2021“外研社杯”全国英语阅读大赛样题

1、2021“外研社杯”全国英语阅读大赛样题iA.John:；ILockeIB.I:Archimedes:uestionaccordingtothe2021“外研社杯”全国英语阅读大赛样题PartIReadandKnowInPartI,youwillreadshorttextsofvariouskinds.Readtheinstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestions.(Timeallowed:22minutes)Questions1-3(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:Readthefollowingqu

2、otes.MatchthequotesontheleftwiththepeopleontherightPleasenotetherearetwoextraoptionsyoudonotneedtouse.1.Givemealeverlongenoughandafulcrumonwhichtoplaceit,andIshallmovetheworld.2.Moralityisnotthedoctrineofhowwemaymakeourselveshappy,buthowwemaymakeourselvesworthyofhappinessn.inutes)Questions_3.(Youste

3、diompletconnectDitheodoteadlheotUnginforward;cyoucanonlyconnectthem第2页共15页lookingbackwards.Soyou第 页共15页text.Toensurethehighstandardsoffacilitiesweneedtobuildnewwards,laboratoriesandconsultingroomsInshort,weneedyourhelpnow.Completethecoupontodayandrestassuredthatyourdonationisgoingtothebestpossibleca

4、useWhereisthepieceoftexttakenfrom?anadvertisementBaninstruetionbookletC.astoryDanewspaperQuestions5(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetext,andanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Fewcornersoftheworldremainuntaintedbyintrepidtourists,andtheirimpactisoftendevastating.Toofrequentlytheyt

5、rampleheedlesslyonfragileenvironments,displacingwildlifeandlocalpopulationsintheirinsatiablequestforunexploredlocations.Whatisthebesttitleforthistext?ThefutureoftourismTheroleoftourismCThepriceoftourismD.ThebenefitsoftourismQuestions6(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetext,andanswer

6、thequestionaccordingtothetext.Buyingandsellinganythingisyourfortenow.Ifyouvisitajumbleorcar-bootsaleorthelike,aromanticencounterismorethanprobable!Newslinkedtothefamilyisbrilliant!Whattypeoftextisthis?Apersonaladvertisement.Apersonalhoroscope.AfriendsletterofadviceAwrittenwarning.Questions7(Suggeste

7、dcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetext,andanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Withourtravelagency,theholidayyoubookistheholidayyouget.Ifyouarriveandfindwevefailedtoliveuptoourpromises,letusknowwhattheproblemiswithinonedayofyourarrivalWellspend24hoursdoingeverythingpossibletosorttheproblemou

8、t.Intheunlikelyeventthatwecantresolveyourproblemandmakeyouhappywithin24hours,weTllflyyouhomeandgiveyourmoneybackThetextcouldbestbedescribedas.acommitmentanappealCawarningD.avowQuestions8(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetext,andanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Thenewdigitalcamer

9、asaregreatfunandveryeasytouseTheyletyoureviewyourpicturesthemomentyoutakethem,soyoucanre-shootrightawayifyourenotsatisfied.Butremember,adigitalcameraisjustacomputerXXXX.ItsnotareplacementforyourordinarycameraWhatisthemeaningofthemissingword(XXXX)inthetext?“somethingthatispoorquality”“anitemthatisnot

10、essential,somethingextra”“somethingexpensivebutgoodvalueformoney“afashionwhichalwaysremainspopular”Questions9(Suggestedcompletiontime:2minutes)Directions:Readthetext,andanswerthequestionaccordingtothetext.Shehadgonealone,butthechildrenweretogotothestationtomeether.Andlovingthestationastheydid,itwaso

11、nlynaturalthattheyshouldbethereagoodhourbeforetherewasanychanceofMotherstrainarriving,evenifthetrainwerepunctual,whichwasmostunlikely.Whatcanyousayabouttheirmotherstrain?A.Itwouldprobablybeearly.B.Itwouldprobablybeontime.CItwouldprobablybelate.D.Ithadbeencancelled.Question10(Suggestedcompletiontime:

12、5minutes)Directions:Thebarchartshowsthenumberandproportionofundernourishedpeopleinthedevelopingregions,from1990-1992to2021-2021.AnswerthequestionaccordingtotheinformationinthechartNumberandproportionofundernourishedpeopleinthedevelopingregions,Irom1990-1992to2014亠2016MillionsPercentre1,200-i1,000-i-

13、25-20300-15600-4CC-5200-C丄LeftdKis：numtjer&lundemourishedpeoplelenniumDevelopmentGoals(MDG)Report2021axi!；:pr&pjorti&nVJrundernuurisriedpeopleaRightaxij:2015targetChoosetheINCORRECTdescriptionaboutthechartCurrentestimatessuggestthatnearlyoneinnineindividualsdonothaveenoughtoeatbetween2021and2021.Pro

14、jectionsindicatethatthe2021MDGtargetisnearlyreached,with12.9percentofundernourishedpopulation.Thesituationnoticeablyimprovedduringtheyears1995-1999,butwentdowninthefirstfiveyearsofthenewmillennium.Theproportionofundernourishedpeopleinthedevelopingregionshasfallenbyalmosthalfsince1990.PartIIReadandRe

15、asonInPartII,youwillreadshorttextsondifferentsubjects.Readtheinstructionscarefullyandanswerthequestionsbasedonlogicalinferenceandreasoning(Timeallowed:38minutes)Question11T2(Suggestedcompletiontime:10minutes)Directions:Readthedefinitionsoftwotypesoflogicalfallacy.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothedefi

16、nitions.PoisoningtheWellPoisoningthewellisarhetoricaltechniqueandlogical丿Whichofthefollowingprovidesatypicalexampleofpoisoningthewell?Thatsmystanceonfundingtheeducationsystem,andanyonewhodisagreeswithmehateschildren.Youaresoweird.Thatmeans_eareprettymuchsurethatyourwholefamilyisweird,too.Godexistsbe

17、causetheBiblesaysso.TheBibleisinspired.Therefore,weknowthatGodexists.Idontcarewhatyousay.Wedontneedanymorebookshelves.Aslongasthecarpetisclean,wearefine.FalseDilemmaAfalsedilemmaariseswhenweallowourselvestobeconvincedthatwehavekjtochoosebetweentwoandonlytwp7Whichofthefollowingprovidesatypicalexample

18、ofafalsedilemma?Smokingisharmfultohealth,soyouaresupposedtoquitsmoking.Ifthegovernmentdoesntreducepublicspending,oureconomywillcollapse.CYoumayaswellavoidovereating,orelseyoumightbeobeseinnotime.D.Youaretheworstoftheclassmates;therefore,whatyousayisincredibleQuestions13(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minu

19、tes)Directions:Readthepassageaboutsyllogism.DecidewhetherthereasoningsareValidorInvalidbasedontheprinciplesofsyllogismSyllogismisakindoflogicalargumentthatappliesdeductivereasoningtoarriveataconclusionbasedontwoormorepropositionsthatareassertedorassumedtobetrueItisperhapstodaysmostcommonlyacceptedfo

20、rmoflogicalreasoninginaptitudetests.Themostcommonlyusedtypeofsyllogismsiselucidatedinafrequentlyusedexample:Premise1:Allmenaremortal.Premise2:Socratesisaman.Conclusion:Socratesismortal.NowpracticesyllogismsforIQtests.Pleasenotethattheconclusionisbasedonlogicalreasoninganddoesntnecessarilyrepresentth

21、e“truth”alwaysValid();Invalid()Premise1:Allhumanactionisconditionedbycircumstances.Premise2:Allhumanactioninvolvesmorality.Conclusion:Allthatinvolvesmoralityisconditionedbycircumstances.Questions14(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Readthepassageaboutcontraposition.Decidewhetherthereasonin

22、gsareValidorInvalidbasedontheprinciplesofcontraposition.Inlogic,contrapositionisalawthatsaysthataconditionalstatementislogicallyequivalenttoitscontrapositive.ThecontrapositiveofthestatementhasitsantecedentandconsequentinvertedandflippedThemostcommonlyusedtypeofcontrapositioniselucidatedinthefollowin

23、gexample:Premise1:Ifitisraining,thentherearecloudsinthesky.Premise2:Therearenocloudsinthesky.Conclusion:Itisnotraining.NowpracticecontrapositionforIQtests.Pleasenotethattheconclusionisbasedonlogicalreasoninganddoesntnecessarilyrepresentthe“truthalwaysValid();Invalid()Premise1:IfheisnotanAmerican,hei

24、snotfromTexas.Premise2:HeisfromTexas.Conclusion:HeisanAmerican.Questions15-17(Suggestedcompletiontime:6minutes)Directions:Readthetextaboutasciencediscovery.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothetext.ManipulatingMemoryMemoryisnotoriouslymalleable.Ourrecollectionsfadeandtakeonnewmeanings;sometimesweremember

25、thingsthatneverevenhappened.But15.Recently,however,scientistshavestartedtograspandtinkerwithmemorysphysicalbasisLastyear,inworkevocativeoffilmssuchasEternalSunshineoftheSpotlessMindandInception,researchersdiscoveredwaystomanipulatespecificmemoriesinmiceusingoptogenetics,apowerfultechniquethatcantrig

26、gernervecellsinanimalsbrainsbyzappingthemwithbeamsoflaserlightInaseriesofexperiments,theyshowedthattheycoulddeleteexistingmemoriesand“incept”falseones.Thisyear,researcherswentevenfurther:switchingtheemotionalcontentofamemoryinmicefrombadtogoodandviceversa.Underthelaser,forexample,malemicethathadonce

27、associatedacertainroomwithbeingshockedweretrickedintoactingasthoughtheyhadoncemetfriendlyfemalemicethereinstead.WhetherthemiceintheseexperimentsactuallyexperiencedvividfalsememoriesorjustafuzzysenseofpleasureorfearisunclearNorisitclearwhetherthefindingsapplytothetricksofmemorysofamiliartopeopleLong-

28、soughttherapeuticadvances,suchastreatmentsforpost-traumaticstressdisorder,couldremainfaroff.Onethingiscertain,however:Onceconsideredbeyondscientificdissection,memoryisfinallystartingtoyielditssecrets.Whichofthefollowingbestfitsthenumberedspaceinthepassage?whatisreallyhappeninginourbrainasmemoriesare

29、remodeledremainsmysteriousscientistsarecuriousaboutwhypeopleareoblivioustowhathavehappenedtothemadvancedtechnologyhashelpedscientistsdiscovertheworkingsofourbrainsomescientistsarguethatwhatweobserveabouthumanmemoryisnotwhatitreallyisTheword“incept”isclosestinmeaningto.operatestartdetectoccupyWhichof

30、thefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassage?Peoplesfalsememoriesresultfromtheimpactofdifferentemotionprovokedbylaterexperienceonthesamespot.Thesuccessinresearchindicatesthatitwontbelongthatatherapyisworkedoutforpeopledisturbedbypainfulmemory.CByzappingthebraincellsofmicewithlight,researchersareabletocre

31、ate,erase,oraltertheirmemories,goodorbad.D.Manyfancyideasinsciencefictionsormoviesthatarebasedonthemactuallydrawgreatlyuponscientificachievement.Questions18-19(Suggestedcompletiontime:4minutes)Directions:Readthefollowingpassageaboutcholera.DecidewhetherthestatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtothepassag

32、eAchildreceivestheoralcholeravaccineShancholCholeraiscausedbyabacterialinfectionoftheintestine.Approximatelyonein20peopleinfectedwithcholerahasaseriouscase,withsymptomsincludingseverediarrhea,vomiting,andlegcramps.Thesesymptomsquicklycausedehydrationandshock,andcanresultindeathwithinhoursftheinfecte

33、dpersondoesntreceivetreatment.Choleraistypicallytransmittedbycontaminatedfoodorwater.Inareaswithpoortreatmentofsewageanddrinkingwater,thefecesofpeoplewithcholeracanenterthewatersupplyandspreadquickly,resultinginanepidemic.Thecholerabacteriummayalsoliveintheenvironmentinsomecoastalwaters,soshellfishe

34、atenrawcanbeasourceofcholerainaffectedareas.Choleraisknowntobealife-threateningdiseasewhicheasilycausesdeathofmostofthepatients.True()False()CholeratypicallyoccursinareasneartheseaortheriverwherecontaminatedfoodisamajorsourceofthediseaseTrue()False()Questions20-21(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Di

35、rections:ReadtheabstractofaresearchpaperfromtheDeepMindwebsite.DecidewhetherthestatementsareTrueorFalseaccordingtotheabstract厲GoogkDeepMndWHOWEAREOURMl的蹿WOftKWTHUtSPRESSUBLlCAHOttSOURMISSION,0、111111GFIfiWee&mbinthebesttfchni-quesfrc-mmachine-learningandsystemsneuroKientetobuildpowerfulgeneral-purpo

36、wlearningalgcrkliniTeachingMachinestoReadandComprehendAuthors:KM.Hermann,TKoisky,EGrefenstette,LEspeholt,W.Kay,M.Suleyman,PBlunsomPublished:NIPS2021Abstract:Teachingmachinestoreadnaturallanguagedocumentsremainsanelusivechallenge.Machinereadingsystemscanbetestedontheirabilitytoanswerquestionsposedont

37、hecontentsofdocumentsthattheyhaveseen,butuntilnowlargescaletrainingandtestdatasetshavebeenmissingforthistypeofevaluation.Inthisworkwedefineanewmethodologythatresolvesthisbottleneckandprovideslargescalesupervisedreadingcomprehensiondata.Thisallowsustodevelopaclassofattentionbaseddeepneuralnetworkstha

38、tlearntoreadrealdocumentsandanswercomplexquestionswithminimalpriorknowledgeoflanguagestructure.Previousstudiesdidnttakeconstantefforttoevaluatethereadingabilityofartificialintelligencemachines,whichwaswhythepresentresearchwasconducted.True()False()Oneimplicationoftheresearchisthatamethodologythathel

39、psgatherandhandlebigdataisindispensibletoartificialintelligencerelatedstudies.True()False()Questions22-23(Suggestedcompletiontime:5minutes)Directions:Readthepassageaboutthe“Thinksmall”advertisingcampaign.AnswerthequestionsaccordingtothepassageThinkSmallIfyoureinterestedinmarketingandadvertising,Volk

40、swagens“ThinksmallcampaignfortheBeetiewhenitwasfirstintroducedtoNorthAmericain1959loomslargeasoneofthegreatestadvertisingcampaignsofalltime.Itwasntjustarevolutioninautomotiveadvertising;itchangedtheentireindustry.UntiltheBeetlehitthemarket,automotivemarketingcopywasfullofbluster,andtheimageswereflig

41、htsoffancy,emphasizinglow,longlinesandafantasylifestyle.Theclean,simplephotographyonawhitebackgroundthatemphasizedtheBeetlescompact,practicalformmayseemcommonplacethesedays,butitwasarevolutioninaworldwhereAmericansgrewupobsessedwithmusclecars,horsepower,andtiresmoke.Makingthecarsmall,whentheconventi

42、onwastomakeitfillthepage,wasalsonovel.Thesimplisticapproachtodesignandlayoutwastotallycontrarytotheadvertisingconventionsofthetime_22_Thetextwasminimalistinbothlookandcontent,presentingthefactssimplyinsteadoftryingtoweavetalltalesandfantasies;andinsteadofbluster,itusheredinanintelligentsenseofhumort

43、hatmadereadersfeelliketheywereinonthejoke.Themessagewasoneofsmartanti-luxury,andtookgentleaimatanindustryobsessedwithsuperficialityandstyling,ratherthanthesubstanceunderneaththecarbodies.Notonlydoes“ThinksmallcontinuetoinspireVolkswagenadvertisingtothisday,itusheredinacreativerevolutionintheadvertis

44、ingbusinessandchangedtheworldofmarketingforever.“Thinksmallshowedthepowerofhumorandhonesty,anditsphotographicanddesignprinciplesbroughtaboutamajorshiftinthelookandfeelofmarketingaroundtheworld.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestfitsthenumberedspaceinthepassage?Whatdefinedtheadevenmorethanitsvisualstylewast

45、hetoneofitscopy.Thisadstartsoffdoingtheexactoppositeofwhatyouwouldexpectinacarad.CThiswasanexerciseinminimalismandaveryaccuratereflectionontheproductitself.D.Thecarwasntdepictedasanintegralpieceofthedailylivesofamiddleclassfamily.Itcanbeinferredthattheadvertisingconventionsofthe1950swerereflectedint

46、hefollowingexceptthat,_.theadsinthe1950stypicallyshowedproudownersandpassengersevokinggreatjoyaboutnewshinybigacquisitions.themarketingconceptthenfocusedonprovidingasmuchinformationaspossibletothereadersuchasthewayitscreated.Cthemarketingschemesassociatedtheadvertisedproductwithanideaorawayoflivingf

47、romaverageconsumersperspective.D.themarketingpracticemayattachimportancetoasenseofhumorbroughtbytheuseofexaggeratedlanguage.PartIIIReadandQuestionInPartIII,youwillreadpassagesonthesamesubjectYouwillberequiredtoidentifythewriterspositionandevaluatetheeffectivenessofthewritersarguments.(Timeallowed:30

48、minutes)Questions24-35(Suggestedcompletiontime:30minutes)Directions:Readthreepassagesaboutfashion.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothepassages.PassageAItsnotthateasytoanswerthequestion,“whatisfashion?becauseitmeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeopleFashionisanart.Itsareligion.ItsajobItsapeekintoapersonalit

49、y.ItsplayfulnessItsanescapeoradisguiseItisafeastfortheeyesButultimately,25FrenchfashiondesignerCocoChaneloncesaid,“Fashionisnotsomethingthatexistsindressesonly.Fashionisinthesky,inthestreet,fashionhastodowithideas,thewaywelive,whatishappening”Itstrue.Fashionisntdefinedsolelybyourclothingchoices,buti

50、salsoconveyedthroughthewaywecarryourselves,ourpersonalitiesandourviewsoftheworld.Atitsmostfundamental,fashionissimplytheprevailingstyleorcustom,asindressorbehavior.So,whoexactlyanswersthequestion“whatisfashion?Whodecideswhatsfashionableandwhatisnt?Whatsinorwhatsout?FashionDesignersTheiconicfashionho

51、usesPrada,Gucci,Chanelarereferredtoashautecouture,Frenchfor“highsewing.”Thesedesignersleadthewayincreatingtrend-settingfashion.Whilesomeoftheirdesignsareoutrageousandcompletelyunrealisticwhenitcomestoeverydaywear,generallythethemeisadaptedintoversionssuitableforwearing.Media.Fashiontrendsareoftenspa

52、rkedbycharactersonpopulartelevisionshowsandmoviesaswellasadoptedfrommagazinepages.“SexandtheCity,”“TheDev订WearsPrada,”theseshowsintroducedustonew,cutting-edgedesigns.WhileyoumightnotbecaughtdeadwearingaCarrieBradshaworiginal,youmighttakeideasinspiredfromherlookandpiecetogetheryourowncreation.Celebri

53、ties.Aprimeexampleofacelebrity-drivenfashiontrend?UGGsUntilKateHudsonandJessicaSimpsonwerespottedwearingthemaroundL.A.severalyearsago,noonehadgivenanythoughttoUGGboots.Nowtheyareeverywhere.Musicians.Musicianshavealwaysbeenveryinfluentialwhenitcomestodictatingfashion.Rocknrollisfashion.Elvisisaniconi

54、cexample.Inthe1950s,everyonewantedtodresslikeElvis.Whatabouttheheavymetalhairbandssopopularinthe1980s?AxlRosereinventedtheheadbandanawhilePoison,MotleyCrueandBonJovisetthepaceforbig,rockerhair.JustbecauseyoudontknowifaPradabagisfall2007orspring2008doesntmatter.Allthatmattersisthatyoulikeitanditsanex

55、pressionofyou.Thatisfashion.PassageBFashionismoreprevalentinmodernsocietythaninprimitivetribesorpeasantcommunitiesThemodernsocietyisanopensocietywhereclassdistinctionsarenotsorigidasinprimitivesociety.ItsurbanandmobileclassstructureenablespeopletocultivateindividualtasteandadoptnewcourseThemodernsoc

56、ietyismoretolerantofdifferencesandthereforeplacesfewshacklesonthecycleoffashion.OurstandardsofjudgmenthavealsochangedTodaytheindividualisratedmorebyobservableexternalitiesthanbyhisancestry,hischaracterorhisgenuineaccomplishments.Theclothesamanwears,thelanguagehespeaks,themannersheshowshavemoreweight

57、inascribingastatusthanhissimplicity,patriotismandintegrity.Ifhecankeephimselfuptodateinthemattersofhisdress,speechandmanners,hewillassurehimselfahighsocialesteem.Notonlythemobileandurbancharacterofmodernsocietybutitsaffluencealsospeaksforgreaterprevalenceoffashioninit.Mentodayarericherthantheirances

58、torsandhavemoreleisure.Theyhavethenecessarymeansandtimetoplaywithluxuriesandtothinkoffashion.Maclverwrites:Wedonotthinkoffashioninoveralls;thereismoreoffashioninthebodyofanautomobilethaninitschassis.Thereisnofashioninsteamshovels.Consequentlythehigherthestandardoflivingthemorematerialthereisforfashi

59、ontooperateupon.PassageCAssummerhasofficiallyfadedintothecolderweatherofautumn,IassumedthedaysofNikeshorts,comicallylargeT-shirtsandpoloswouldbeonlyamemoryofyesterday.ThishasnotbeenthecaseFashion,inandofitself,isalreadyatypeofconformismInordertobeconsideredfashion,alook,agarmentorastylisticchoicemus

60、tbedeemedfashionableWhogetstodecidethishatisfashionable?Whilecertainfashionheavyweightsplayaroleinthisdecision,theultimatedecisionislefttothepublic.AsIwassurfingtheWebrecentlyforinspirationforthiscolumn,IcameacrossthePradawebsite.WhatIdiscoveredliterallycausedmetogasp.Ofcourse,everyoneknowsPradaisan