phoneticsstudieshowsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isthestudyofthesoundsystemsoflanguages.Phonologyisconcernedwiththelinguisticpatterningofsoundsin

35、humanlanguages,whilephoneticsisthestudyofall12/193possiblespeechsounds.Phonologystudiesthewayinwhichspeakersofalanguageusetheselectionofthesesoundsinordertoexpressmeaning.3.CompetenceandperformanceareafundamentaldistinctionproposedbyChomsky.Alanguageusersunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscal

36、ledhislinguisticcompetence.Performancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.Wecanobservethediscrepancybetweencompetenceandperformanceinnormallanguageusers.Competenceisabstractandstable,whereasperformanceisconcreteanddependentonthesituation.4.Accordingtotheirvariability,wordscanbeclassif

37、iedintovariablewordsandinvariablewords.Intermsofthemeaningexpressedbywords,theycanbeclassifiedintogrammaticalwordsandlexicalwords.Thisdistinctionleadstothedistinctionofclosed-classwordsandopen-classwords.Awordthatbelongstotheclosedclassisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited,whiletheopen-classoneisinpr

38、incipleinfiniteorunlimited.5.Thereferentialtheorywhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandfor,isknownasthereferentialtheory.Wecanexplainthemeaningofawordbypointingtothethingitrefersto.Butthereissomethingabstractandcanonlybesensedinourminds.Later,thesemantictriangleisemployedtoexplain

39、theindirectrelationbetweenwordsandthings.TEST2I.Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully,decidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthe13/193statementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%X10=20%)1.Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarforitismostly_.A.prescriptiveB.descriptive

40、C.subjectiveD.Latin-based2.Whichofthefollowingisnotamajorbranchoflinguistics?A.phoneticsB.phonologyC.speechD.syntax3.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsof_.A.mannerofarticulationB.placeofarticulationC.forceofarticulationD.BothAandB4.Thereare_morphemesintheword“disabled”.A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four5.

41、_studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesthatgoverntheirformation.A.PhonologyB.SemanticsC.SyntaxD.Morphology6.The_isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleformorevarietiesofarticulationthananyother.A.nasalcavityB.oralcavityC.tongueD.lips7.“hotdog”withthefirstelementstressedmeans_.A.adogwhichishotB.aba

42、rkingdogC.akindoffoodD.adeaddog8.N.Chomskyisafamous_linguist.A.AmericanB.BritishC.GreekD.Swiss14/1939.Thewordssuchashandbookandhighwayare_.A.formedbyblendingB.coinedbyback-formationC.compoundwordsD.derivations10.Whichofthefollowingtwo-termsetsarecomplementaryantonyms?A.hot/coldB.doctor/patientC.sing

43、le/marriedD.husband/wifeII.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(2%X10=20%)1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanc_.2.Saussuremadethefa

44、mousdistinctionbetweenlangueandp_.3.M_isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.4.Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofm_.5.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisas_study.6.Thepairofwords“femaleandmale”belongstothec_antonyms.7.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledthes_,andthemorespecificword

45、sarecalleditshyponyms.8.Englishspeechsoundscanbeclassifiedintovowelsandc_.15/1939.Anexpertwhostudieslinguisticsiscalledal_.10.Linguisticsisdefinedasthes_studyoflanguage.III.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(1%

46、X20=20%)1.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.2.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.3.Sincemorphemesarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage,theycanbeusedindependently.4.Theword“flower”isthesuperordinateofthehyponyms“rose”,

47、“tulip”and“lily”.5.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.6.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelofthelanguagesystem,thereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaningless.7.TheEnglishsoundmisabilabialnasal.8.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmedi

48、atesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalledduality.9.Modernlinguisticsgivesprioritytothewrittenformoflanguage.10.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheChineseusedintheTangDynastyisadiachronicstudy.11.bisavoicelessbilabialstop.16/19312.WhileEnglishhasborrowedmostheavilyfromFrench,otherlanguageshavealsomadetheirc

49、ontributions.13.Inflectionalaffixesarethosewhosemajorfunctionistoattachthemselvestoothermorphemestoformanewword.14.Linguisticsstudiesanyparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.15.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.16.InEnglish,nouns,verbs,prepositionsandadverbsareopenclassessi

50、ncewecanregularlyaddnewwordstotheseclasses.17.Asyllablewithoutacodaisaclosedsyllable.18.Thephrase“greenhouse”withthefirstelementstressedmeans“ahousewhichisgreenincolour.”19.Componentialanalysisisawayproposedbythestructuralsemanticiststoanalyzelexicalmeaning.20.Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithdiacri

51、ticsiscalledbroadtranscription.IV.Directions:Analyzethesentences(5%X2=10%)1.Analyzethefollowingambiguousphrasewithimmediatecomponentanalysis(labeledtreediagram)morecomfortablehouses2.UsetheappropriatephrasestructurerulestodrawalabeledtreediagramThemotherfeedsthebaby.V.Directions:Explainthefollowingt

52、erms.(2%X5=10%)1.phonology2.vowel3.language4.syntax5.morpheme17/193VI.Directions:Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary(2%X10=20%)1.Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenphonologyandphonetics?答案及评分标准卷面成绩总分为100分，占总成绩的70

53、。I.第一为选择题，共10小题，每题2分，共20分。1.B2.C3.D4.C5.D6.B7.C8.A9.C10.CII.第二题为填空题，单词拼写正确方可得分。10个小题，每题2分，共20分。plementary7.superordinate8.consonants9.linguist10.scientificIII.第三题为判断题，共20小题，每题1分，共20分。1.T2.T3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F10.F11.F12.T13.T14.F15.F16.T17.F18.F19.T20.FIV.第五题要求用树型图显示歧异短语或者句子结构，共10分。1.18/193Morecomf

54、ortablehousesmorecomfortablehousesAdvAdjNAdjAdjNNPAPNPNP如果只画出上面的其中一个得3分；没有标记词性的树型图扣1分；全部画出得5分。VI.第六题为名词解释题，5个名词术语每个2分，共10分。每个小题答出关键词(黑体字)即可得2分。1.Phonology:Thelinguisticstudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.2.Vowel:Avowelisthesoundsegmentwhichisproducedwithoutanyobstruct

55、ionalongthevocaltract.Whenitisarticulated,noturbulencecanbeperceived.3.Language:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.4.Syntax:Itisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtofromsentencesandthesentencestructureoflanguage.5.Morpheme:Itisthesmallestmeaningfulunit

56、oflanguage,e.g.dis-,taste,-ful.VII.19/193第七题为简答题，共2题，每题10分，共20分。答出每题的主要内容得满分，少几点主要内容，相应地扣几分。1.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.1)arbitrariness:Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.2)Productivity:languageisprodu

57、ctiveinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.3)Duality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructuresortwolevels:thelowerlevelofsoundsandthehigherlevelofmeaning.4)Displacement:Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.2.

58、Theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified.Phonology,ontheotherhand,isinterestedinthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;i

59、taimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.TEST3.Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandchoosetheletterA,B,CorD.(120=20)1.Saussurescollectednoteswereputtogetherbyhi

60、sstudentstoproducethegreatwork,_,in1916.Itmarkedthebeginningofmodernlinguistics.20/193A.CourseinGeneralLinguisticsB.ACourseinModernLinguisticsC.LanguageD.SyntacticStructures2.InhisbookSyntacticStructurespublishedin1957,Chomskyestablishedthewell-known_,whichmarkedthebeginningoftheChomskyanRevolution.