职业大学英语Unit Five

1、Unit FiveText AText B能力分析训练Text A1.Digitized “E-cash” Systems A number of companies are developing payment systems permitting direct payments to be made anonymously. Payment takes the form of encoded messages, which represents the encrypted equivalent of digitized money. The aim is to be able to eff

2、ect payment directly without requiring the use of intermediaries. One of the leading firms, which are developing an e-cash system, is DigiCash, which has previously been involved in developing smart card technologies. DigiCash is a Dutch company based in Amsterdam. It has been running trials since N

3、ovember, 1994, involving the transmission of what is effectively electronic money using more than thirty sellers linked to the Internet. Payments consist of uniquely coded digital tokens established in such a way as to prevent duplication or fraud. The key to the DigiCash system is anonymity. A pers

4、on who spends one of its electronic tokens does not need to reveal his or her identity to the buyer nor to any third party except when there is an attempt at fraud, i.e., when the same piece of digital money is presented twice for payment. A number of companies are attempting to overcome the securit

5、y issues involved in handling payments on the Internet by establishing electronic clearing systems. Essentially the service on offer involves a system of secure messages which permit buyer and seller to communicate with each other, while also permitting instructions to make payment to be sent via th

6、e message/payment clearer, frequently using existing proprietary networks.2.Payment Clearing Systems One example is First Virtual Holdings which is a start-up company based in Cheyenne, Wyoming. First Virtual has developed a system for linking credit card, banks and processing agents with the Intern

7、et. It has developed a closed loop payment system which involves the one of First Virtual, which provides a mailbox from which instructions to make the payment. The First Virtual system has been in operation since October, 1994, and is seen to have the advantage that it does not require encrypted me

8、ssages as do other credit card-based systems. First Virtual checks with the buyer that a particular transaction is to go ahead before arranging the appropriate account debit. CyberCash Inc. is a small start-up company set up in August, 1994, in Virginia. CyberCash is developing an on-line payment se

9、rvice and on December 12, 1994 announced that it had signed an agreement with Wells Fargo to run a pilot service. One of the features of the systems being developed by CyberCash is that it will be “browser independent”. CyberCash provides a useful illustration of how electronic payment clearing syst

10、ems on the Internet will work. Users of the CyberCash system must first obtain copies of software which can be downloaded from the CyberCash web server. In addition to facilitating debit or credit card payments, CyberCash will also provide independent electronic payment services. Meanwhile the Infor

11、mation Networking Institute of Carnegie Mellon University is sponsoring “NetBill”, which is a scheme which would broker transactions through a third-party financial institution, similar to the system of debit cards which is already in existence.Notes 1A number of companies are developing payment sys

12、tems permitting direct payments to be made anonymously. 这里的permitting direct payments to be made anonymously是现在分词修饰payment systems，而to be made anonymously是不定式短语修饰direct payments。 本句译为：许多公司正在开发以匿名方式进行直接支付的付款系统。 2A number of trials are presently under way to test the concepts involved. under way译成“前进着

13、，进行中”，例如： Preparations for spring plough are well under way. 春耕的准备工作正在扎实地进行着。 本句译为：目前，许多试验正在进行中以测试所涉及的概念。 3It has been running trials since November, 1994, involving the transmission of what is effectively electronic money using more than thirty sellers linked to the Internet. （1）该句的时态是现在完成进行时，表示动作于

14、过去某时开始，一直持续到现在，并可能继续下去。例如： He has been teaching here for 10 years. 他已经在这儿教了10年书了。 It has been raining all the morning. 下了一早上雨了。 In our country peoples living standard has been rising steadily. 我们国家人民的生活水平已经稳步提高。 （2）involving the transmission of what is effectively electronic money using more than th

15、irty sellers linked to the Internet是一个现在分词，修饰trials，而linked to the Internet是一个过去分词，修饰thirty sellers。 本句译为：自从1994年12月以来公司就一直进行着各种试验，其中包括了当互联网上有超过30个买家时，该如何有效地进行电子货币的传输。 4When the transaction is confirmed, First Virtual sends a message to the buyer to confirm that the transaction should still go ahead

16、, at which point payment is effected. 这里的effect作动词，译为“实现，达到（目的等）”。例如： I will effect my purpose; no one shall stop me. 我决心达到我的目的；没有谁能阻止我。 effect the greatest economy力求节约 本句译为：当交易得到确认之后，First Virtual会发送信息给买方以进一步确定交易要继续进行，这样，支付就达到了目的。 5First Virtual is significant in that its payment system was created

17、 almost entirely independently of the banking system. 这里的in that作“既然；因为”。例如： Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes. 批评和自我批评是必要的，因为能帮助我们改正错误。 本句译为：First Virtual之所以杰出是因为其系统几乎完全独立于银行系统的支付系统。 6There was no traditional banking mechanism set up to deal with

18、the Internet. 这里的set up to deal with the Internet是一个过去分词，修饰traditional banking mechanism，相当于There was no traditional banking mechanism (which was) set up to deal with the Internet. 本句译为：过去传统的银行机制是无法处理互联网上的各种事宜的。 7The merchant adds identification information and forwards all the information to the Cy

19、berCash server. 这里的forward作动词，译为“发送”。例如： These packages will be forwarded immediately. 这些包裹将立即发送。 We are forwarding our new samples. 现寄上我们最新的样品。 本句译为：商家再增加其身份识别信息并将这些所有的信息再一同发往CyberCash的服务器。Text B Internet technology is having a profound effect on the global trade in services. EDI is the key in elec

20、tronic commerce. Put simply, EDI is about doing business and carrying out transactions with your trading partners electronically. EDI covers most things that are done using “electronical paper” based communication, for example placing orders with suppliers and carrying out financial transactions. Mo

21、re formally EDI is described as the interchange of structured data according to agreed message standards between computer systems, by electronic means. Structured data equates to an unambiguous method of presenting the data content of a document, be it an invoice, order or any other document type. A

22、s use of the Internet expands, many companies and Internet users are concerned that some governments will impose extensive regulations on the Internet and electronic commerce. Customs and Taxation Many nations will advocate in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and other appropriate declare a tariff

23、-free environment whenever it is used to deliver products or services. ome principles should be established quickly before nations impose tariffs and before vested interests form to protect those tariffs. Any taxation of Internet sales should follow these principles:They should neither distort nor h

24、inder commerce. The systems should not discriminate some types of commerce.The systems should be simple and transparent. They should be capable of capturing the overwhelming majority of appropriate revenues, be easy to implement, and minimize burdensome record keeping and costs for all parties.The s

25、ystems should be able to accommodate tax systems and our international partners today. Taxation systems will have to accomplish these goals in the context of the Internets special characteristicsthe potential anonymity of buyer and seller, the capacity for multiple small transactions, and the diffic

26、ulty of associating online activities.Payment System New technology has made it possible to pay for goods and services over the Internet. Some of the methods would link existing electronic banking and payment systems, including credit and debit card networks, with new retail interfaces via the Inter

27、net. “Electronic money”, based on stored-value, smart card, or other technologies, is also under development. Substantial private sector investment and competition are spurring an intense period of innovation, which should benefit consumers and businesses wishing to engage in global electronic comme

28、rce. A number of organizations are already working on important aspects of electronic banking and payments. Their analyses will contribute to a better understanding of how electronic payment systems, and will affect global electric commerce and banking. As electronic payment systems develop, governm

29、ents should work closely with the private sector to inform policy development, and ensure that governmental activities flexibly accommodate the needs of the emerging marketplace.Notes 1EDI covers most things that are done using “electronical paper” based communication, for example placing orders wit

30、h suppliers and carrying out financial transactions. cover在这里作“包括，包含”解释，如： The exhibition covers an area of square meters. 展览会展出面积为平方米。 Socialist society covers a considerably long historical period. 社会主义社会是一个相当长的历史阶段。 本句译为：EDI涵盖大部分利用“电子纸张”进行通信的活动，如向供货商下订单和进行金融交易。 2Many nations will advocate in the

31、World Trade Organization (WTO) and other appropriate declare a tariff-free environment whenever it is used to deliver products or services. 这句采用词语的增词法翻译。 本句译为：许多国家在世界贸易组织（WTO）中提倡关税和税收，而其他一些国家对于货物的递送或服务的提供则声明应有适当的免征税的环境。 3The taxation of commerce conducted over the Internet should be consistent with

32、the established principles of international taxation, should avoid inconsistent national tax jurisdictions and double taxation, and should be simple to administer and easy to understand. 该句有三个并列的情态动词，分别是should be consistent with, should avoid, should be simple to 本句译为：网上商务征税原则应该与先前建立起来的国际税收规则相一致，应该避

33、免国家间税收法的不一致或重复收税，而且还应易于管理和理解。 4The systems should not discriminate some types of commerce. 这是一句否定句，但在句中出现的是some而不是any，所以翻译时，应将其翻译为“某些”而不是“一些”。 本句译为：这些系统不应该区别对待某些商业行为。 5They should be capable of capturing the overwhelming majority of appropriate revenues, be easy to implement, and minimize burdensome

34、 record keeping and costs for all parties. （1）be capable of 作“（事物）能的，可以的”解释。例如： This machine is capable of improvement. 这台机器是可以改进的。 （2）be able to 和be capable of 在翻译时，都作“有能力的，有本领的”解释，但两者仍有区别。be able of 侧重先天具备的能力，而be capable of 则偏向于后天培养的能力。例如： I am able to swim when I was a child without any training.

35、 在我还是个孩子时，没经过训练，就会游泳。 Some airplanes are capable of going 1,000 miles an hour. 有一些飞机一个小时能飞行一千英里。 本句译为：它们应能为国家征得绝大多数必要的税收，易于执行，并将各方的负担和费用降到最低。 6Taxation systems will have to accomplish these goals in the context of the Internets special characteristics-the potential anonymity of buyer and seller, the

36、 capacity for multiple small transactions, and the difficulty of associating online activities. 后面紧跟的三个名词是进一步说明the Internets special characteristics的。 本句译为：税收系统应根据互联网的特点来实现这些目标。 这些特点有潜在的匿名买家和卖家，多笔小规模的处理能力以及一些与在线活动相关的困难问题。 7The administration believes that the same broad principles applicable to inte

37、rnational taxation, just not hindering the growth of electronic commerce, should be applied to electronic taxation. 这里的applicable to international taxation是修饰前面的the same broad principles，而just not hindering the growth of electronic commerce是现在分词短语，进一步说明the same broad principles。 本句译为：政府相信：应用于国际的税收规则

38、，只要不阻碍电子商务的发展，同样适用于电子税收。 8Substantial private sector investment and competition are spurring an intense period of innovation, which should benefit consumers and businesses wishing to engage in global electronic commerce. 这里的which should benefit consumers and businesses wishing to engage in global el

39、ectronic commerce是非限制性定语从句用来修饰整个句子。 本句译为：大量的私营企业的投资和竞争催生了一个创新的时代，这对于那些希望参与到全球电子商务中去的消费者和商家都有益处。 9As electronic payment systems develop, governments should work closely with the private sector to inform policy development, and ensure that governmental activities flexibly accommodate the needs of the

40、emerging marketplace. 这里的As引导的是状语从句。 本句译为：随着电子支付系统的发展，政府应与私营企业紧密联系，推动政策的发展，并确保政府行为可以灵活地满足日益发展的市场的需要。ExercisesTrue or false 1EDP is the key in electronic commerce. 2EDI covers most things that are done useing “electronical paper ”base communication, so the term paper trading is often used to describe

41、 EDI. 3More formally EDI is described as the interchange of structured data according to agreed message standards between computer systems, by electronic means. 4Electronic exchange of information in the context of pure EDI effectively means with human intervention. 5Potential areas of problematic r

42、egulation include taxes and duties, restrictions on the type of information transmitted, control over standards development, licensing requirements and rate regulation of service providers. 6The payment systems should discriminate some types of commerce. 7Taxation systems will have to accomplish the

43、se goals in the context of the Internets special characteristicsthe potential anonymity of buyer and seller, the capacity for multiple small transactions, and the difficulty of associating online activities. 8At this early stage in the development of electronic payment systems, the commercial and te

44、chnological environment is changing slowly. 9From a longer term perspective, however, the marketplace and industry self-regulation alone may not fully address all issues. 10A number of organizations are already working on important aspects of electronic banking and payments. 1EDI is about doing busi

45、ness and carrying out t with your trading partners e . 2EDI covers most things that are done using “electronical paper” based c , for example placing orders with s and carrying out f transactions.Put in the missing information based on the text 3Structured data equates to an u method of presenting t

46、he data content of a document, be it an i , order or any other document type. 4As use of the Internet expands, many companies and Internet users are concerned that some governments will impose e r on the Internet and electronic commerce. 5Many nations will a in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and

47、 other appropriate declare a t -free environment whenever it is used to deliver products or services. 6The systems should be s and t . 7Taxation systems will have to accomplish these goals in the context of the Internets special characteristicsthe potential a of buyer and seller, the capacity for mu

48、ltiple small transactions, and the difficulty of a online activities. 8Some of the methods would link existing electronic banking and payment systems, including c and d card networks. 9It would be hard to develop policy that is both t and a . 10As electronic payment systems develop, governments shou

49、ld work closely with the private sector to inform policy d , and ensure that governmental activities flexibly a the needs of the emerging marketplace.能力分析训练Skills of UnderstandingSkills of Translation Skills of Business E-mail Writing Skills of Oral Language in Working Condition Skills of Understand

50、ing确定作者的观点和态度 一般说来，作者的观点和态度有时不会被直接表达出来，因此我们要确定作者的观点和态度就要关注作者描述事实或发表评论时所用的词汇，注意这些词的个人感情色彩和褒贬成分。 这属于更深层次的阅读理解。 Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all

51、 our pupils to the full, not their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.例1： Question: The author argues that a teachers chief concern should be the development of the students . （A）p

52、ersonal qualities and social skills （B）total personality （C）learning ability and communicative skills （D）intellectual abilities 本题要求我们推测作者的观点。 根据文章内容可以看出，作者认为教师主要关心的应该是学生的total personality（总体素质）。 (A)、(C)、(D)所列内容知识总体素质的方方面面。所以该题答案为(B)。 The United States is unique in the world because, with the notabl

53、e exception of the Indians, all Americans are immigrants or the descendants of immigrants.例2： Question: The authors attitude toward immigrants is . （A）discourteous （B）respectful （C）prejudiced （D）disinterested 本题要求我们推测作者的态度。 根据文章的用词我们可以看出作者对于移民是respectful（尊重的），因为作者认为美国之所以独特就因为它是一个移民的国家。 利用前述技巧，阅读下列短文

54、并回答有关问题。Exercises of Such Skill Some investigators are thankful that this new system for naming elements has not been able to extend its influence into other areas of physics and biology. It is said, the quark （夸克）might now be simply particle U. By the same token （记号）, Legionaires diseases might be

55、simply infectious disease 203. Science might become orderly, but it would be a lot less interesting. Passage 1 Question: What is the authors attitude toward the new system for naming elements? （A）Indifferent （B）Obviously approving （C）Hard to determine （D）Slightly critical Nursing at Beth Israel Hosp

56、ital produces the best patient care possible. If we were to solve the nursing shortage, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israels example.Passage 2 Question: The authors attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital is . （A）negative （B）neutral

57、（C）critical （D）positive Culture shock produces a feeling of disorientation（迷惑）. This disorientation may be homesickness（思乡病）, imagined illness, or even paranoid（妄想症）. When people have the disorientation of culture shock, they sometimes feel like staying within their room or apartment to give themsel

58、ves a sense of security. This escape does solve the problem of culture shock for the short term, but does nothing to familiarize the person with the culture. Familiarity and experience are the long-term solutions to the problem of culture shock.Passage 3 Question: The author thinks that it is for pe

59、ople to stay in their homes as a solution to culture shock. （A）not a good idea （B）a great idea （C）not a bad idea （D）a good ideaSkills of Translation分译与合译 翻译英语句子时，有时我们可以把原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只稍加改变即可，但在一些情况下则必须将原来的句子结构作较大的改变。 分译法和合译法是改变原文句子结构的两种重要方法。 分译法是指把原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的分句，合译法是把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一

60、个单句表达出来。 例如： The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 中国人似乎为他们在经济上取得的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。（分译） A friendly correspondence as neighbors and old acquaintances had continued between me and Mrs. Reads family, who all had a regard for me from the time of my first lodging in this house