高中英语概要写作解析与练习

1、概要写作(Summary Writing)解析与练习一、概要写作概述：浙江省2018年11月高考中首次出现了概要写作新题型。全国卷在2021 年的高考当中也将采用新高考的形式。相比传统的写作来说，该题型对考 生是一个巨大的挑战，是难度较高的写作形式。(1)任务要求：提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出 一篇60词左右的内容概要。所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和 记叙文为主。(2)考查要点：概要写作以语篇为载体，要求考生对所提供的文本进行 简要的概括。考生需要在理解文章、把握文章中心思想的基础上进行信息 整合。故该题型考查学生的综合语言运用能力，即阅读能力、分析查找能 力、

2、逻辑思维能力、理解判断能力及概括能力等。因此，概要写作是基于 阅读理解和书而表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的 沟通桥梁。(3)评分原则：.本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。.评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后 以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。.词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。4.评分时，应主要从以下四个方而考虑：(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况：(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对 交际的影响程度予以考虑。.如书

3、写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。(4)各档次的给分范围和要求：第五档(21-25)理解准确，涵盖全部要点。能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。完全使用自己的语言。第四档(16-20)理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点。所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不影响意义表达。比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。有个别整句抄自原文。第三档(H-15)理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点。所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达。应用简单的语句间连接成分，使上下文内容连贯。一出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。第二档(6 10)理

4、解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点。有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达。较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性。一出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象。第一档(1-5)一没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符。有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意义的表达。缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯。多个句子抄自原文。0分白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关。二、样题及分析：阅读下而短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people is a good thing. However, t

5、here is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public bath

6、s. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the

7、king ordered that to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.Though the belief in the merit （好处）of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supp

8、ly and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea： clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, howeve

9、r, gone too far?Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist （免疫学家），encourages children to play in the dirt

10、 to build up a strong im mu ne system. And the latter （后者）position is gaining some ground.（One possible version）Attitudes towards dirt have been changing over time.（要点 1） In the 16th century, people believed that dirt on the skin helped protect against disease. （要点 2） Since the 18th century, however

11、, people have developed the belief that cleaning away dirt can prevent disease. （要点 3）Today, although attitudes to dirt still differ sharply, more and more people choose to believe that playing in the dirt can help build up a strong immune. （要点 4）（60words）参考答案分析：精确地表达了文本所有4个要点，并且对文本的内容进行了归纳、提 炼和整合；（

12、2）准确地使用了相应的语法结构和词汇，例如在表达“持有 某种观点”这一意思的时候，选用了三个不同的表达方法believe, develop the belief, choose to believe,避免了重复；（3 ）上下文之间用了恰当 的连接词howeveralthough”等，使行文紧凑浑然一体：（4）对文中的 要点运用语义转换，完全使用自己的语言来表达：例如要点1用Attitudes towards dirt have been changing 代替原文第一段的第二句话 there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt：要点 2 用 pro

13、tect against disease 代替 block out against：要点 3 中用 prevent disease 代替 is good for health：要点 4 用 today 代替 nowadays, 用 sharply 代替 hugely ffl more and more people choose to believe代替gaining some ground； ( 5 )全文60词，非常符合词数要求。三、备考对策：首先，要明确写作步骤。建议写作步骤如下：.把握原文文体特征，理清文章结构。不同的文体有不同的篇章结构和行文逻辑，了解各类文体的写作特点 和框架有助于

14、概要写作。(1)说明文：锁定描述对象、说明顺序(时间、空间、方位等)、说明方 法(举例子、列数据、打比方、下定义、列图标等)。A描写事物的性质功能，即对象+性质功能+便利、实用或好处B说明某现象及其原因、影响和解决方案，即现象+原因+影响+解决方 案(2)议论文：论点、论据和结论，即主题句、支撑句和结论。(3)记叙文(不做重点)：锁定6要素，即what / who / when / where/ why / how.利用原文信号词，寻找段落中心句，提取要点。信号词指的是具有概括功能的词句，常见信号词包括：表示先后顺序 或者列举：表示增补；表示总结：表示结果：表示解释；表示原因：表示 对照：表示

15、让步等。中心句常常在段落的开头、结尾，有时在中间，如果 不够明确时，可根据复现率高的信息来确定。.改写要点。不要照搬原文的句子，哪怕是主题句。可使用一些写作的微技巧，如 同义替换法、词性转换法、语态互换法、句式转换法、词组替换句子法、 正话反说法等改写要点。.整合要点，连句成文，注意衔接。理清要点间的内在逻辑关系，用恰当的连接词衔接要点，使行文通顺。 忌各要点孤立表达，缺乏联系，也要避免每个要点间都加连接词，使文章 显得生硬。其次，还要注意以下一些要点：.概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节，即要区分主要 信息和次要信息，不能出现细行与实例。避免对原文进行抄袭照搬。.概要写作不能对原文

16、进行解释或评论，不可随意添加自己的观点(不 能出现“I believe“，“I think”等字句)，一般用第三人称来写。.概要写作并非简单罗列要点，各个要点之间要有恰当衔接，使概要 衔接紧密、脉络清晰。写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。.积累常见的同义短语和句型转换，掌握并运用单词、短语和句型， 学会词汇、短语、句型的升级。.注意词数是否符合要求。注意拼写、标点符号和书写的规范性。综合以上分析可知，新高考更加重视考查考生高中阶段英语基本技能 的掌握情况，也注意考查考生进入高等学校继续学习的潜能，目标是利用 高考命题的导向功能推动新课程的课堂教学改革，概要写作题型的设置就 是基于这个出发点

17、。应该说我们考生对概要写作并不完全陌生，因为其实 在日常的英语教学中，教师经常让学生就所学英语课文逐段概括段落大意 或者复述课文，这在一定程度上都为概要写作打下了基础。考生如果理解 准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和 词汇，得分相应就会比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句 抄自原文的现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关将 不能得分。课后练习（一）阅读下面短文.根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Its a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their

18、websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live ona college campus（校园）like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year

19、hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making th

20、e right one.Theres no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won,t be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out!If campus visits arent g

21、omg to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applymg and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools youd like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you dont like about certain campuses, dungs that you wouldn

22、t know unless you actually visit.Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLh-e. Its a chance to chat onlme witli admissions officers, students, and college counselors（顾问），and it wont cost you a peimy! You can register for its online colle

23、ge fair at . While visiting an online college fair cant take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you d like to attend.范文鉴赏It is a wise choice for you to

24、pay a personal visit to the college you are applying to,especially the ones that are close to you.（要点 l）In order to avoid being regretful, you should atleast visit the college you decided to attend.（要点 2）If all the above is not affordable, it will be helpful to search the online college fairs at Col

25、legeWeekLive where you can get the necessary information（要点 3）.（-）阅读下面短文.根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。These days our society develops rapidly and forces people to rush. It appears that people have got used to being in a hurry. However, its better for people to take tlieir time and live their life at a slower

26、pace than to hurry to get things done.The main reason that convinces us to oppose doing work in a hurry is the possibility of doing wrong in a rush. When people do their jobs or take action in a hurry, they cant make a sound decision and probably regret later. As die saying goes, Haste makes waste/

27、We should think carefully before making a decision and do our work less quickly. We should not make mistakes by doing work hurriedly.Slowing down the pace of life helps people enjoy their life better. For example, taking a train to some place certainly will take more time than taking a plane. Howeve

28、r, taking a train makes people have enough time to get to know a lot of new friends. Besides, it allows people to fully enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. On the contrary, being in a hurry will make us lose chances of enjoying our lives.Finally, slower life pace provides better health condit

29、ions for us. As is known to all. taking action in a hurry bothers people and raises their stress. People think if they are not in a hurry, they will become a loser and that annoys them. But being in a hurry can hurt people both physically and mentally. According to some studies, people who have a sl

30、ower pace suffer fewer diseases, tend to be happier and live much longer than those whose life is tense, even if the former finish jobs more slowly than the latter.In short, working quickly will bring about more material benefits to make our society more advanced. Yet, much stress cant bring enjoyme

31、nt, friends and health, which are much more important than money and other material advantages. Therefore, take your time and live your life at a slower pace.【参考范文】Despite being accustomed to the fast pace in modern society, people are recommended to lead a slower life.（要点 l）Slowing down lowers the

32、possibility of committing errors made byhurry decisions.（要点 2）It can also provide us with more opportunities to enjoy life.（要点 3）Besides, a slower life is supposed to bring better health condition physically and mentally.（要点 4）Thcrcfore, a slow life is strongly suggested.（要点 5）（三）工 think Fm nothing

33、more than a dead fish. ,1 dont want to do anything Im so beat and so sad.”The yoiuig generation in our country used to eiijoy their happy culture but now they have become beat and sad slowly and secretly. Some people even called it the beat culture”. The “beat youths dont want to do anything. Tliey

34、have no purpose, no desire and they are totally depressed and they only want to live ail aimless life. TlieYou slouch（葛优瘫）“and the song 1 feel like having been drained、are tlie examples.Many media concern themselves about this phenomenon and try to persuade the youths into embracing positive and hea

35、lthy feelings and encourage them to work hard to get rid of decadence. Tins is really a kind gesture. However, we dont have to worry too much .about this beat culture. In fact, its not a negative thing. ,Beat never means despair, but a way of self-mockery（自嘲）and pressure relief.Iii general the youths in China are not beaf Accordmg 4o a recent international research, the youths in China hold positive attitude towards the future, 29% of the Chinese interviewees believe they will live and work in peace in China