2022版高考英语一轮复习第3部分人与自然主题群4宇宙探索主题语境1自然科学研究成果教案

1、2022版高考英语一轮复习第3部分人与自然主题群4宇宙探索主题语境1自然科学研究成果教师用书教案2022版高考英语一轮复习第3部分人与自然主题群4宇宙探索主题语境1自然科学研究成果教师用书教案PAGE 2022版高考英语一轮复习第3部分人与自然主题群4宇宙探索主题语境1自然科学研究成果教师用书教案主题群四宇宙探索主题语境（一)自然科学研究成果阅读理解A(2020浙江7月卷 C）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking，planning and other managerial skills might help you

2、r brain stay sharp as you age，a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests。Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1，000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.Then，for e

3、ight years，the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests。Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激)，demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests.And they tended to lose cognitive(认知）function at a much slower rate t

4、han those with the least mentally challenging jobs.The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants overall health status.“This works just like physical exercise，”says Francisca Then，who led the study.“After a long run,you may feel like youre in pain，you may feel tired。

5、But it makes you fit。After a long day at worksure，you will feel tired,but it can help your brain stay healthy。”Its not just corporate jobs,or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit,Then points out.A waiters job，for example，that requires multitasking，teamwork and decision.making could be ju

6、st as stimulating as any high.level office work.And “running a family household requires highlevel planning and coordinating(协调)，she says。“You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries。Of course，our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reason

7、s- including other environmental influences or genetic factors.Still，continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.【语篇解读】文章认为有挑战性的工作能够让人更好地保持大脑的活力。1Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests？ATo assess their health status.BTo evaluate their work

8、habits。CTo analyze their personality.DTo measure their mental ability.D细节理解题.根据文章第二段中的“assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills”可知，科学家对这些志愿者的测试主要是用来研究和评估他们的记忆力和思考能力，故选D项.2How does Francisca Then explain her findings in Paragraph 4？ABy using an experts words.BBy making a comparison.CBy refe

9、rring to another study。DBy introducing a concept。B推理判断题.根据文章第四段中的“This works just like physical exercise可知,Francisca Then把它与体育锻炼相比较,故采用的方法是“对比法，故选B项。3Which of the following is the best title for the text?ARetired Workers Can Pick Up New SkillsBOld People Should Take Challenging JobsCYour Tough Job M

10、ight Help Keep You SharpDCognitive Function May Decline as You AgeC标题判断题。根据文章全文和第一段中的“Challenging work。.might help your brain stay sharp as you age”可知，本文主要说明了有挑战性的工作能更好地让你保持大脑思维敏捷，故选C项。B(2019全国卷D)Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers。A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate

11、26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0。25 drops of water or juice as a reward.The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined-or addedthe symbols to get the reward.Heres how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone， who led the team, describ

12、ed the experiment： In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens.On one part of the screen， a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown。For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8。If the mo

13、nkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice； if they went for the circle， they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers-17 in this example。After running hundreds of tests， the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher valu

14、es more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination。When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估) a sum compared with a single symbol when the

15、two were close in valuesometimes choosing， for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6。 The underestimation was systematic： When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction（小部分）of the smaller number to it。“This indicates that there is

16、a certain way quantity is represented in their brains，Dr.Livingstone says。“But in this experiment what theyre doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。研究发现：猴子可以进行基本的加法运算.文章对研究的经过和结论做了介绍和分析。4What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them？AThe

17、y fed them。BThey named them.CThey trained them.DThey measured them.C细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys。.The researchers then tested how.。.”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前,研究者们对它们进行了培训.故C选项正确。5How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?ABy drawing a circle。BBy touching a scr

18、een.CBy watching videos。DBy mixing two drinks。B细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens。.If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen， they would be rewarded with seven drops。.。; if they went for the circle， they would be rewarded with.。”可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到7滴水或

19、者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸屏幕的另一端(即画着圆圈的部分)时,它们会得到17滴水或果汁的奖励.由此可知，猴子是通过触摸屏幕得到奖励的。B选项正确。6What did Livingstones team find about the monkeys？AThey could perform basic addition.BThey could understand simple words.CThey could memorize numbers easily.DThey could hold their attention for long。A细节理解题。根据第四段“the monkeys wou

20、ld go for the higher values more than half the time， indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination”和第五段中的“When adding two numbers.。”可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不仅仅是记住每一个组合的值。由此可知，A选项正确：猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。由此亦可以排除C选项。7In which section of a news

21、paper may this text appear？AEntertainment。BHealth.CEducation。DScience.D推理判断题.通读整篇文章可知,该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家Margaret Livingstone领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果。这属于“科学研究范畴，故该文应出现在报纸的“科学”板块.故D选项正确。阅读七选五C（2017北京卷）Every animal sleeps，but the reason for this has remained foggy.When lab rats are not allowed to sleep,the

22、y die within a month。 1 One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 2 We know that,while awake，fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing(加强） connections between brain cells,but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.Support is growing for a theory that sl

23、eep evolved so that connections between neurons （神经元） in the brain can be weakened overnight，making room for fresh memories to form the next day。 3 Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 4 The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller tha

24、n those taken before sleep,showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.If Tononis theory is right，it would explain why，when we miss a nights sleep，we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new informationour brains may have smaller room for new experiences.Their

25、research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner。The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size. 5 “You keep what matters,”Tononi says。AWe should also try to sleep well the night before。BIts as if the bra

26、in is preserving its most important memories.CSimilarly，when people go for a few days without sleeping，they get sick.DThe processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories。EThats why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning。F“Sleep is the price we

27、pay for learning，says Giulio Tononi，who developed the idea.GTononis team measured the size of these connections,or synapses,in the brains of 12 mice。【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨了动物睡眠的原因，提出了两种假设:“帮助巩固新的记忆”和“为明天的全新记忆腾出空间”。其中，后一种假设得到了实验支持，为越来越多的人所认可.1C首句指出每种动物都要睡觉，但原因仍然是个谜。接下来是具体例证，如实验室的老鼠被剥夺了睡眠，一个月内就会死亡，而同样，

28、人类如果连续几天不睡觉，就会生病，故选C项。本设空类型属于细节理解类。2E该段首句提出了第一个假设，睡眠帮助我们巩固新的记忆。与这个论点相呼应的例子是E项，该项中的that指代的就是前面的假设，也就是说,这个假设能够解释为什么学生如果能在学习之后睡觉休息，会在考试中发挥更好。本设空类型属于过渡句类。3F由下段首句中的代词he可知,该空中必然包含一个人名，否则he就失去了所指对象，浏览各选项，可锁定F项和G项,但只有F项能与本段的内容衔接，也就是说，睡眠会帮助清除记忆，为新记忆腾出空间。按照研究人员Tononi的说法，“睡眠是我们为学习付出的代价。本设空类型属于段落总结类。4G该段首句说“现在我

29、们有最直接的证据证明他的假设是对的”，那接下来应该是具体描述该证据。此外，该空后面一句话解释了实验的结果和意义.综合看来，只有G项符合语境,指出了研究团队、实验对象及实验内容.本设空类型属于过渡句类。5B由空后的you keep what matters“你记住要紧的事情”可锁定B项“似乎大脑在保存它最重要的记忆”。本设空类型属于过渡句类.。写出所给单词的汉语意思1analytical adj。分析性的2assess v评估3mentally adv。精神上,心智上4retirement n退休5overall adj.adv。全部6status n地位7household n住户 8coor

30、dinate v调节，配合9decline v下降;婉拒10calculation n计算11systematic adj.系统的12fraction n小部分13represent v代表14reinforce v强化15theory n理论,学说16evolve v演化17overnight adv.一夜之间。根据所给汉语写出英文单词1gather v聚集，收集2selective adj.选择的3combine v合并4touch v触碰，感动5circle n圈,圆形6indicate v表明7awake adj。醒着的。根据所给提示写出派生单词1decide v做出决定decisio

31、n n决定2symbol n符号，象征 symbolic adj.象征性的3value n&vt。价值； 重视valuable adj.贵重的4memory n记忆memorize v记住5describe v描述description n描述6support n&v.支持 supportive adj.支持的7concentrate v集中concentration n浓缩.根据所给汉语写出惯用习语1a_battery_of一系列的2hold_true_ 适用；有效3feel_like 感觉好像；喜欢4go_for选择；想要获得5make_room_for 为腾出空间即时演练单句语法填空1E

32、ven chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children， who are able from a young age to_gather （gather) their own food。2The police commanded him to_describe （describe） what had happened the day before。3Linda and I,representing （represent) our class，will take part in the contest to be

33、 held this weekend。4Many donators have rushed into fancy programs without carefully assessing (assess） the relative long. term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money。5It was a touching(touch） story that moved many of us to tears.6I dont like you associating with those people.7You shou

34、ld keep a record of your expenses。8She made no reference to her illness but only to her future plans.。熟词生义（写出句中黑体词的汉语意思)1Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help. 尽管如此2Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy。模糊不清的3Their researc

35、h also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner.持久的。似易实难(将句中黑体词部分译成汉语)1The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants overall health status。译文即使在科学家解释了参与者的总体健康状况之后，这些结论依然成立。2Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.译文

36、猴子似乎善于数字计算。复杂晦涩（分析句子结构并译成汉语)1Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.分析本句是倒置结构，主句被放置句后，即a study suggests，前面是suggests的宾语从句，从句的主语是challeng

37、ing work,谓语部分是might help your brain stay sharp，as you age是状语从句.that requires。.是定语从句，修饰先行词work，that在从句中做主语。译文发表于神经学上的一项研究结果表明，人在变老时，做些需要大量的分析思维、计划和其他管理技能的挑战性工作有助于保持大脑的敏锐。2Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed t

38、he volunteers memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests。分析本句是复合句。主句主语是Researchers，谓语有两个部分，即gathered more than 1 000 retired workers和assessed the volunteers memory.。who were over age 75是定语从句，修饰先行词workers。译文来自德国莱比锡大学的研究人员召集了1千多名75岁以上的退休工人，通过一系列测试评估了志愿者的记忆力和思维能力.3After running hundreds of t

39、ests， the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation， not just memorizing the value of each combination.分析本句是复合句.主句部分为the researchers noted，后面that引导宾语从句，从句中的主谓部分是the monkeys would go for the higher val

40、ues.。.indicating.。是状语结构，其中that引导宾语从句。译文经过数百次的测试之后,研究人员发现猴子有超过半数的机率会选择较高数值，这表明它们在做计算，而不只是记住每个组合的数值。4When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value-sometimes c

41、hoosing，for example， a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6.分析本句是复合句。句首when引导状语从句，主句部分是they noticed，其后that引导宾语从句，宾语从句中主谓结构是the monkeys tended to underestimate a sum compared with a single symbol，when the two were close in value是状语从句，破折号后面通过举例解释说明前面的underestimate a sum.译文当研究团队更仔细地检验实验结果时，他们注意到，在两组数值接近时，相较于单个数字

42、符号，猴子更倾向于低估组合的数值比如，有时会选择13，而不选择86的组合.1refer to 指的是；提到；涉及；参考；查阅(1）refer .。to 。.。把提交处理refer to 。as .把称作(2）reference n提及；参考；查阅in/with reference to 关于refer to a dictionary 查阅词典refer to the discovery as a major breakthrough 把这个发现称作是一个重大突破with reference to your recent advertisement 关于贵方最近的广告一词多义写出下列句中refe

43、r to的含义（2019全国卷)The trend， then, was toward the “penny paper”a term referring to papers made widely available to the public。指的是He spoke at the meeting for an hour without referring to his notes。查阅The scientist referred to global warming at least three times in his speech。提到能力提升词汇升级普通表达:The discovery

44、 was regarded as the most exciting new development in this field by some scientists.高级表达：The discovery was referred_to_as the most exciting new development in this field by some scientists.2decline n& vi.下降;减少；衰退（1)be in decline 处于下降状态，衰退中on the decline 在下坡路上;在衰退(减少）(2）decline to do sth。拒绝做某事decline

45、 by/to 下降了/到a city in decline 一个衰退中的城市decline to answer the question 拒绝回答这个问题has declined to 5 million 已经下降到五百万基础练习单句语法填空The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year.She declined to_have（have） lunch with her friend， saying that she wasnt feeling well。As she was getting older， her m

46、ental powers were on the decline。能力提升完成句子自从新的交通法规出台以来,闯红灯的人数下降了.The number of people who run the red light has_declined/has_been_on_the _decline since the new traffic regulations came into effect.3associate vt。联想；联系 n同伴；伙伴（1)associate sb。/sth。with sb。/sth。把和联系在一起be associated with。和有关（2)association

47、n联合；联想；因果关系交往;协会；团体in association with.。与合伙/合作business associates生意伙伴an associate editor/professor副主编/副教授an association between passive smoking and cancer被动吸烟与癌症的因果关系基础练习-单句语法填空(2019全国卷)Just as importantly， we tend to associate fresh air with health care.Team leaders must ensure that all members get

48、 over their natural desire to avoid the embarrassment associated_（associate) with making mistakes。We are working in association （associate） with a local company to raise money for the homeless.能力提升一句多译有很多严重的健康问题与吸烟有关。There are many serious health problems which_are_associated_with_smoking. （定语从句）The

49、re are many serious health problems associated_with_smoking.(过云分词短语作定语）4touch n触碰 v触碰，感动（1）get in touch with 与接触,与取得联系lose touch with 与失去联系out of touch with 与不联系(2)touching adj。感人的touched adj.被感动的keep in touch with each other by chatting on the WeChat 通过微信聊天互相联系get in touch with each other by teleph

50、one 通过电话彼此联系上了be out of touch with various things of the modern world 与现代社会的各种事物都失去了联系名师点津keep/be in touch with和be out of touch with表示状态，可与时间段连用；而get in touch with和lose touch with表示动作，不能与时间段连用。基础练习单句语法填空I want to explore and get in touch with my inner self.During the war，many people lost touch with

51、their relatives。能力提升一句多译我们十年前才与他取得了联系。We got_in_touch_with_him only ten years ago。(get in touch)We have_been_in_touch_with_him for only ten years。（be in touch)5record vt.录音；记录 n纪录；唱片;档案；履历;经历 adj.创纪录的(1)It is recorded that 。.。据记载(2)keep a record of 把记录下来break/set/hold a record 打破/创造/保持纪录on record 记录

52、在案的make a record 录制唱片make a video to record our experiences at school 拍录像记录下我们的在校经历break the world record 打破世界纪录keep a record of my first smile and my first walk记录了我的第一次微笑和第一次走路基础练习单句语法填空Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 above the average.It is recorded （record)

53、that there have been a lot of earthquakes in this area。能力提升-词汇升级普通表达：Write down the mistakes you made it will help you avoid making the same ones later。高级表达：Keep_a_record_of the mistakes you made it will help you avoid making the same ones later。（record)6perform vt.& vi.表演；履行；执行(1）performance n演出；履行

54、；表现put on/give a performance 演出(2)performer n演出者；表演者perform an operation进行手术perform my duty/promise 尽我的责任/履行我的承诺perform a task执行任务perform an important role in our organization在我们的组织中发挥着重要的作用perform magic tricks表演魔术perform well in his exam他在考试中考得好基础练习-单句语法填空Listening to music at home is one thing， go

55、ing to hear it being_performed (perform） live is quite another.While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted，Henry did his best to_perform (perform） his duty。No matter how frequently performed (perform), the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.(2019江苏卷）The musician along w

56、ith his band members has given ten performances_(perform) in the last three months.能力提升完成句子/句式升级普通表达：The_performer_performed_very_well （这个表演者表演的很好)on the stage.Her performance was popular with the audience。高级表达:The_performer_performed_very_well_on_the_stage,_whose_ performance_was_popular_with_the_a

57、udience.(非限制性定语从句）Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神经元） in the brain can be weakened overnight， making room for fresh memories to form the next day.有一种理论的支持者越来越多,该理论认为，夜间睡眠的形式能使大脑神经元之间的联系减弱,从而给第二天接收的新信息留出空间。句型公式句中so that引导状语从句，so that既可以引导目的状语从句，

58、也可以引导结果状语从句.（1）引导目的状语从句时，意为“以便，为了，从句中多含有can, could, might等情态动词。（2)引导结果状语从句时,意为“结果是,以致。（3）so that引导目的状语从句的时候，可以用in order that代替，有时候也可以用so as to或者in order to表达同样的意义。基础练习-单句语法填空Many athletes take part in the Olympic Games so that_they can win glory for their homeland.You had better set aside some time

59、every day for sports so that you can keep yourself energetic.能力提升一句多译科学家们耗尽一生的心血,只为找到这样的一个理论。Scientists devote all their life to their research_in_order_to_find_such_a_theory。 (in order to） Scientists devote all their life to their research so_that_they_can_find_such_a_ theory。（so that)夯基固本知识落实。用所给词

60、的正确形式填空1My initial reaction was to_decline（decline） the offer.2In western countries， the number “thirteen is usually associated(associate） with bad luck.3Luckily，nothing valuable（value) was stolen.4She reached down,touching(touch) her toes with opposite hands.5Assessing(assess） insurance risk can ne