2003年阶段考核试题专业英语

1、03 年阶段考核肿瘤学专业英语试题（第一套）英译中（60 分）MOLECULARED AGENTS USING COMBINATION WITH RADIOTHERAPYMalignant transformation of normal cells rise from acquisition of a series of specific geneticchangest act to override theancathways. These mechanisms include the regulation ofsignal transduction, cell differentiati

2、on, apoptosis, DNA repair, cell cycle progres,angiogenesis, and cellular adhe. Application of a molecular framework to thestudy of and thetheseradiobiology in recent years has transformed our understanding of tumor radiocellular response to ionizing radiation (IR). Several biologic agents designed t

3、omolecular propreclinical mses have exhibited both radiosensitizing and antiproliferative activities ins of human cancers. These agents can therefore modify a number ofradiobiologic factorst determine the sucsful eradication of tumor clonogens after curativeradiotherapy (RT). These agents include in

4、hibitors ofracellular signal transduction molecules,modulators of apoptosis, inhibitors of cell cycle checkpos control, antiangiogenic agents, andcyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2)inhibitors. Moleculared agents can have direct affects on thecytoprotective and cytotoxic pathways implicated in the cellular res

5、ponse to ionizing radiation.These pathways involve cellular proliferation, DNA repair, cell cycle progres, nucleartranscription, tumor angiogenesis, and prostanoid-assoted inflammation. These pathways canalso converge to alter RT-induced apoptosis, terminal growrrest, and reproductive cell death.Pha

6、rmacologic modulation of these pathways may potentially enhance tumor response to RTthrough inhibition of tumor repopulation, improvement of tumor oxygenation, redistributionduring the cell cycle, and alteration ofrinsic tumor radiosensitivity. Combining RT andmoleculared agents is a rational approa

7、chhe treatment of solid tumors.ADJUVANT TREATMENT FOR RECTAL CANCERThe article summarizes practical guidelines for the management of rectal cancer. Colorectalcancer alone accounts for about 100,000 death in Europe and 75,000he US each year. Thecurrent cornerstones of treatment are surgery, radiother

8、apy (for rectal cancer only) andchemotherapy. At diagnosis the most important factor predicting treatmente is the stage ofdisease. Patients with rectal carcinoma should be classified according to the stage of the disease,including endorectal ultrasound and biopsy of the le. Five years after diagnosi

9、s, survivalreaches about 50%. For early stage disease, surgery remains the standard treatment, but patientswith lymph node-negative T3 or T4 les or winy lymph node-itive cancer should receiveadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy following the surgery. Pelvic radiation therapy decreaseslocal recurre

10、nce; the addition of systemic chemotherapy further enhanlocal control andimproves the survival. In patients with T3 or T4 rectal carcinoma the pre-operative therapy(radiation therapy combined with systemic chemotherapy) has potential advantages, including thedecreased tumor, less acute toxicity comp

11、ared withtoperative therapy, increased radiosensitivity due to more oxygenated cells, and enhanced sphinctreservation. During a 5-yearperiod 35 of 150 patients were selected for preoperative irradiation.he non-irradiated patientsthe local recurrence rate after a median follow-up period of 870 (range

12、 51-1903) days was17.3 percent (twenty of 115 patients), compared with 5.7 per cent (two of 35 patients)hose chosen forirradiation. Sixty patients (52.2 per cent) who were not irradiated were nodeitive. The localrecurrence rate for the whole group was 14.7 per cent.toperatively, pelvic irradiation a

13、nd5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy have been used to improve local control and survival forhigh-risk patients after local excianterior resection., as well as for patients undergoing abdominoperineal or lowADJUVANT TREATMENT FOR BREAST CANCEROver the past three decades significant advanhave been mad

14、ehe adjuvant treatment ofbreast cancer. Despite and increasing incidence of breast cancer, mortality has undergone agradual decline. This declineortality is likely due to numerous factors, including earr stageat diagnosis, advanin local therapy, and advanin systemic treatment of breast cancer.Breast

15、 conserving surgery is now the preferred option in stage I or II breast cancer. Breastconserving surgery ( lumpectomy and quadrantectomy ) involves exciof the primary tumorand the minimum of surrounding tie. Overall, it is assoted with a low incidence ofrecurrence, improved cosmetic results and few

16、complications compared to mastectomy. Moreover,combining breast conserving surgery with radiotherapy significantly improves disease freesurvival compared with surgery alone. Lumpectomy produbetter cosmetic resultsnquadrantectomy, but is assoted wihigher incidence of recurrence. Neoadjuvant treatment

17、involves the preoperative administration of hormonal treatment or cytotoxic chemotherapy in order to achieve local disease control before surgery. This is reputed to: improve disease-free survival, and reduce the need for mastectomy. Although not yet standard practice, preliminary clinical experienc

18、e indicates t this technique may prove extremely valuable in patients withearly breast cancer.词组英译汉（每词组 1 分）Mucosa-assoted lymphomaAutogenous bone narrow transplanion Biological responsive modifiers Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy Vascular endothelial growth factorAbdominoperineal resectionExten

19、siveraductal carcinomaGranulocyte colony-stimulating factor Hepatic arterial infuHematopoietic stem cell词汇汉译英 （每词组 1 分）颈部淋巴清扫 UICC 临床分期雌激素受体乳酸脱氢酶次全淋照射结肠腺瘤样息肉病循证医学表皮生长因子受体深静脉血栓内镜超声检查英译汉标准：用于结合放疗的分子靶向制剂正常细胞由于一系列作用于阻断抗癌通路的特异的组改变而发生恶性转化。这些机制包括信号传导的调节，细胞分化，凋亡，DNA 修复，细胞周期进展，形成，和细胞的黏附。在近年来通过分子架构应用于放射生物学的研究

20、导致的了解肿瘤的放射抵抗性和对电离辐射分子效应（IR）。在人类肿瘤的临床前研究几种意为靶向这些分子过程的生物制剂已经显示出放射增敏和抑制肿瘤增殖的双重作用。因而，这些制剂可以改变一些放射生物的，这些被证实可以在治愈性放疗后根绝肿瘤再生。这些制剂包括细胞内信号传导分子的抑制剂，凋亡的调节剂，细胞周期检查点控制的抑制剂，抗形成制剂，和环氧化酶2 抑制剂。分子靶向制剂可以直接作用于包含在细胞对电离辐射效应的细胞保护和细胞毒作用的途径。这些途径包括细胞增殖，DNA 修复，细胞周期进展，细胞核的转写，肿瘤生成，和与炎症相关的素。这些通路可以集中于改变放疗产生的凋亡，最终使生长抑制，和再增殖细胞。这些通路

21、的药理学调节可以强有力地增强肿瘤对放疗的效应，它是通过抑制肿瘤的再增殖，促进肿瘤的再氧合，细胞周期的再分布，以及改变细胞内在的放射敏感性来实现的。放疗和分子靶向药物的结合是治疗实体瘤的合理途径。直肠癌的辅助治疗本文概述直肠癌治疗的实践指南。欧洲每年死于结直肠癌 10 万人，而在每年7万 5。目前基本的治疗是外科、放疗（仅适合于直肠癌）、和化疗。在确诊时，疾病分期是表明治疗结果的最重要的指标。直肠癌检。 确诊后 5 年生存率大约达到 50。早期必须作分期检查，包括直肠内超声和病灶活外科手术仍为标准治疗，但对于淋阴性的 T3 或T4 病灶或任何淋阳性的必须接受术前辅助放疗和化疗。盆腔放疗可以减少局部复发；而加上系统化疗可以进一步促进局部控制和提高生存率。T3 或T4术前治疗（放疗结合系统化疗）具有潜在优势，包括缩小病灶，比术后治疗急性毒性低，由于术前有氧细胞多而对放疗更敏感，从而提高了保肛率。在一个 5 年期间内，中有 35 人接受术前放疗。中位随访 870 天（511903 天），无放疗的17.3%(20/115),而术前放疗是 5.7%(