人教版英语选修六课文原文

1、人教版英语选修六课文原文人教版英语选修六课文原文人教版英语选修六课文原文Unit1ASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTINGArtisinfluencedbythecustomsandfaithofapeople.StylesinWesternarthavechangedmanytimes.AstherearesomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itwouldbeimpossibletodescribealloftheminsuchashorttext.Consequently,thistextwilldescribeonlythemostim

2、portantones.StartingfromthesixthcenturyAD.TheMiddleAges(5thtothe15thcenturyAD)DuringtheMiddleAges,themainaimofpainterswastorepresentreligiousthemes.Aconventionalartistofthisperiodwasnotinterestedinshowingnatureandpeopleastheyreallywere.Atypicalpictureatthistimewasfullofreligioussymbols,whichcreateda

3、feelingofrespectandloveforGod.Butitwasevidentthatideaswerechanginginthe13thcenturywhenpainterslikeGiottodiBondonebegantopaintreligiousscenesinamorerealisticway.TheRenaissance(15thto16thcentury)DuringtheRenaissance,newideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedthoseheldintheMiddleAges.Peoplebegantoconcentrateles

4、sonreligiousthemesandadoptamorehumanisticattitudetothesametimepaintersreturnedtoclassicalRomanandGreekideasaboutart.Theytriedtopaintpeopleandnatureastheyreallywere.Richpeoplewantedtopossesstheirownpaintings,sotheycouledecoratetheirsuperbpalacesandgreathouses.Theypaidfamousartiststopaintpicturesofthe

5、mselves,theirhousesandpossessionsaswellastheiractivitiesandachievements.Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriesduringthisperiodwashowtodrawthingsinperspective.ThistechniquewasfirstusedbyMasaccioin1428.Whenpeoplefirstsawhispaintings,theywereconvincedthattheywerelookingthroughaholeinawallatarealscene.Iftheru

6、lesofperspectivehadnotbeendiscovered,noonewouldhavebeenabletopaintsuchrealisticpictures.Bycoincidence,oilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistime,whichmadethecoloursusedinpaintingslookricheranddeeper.Withoutthenewpaintsandthenewtechnique,wewouldnotbeabletoseethemanygreatmasterpiecesforwhichthisperiodisfamo

7、us.Impressionism(late19htoearly20thcentury)Inthelate19thcentury,Europechangedagreatdeal,fromamostlyagriculturalsocietytoamostlyindustrialone.Manypeoplemovedfromthecountrysidetothenewcities.Thereweremanynewinventionsandsocialchangesalsoledtonewpaintingstyles.Amongthepainterswhobrokeawayfromthetraditi

8、onalstyleofpaintingweretheImpressionists,wholivedandworkeinParis.TheImpressionistswerethefirstpainterstoworkoutdoors.Theywereeagertoshowhowlightandshadowfellonobjectsatdifferenttimesofday.However,becausenaturallightchangessoquickly,theImpressionistshadtopaintquickly.Theirpaintingswerenotasdetailedas

9、thoseofearlierpainters.Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbecameveryangryaboutit.Theysaidthatthepainterswerecarelessandtheirpaintingswereridiculous.ModernArt(29thcenturytotoday)Atthetimetheywerecreated,theImpressionistpaintingswerecontroversial,buttodaytheyareaccepetedasthebeginningofwh

10、atwecallmodernart.ThisisbecausetheImpressionistsencouragedartiststolookattheirenvironmentinnewways.Therearescoresofmodernartstyles,butwithouttheImpressionists,manyofthesepaintingstylesmightnotexsist.Ontheonehand,somemodernartisabstract;thatis,thepainterdoesnotattempttopaintobjectsasweseethemwithoure

11、yes,butinsteadconcentratesncertainqualitiesoftheobject,usingcolour,lineandshapetorepresentthem.Ontheotherhand,somepaintingsofmodernartaresorealisticthattheylooklikephotographs.Thesestylesaresodifferent.WhocanpredictwhatpaintingstylestherewillbeinthefutureTheBestofManhattansGalleriesTheFrickCollectio

12、n(5thAvenueandStreet)ManyartloverswouldrathervisitthissmallartgallerythananyotherinNewYork.HenryClayFrick,arichNewYorker,diedin1919,leavinghishouse,furnitureandartcollectiontotheAmericanpeople.Frickhadapreferenceforpre-twentiethcenturyWesternpaintings,andthesearewell-representedinthisexcellentcollec

13、tion.YoucanalsoexploreFricksbeautifulhomeandgardenwhicharewellworthavisit.GuggenheimMuseum(5thAvenueand88thStreet)Thismuseumowns5,000modernpaintings,sculpturesanddrawings.Theseartworksarenotalldisplayedatthesameexhibitionisalwayschanging.ItwillapealtothosewholoveImpressionistandPost-ImpressionistGug

14、genheimMuseumbuildingisalsoworld-famous.Whenyouwalkintothegallery,youfellasifyouwereinsideafragile,whiteseashell.Thebestwaytoseethepaintingsistostartfromthetopfloorandwalkdowntothebottom.Therearenostairs,justacircularpath.Themuseumalsohasanexcellentreaturant.MetropolitanMuseumofArt(5thAvenueand82ndS

15、treet)Thereputationofthismuseumliesinthevarietyifitsartcollection.Thiscoversmorethan5,000yearsofcivilizationfrommanypartsiftheworld,includingAmerica,Europe,China,Egypt,otherAfricancountriesandSouthmuseundiaplaysmorethanjustthevisualdelightsofintroducesyoutoancientwaysofliving.YoucanvisitanEgyptiante

16、mple,afragrantMinggarden,atypicalroominan18thcenturyFrenchhouseandotherspecialexhibitions.MuseumofModernArt(53rdStreet,btween5thand6thAvenues)Itisamazingthatsomanygreatworksoffromthelate19thcenturytothe21stcenturyarehousedinthesamemuseum.ThecollectionofWesternartincludespaintingsbysuchfamousartistsa

17、sMonet,VanGogh,PicassoandMatisse.Afewwordsofwarning:theadmissionpriceisnotcheapanthemeseumisoftenverycrowded.WhitneyMuseumofAmericanArt(945MadisonAvenue,near75thStreet)TheWhitneyholdsanexcellentcolectionofcomtemporarypaintingandsclpture.Therearenopermanentdisplaysinthismuseumandexhibitionschangeallt

18、hetime.Everytwoyears,theWhitneyholdsaspecialexhibitionofnewartbylivingartists.Themuseumalsoshowsvideosandfilmsbycomtemporaryvideoartists.Unit2AFEWSIMPLEFORMSOFENGLISHPOEMSTherearevariousreasonswhypeoplewritepoetry.Somepoemstellastoryordescribesomethinginawaythatwillgivethereaderastrongimpression.Oth

19、erstrytoconveycertainemotions.Poetsusemanydifferentformsofpoetrytoexpressthemselves.Inthistext,however,wewilllookatafewofthesimplerforms.SomeofthefirstpoetryayoungchildlearnsinEnglishisnurseryrhymes.Theserhymesliketheoneontheright(A)arestillacommontypeofchildrenspoetry.Thelanguageisconcretebutimagin

20、ative,andtheydelightsmallchildrenbecausetheyrhyme,havestrongrhythmandalotofrepetition.Thepoemsmaynotmakesenseandevenseemcontradictory,buttheyareeasytolearnandrecite.Byplayingwiththewordsinnurseryrhymes,childrenlearnaboutlanguage.AHush,littlebaby,dontsayaword,Papasgoingtobuyyouamockingbird.Ifthatmock

21、ingbirdwontsing,Papasgoingtobuyyouadiamondring.Ifthatdiamondringturnstobrass,Papasgoingtobuyyoualooking-glass.Ifthatlooking-glassgetsbroke,Papasgoingtobuyyouabilly-goat.Ifthatbilly-goatrunsaway,Papasgoingtobuyyouanothertoday.OneofthesimplestkindsofpoemsarethoselikeBandCthatlistthings.Listpoemshaveaf

22、lexiblelinelengthandrepeatedphraseswhichgivebothapatternandarhythmtothepoem.Somerhyme(likeB)whileothersdonot(likeC).Isawafish-portalallonfireIsawafish-pondallonfire,Isawahousebowtoasquire,Isawapersontwelve-feethigh,Isawacottageinthesky,Isawaballoonmadeoflead,Isawacoffindropdowndead,Isawtwosparrowsru

23、narace,Isawtwohorsesmakinglace,Isawggirljustlikeacat,Isawakittenwearahat,Isawamanwhosawthesetoo,Andsaidthoughstrangetheyallweretrue.OurfirstfootballmatchWewouldhavewon.ifJackhadscoredthatgoal,ifwedhadjustafewmoreminutes,ifwehadtrainedharder,ifBenhadpassedtheballtoJoe,ifwedhadthousandsoffansscreaming

24、,ifIhadnttakenmyeyeofftheball,ifwehadntstayedupsolatethenightbefore,ifwehadnttakeniteasy,ifwehadntrunoutofenergy.Wewouldhavewon.ifwedbeenbetter!Anothersimpleformofpoemthatstudentscaneasilywriteisthecinquain,apoemmadeupoffivelines.Withthese,studentscanconveyastrongpictureinjustafewwords.Lookattheexam

25、ples(DandE)onthetopofthenextpage.BrotherBeautiful,athleticTeasing,shouting,laughingFriendandenemytooMineSummerSleepy,saltyDrying,drooping,dreadingWeekin,weekoutEndlessAfallenblossomIscomingbacktothebranch.Look,abutterfly!(byMoritake)Snowhavingmelted,ThewholevillageisbrimfulOfhappychildren.(byIssa)Ha

26、ikuisaJapaneseformofpoetrythatismadeupof17syllables.ItisnotatraditionalformofEnglishpoetry,butisverypopularwithEnglishwriters.Itiseasytowriteand,likethecinquain,cangiveaclearpictureandcreateaspecialfeelingusingtheminimumofwords.Thetwohaikupoems(FandG)abovearetranslationsfromtheJapanese.Wheresheawait

27、sherhusbandOnandontheriverflows.Neverlookingback,Transformedintostone.Daybydayuponthemountaintop,windandrainrevolve.Shouldthetravellerreturn,thisstonewouldutterspeech.,(byWangJian)DidyouknowthatEnglishspeakersalsoenjoyotherformsofAsianpoetry-TangpoemsfromChinainparticularAlotofTangpoetryhasbeentrans

28、latedintoEnglish.ThisTangpoem(H)isatranslationfromtheChinese.Withsomanydifferentformsofpoetrytochoosefrom,studentsmayeventuallywanttowritepoemsoftheirown.ItiseasierthanyoumightthinkandcertainlyworthatryUnit3AHealthLifeItisabeautifuldayhereandIamsittingunderthebigtreeattheendofthegarden.Ihavejustretu

29、rnedfromalongbikeridetoanoldcastle.ItseemsamazingthatatmyageIamstillfitenoughtocycle20kilometresinansmybirthdayintwoweekstimeandIllbe82yearsold!IthinkmylongandactivelifemustbeduetothehealthylifeIlive.Thisbringsmetotherealreasonformyletter,mydeargrandson.Yourmothertellsmethatyoustartedsmokingsometime

30、agoandhowyouarefindingitdifficulttogiveitup.Believeme,Iknowhoweasyitistobeginsmokingandhowtoughitistostop.Yousee,duringadolescenceIalsosmokedandbecameaddictedtocigarettes.Bytheway,didyouknowthatthisisbecauseyoubecomeaddicatedinthreedifferentways.First,youcanbecomephysicallyaddicatedtonicotine,whichi

31、soneofthehundredsofchemicalsincigarettes.Thismeansthatafterawhileyourbodybecomesaccustomedtohavingnicotineinit.Sowhenthedrugleavesourbody,yougetwithdrawalsymptoms.Irememberfeelingbad-temperedandsometimeseveninpain.Secondly,youbecomeaddictedthroughhabit.Asyouknow,ifyoudothesamethingoverandoveragain,y

32、oubegintodoit,youcanbecomementallyaddicted.IbelievedIwashappierandmorerelaxedafterhavingacigarette,soIbegantothatIcouldonlyfeelgoodwhenIsmoked.Iwasaddictedinallthreeways,soitwasverydifficulttoquit.ButIdidfinallymanage.WhenIwasyoung,Ididntknowmuchabouttheharmfuleffectsofsmoking.Ididntknow,forexample,

33、thatitcoulddoterribledamagetoyourheartandlungsorthatitwasmoredifficultforsmokingcouplestobecomepregnant.Icertainlydidntknowtheirbabiesmayhaveasmallerbirthweightorevenbeabnormalinsomeway.NeitherdidIknowthatmycigarettesmokecouldaffectthehealthofnon-smokers.However,whatIdidknowwasthatmygirlfriendthough

34、tIsmeltterrible.Shesaidmybreathandclothessmelt,andthattheendsofmyfingerswereturningyellow.ShetoldmethatshewouldntgooutwithmeagainunlessIstopped!IalsonoticedthatIbecamebreathlessquickly,andthatIwasntenjoyingsportasmuch.WhenIwastakenofftheschoolfootballteambecauseIwasunfit,Iknewitwastimetquitsmoking.I

35、amsendingyousomeadviceIfoundontheInternetItmighthelpyoutostopandstrengthenyourresolve.IdohopesobecauseIwantyoutoliveaslongandhealthyalifeasIhave.LovefromGrandadHowcanyoustopsmokingItisnoteasytostopsmoking,butmillionshavemanagedtoquitandsocanyou.Hereareafewsuggestions.Prapareyouself.Decideonadaytoqui

36、t.Dontchooseadaythatyouknowisgoingtobestressful,suchasthedayofanexam.Makealistofallthebenefitsyouwillgetfromstoppingsmoking.Thenthrowawayyourlastpacketofcigarettes.Bedetermined.Everytimeyoufelllikesmokingacigarette,remindyourselfthatyouareanon-smoker.Rereadthelistofbenefitsyouwroteearlier.Breaktheha

37、bit.Insteadofsmokingacigarette,dosomethingelse.Goforawalk,cleanyourteeth,frinksomewater,cleanthehouse;infact,doanythingtokeepypurmindandespeciallyyourhandsbusy.Relax.Ifyoustarttofeelnervousorstressed,donotraechforacigarette.Trysomedeepbreathinginstead.Dosomerelaxationgexerciseseverytimeyoufeelstress

38、ed.Gethelpifyouneedit.Arrangetostopsmokingwithafriendsoyoucantalkaboutyourproblems,orjoinastop-smokinggroup.Ifyoufeeldesperate,youmightliketotalktoadoctororchemistaboutsomethingtohelpyou,likenicotinechewinggum.Keeptrying.Dontbedisappointedifyouhavetotrystopsmoking.Ifyouweakenandhaveacigarette,doseve

39、ralnotfeeltimesbeforeashamed.Justyoufinallytryagain.Youwillsucceedfinally.HIV/AIDS:AREYOUATRISKHIVisavirus.Avirusisaverysmalllivingthingthatcausesdisease.Therearemanydifferentviruses,forexample,thefluvirusortheSARSvirus.HIVweakensapersonsimmunesystem;thatis,thepartofthebodythatfightsdisease.Youcanha

40、veHIVinyourbloodforalongtime,buteventuallyHIVwilldamageyourimmunesystemsomuchthatyoubodycannolongerfightdisease.ThisstageoftheillnessiscalledAIDS.IfyoudevelopAIDS,yourchancesofsurvivalareverysmall.HIVisspreadthroughbloodorthefluidthatthebodymakesduringsex.Forapersontobecomeinfected,bloodorsexualflui

41、dthatcarriesthevirus,hastogetinsidethebodythroughbrokenskinorbyinjection.OnedayscientistswillfindacureforHIV/AIDS.Untilthathappens,youneedtoprotectyourself.Herearesomethingsyoucandotomakesureyoustaysafe.Ifyouinjectdrugs:donotshareyourneedlewithanyoneelse.Bloodfromanotherpersoncanstayonorintheneedle.

42、IfapersonhasHIVandyouusethesameneedle,youcouldinjectthevirusintoyourownblood.donotshareanythingelsethatapersonhasusedwhileinjectingcouldhavespiltonit.Ifyouhavesexwithamaleorafemale:useacondom.Thiswillpreventsexualfluidpassingfromonepersontoanother.ThefollowingstatementsareNOTtrue.ApersoncannotgetHIV

43、thefirsttimetheyhave.IfonesexualpartnerhasHIV,theotherpartnercouldbecomeinfected.Youcantellbylookingatsomeonewhetherornottheyhave.ManypeoplecarryingHIVlookperfectlyhealthy.ItisonlywhenthediseasehasprogressedtoAIDSthatapersonbeginstolooksick.Onlyhomosexualsget.AnyonewhohassexwithapersoninfectedwithH1

44、V/AIDSrisksgettingthevirus.Womenareslightlymorelikelytobecomeinfectedthanmen.Ifyouhug,touchorkisssomeonewithAIDSorvisitthemintheirhome,youwillgetHIV/canonlygetthediseasefrombloodorsexual,peoplewithHIVsometimeslosetheirfriendsbecauseofpeopleareafraidthattheywillgetHIV/AIDSfromthoseinfectedwithHIV!AID

45、S.Forthesamereason,someAIDSpatientscannotfindanyonetolookafterthemwhentheyaresick.YoucangetHIV/AIDSfrom.Thereisnoevidenceofthis.Unit4THEEARTHISBECOMIGWARMER-BUTDOESITMATTERDuringthe20thcenturythetemperatureoftheearthroseaboutonedegreeFahrenheit.Thatprobablydoesnotseemmuchtoyouorme,butitisarapidincre

46、asewhencomparedtoothernaturalchanges.SohowhasthiscomeaboutanddoesitmatterEarthcaresSophieArmstrongexploresthesequestions.Thereisnodoubtthattheearthisbecomingwarmer(seeGraph1)andthatitishumanactivitythathascausedthisglobalwarmigratherthanarandombutnaturalphenomenon.Allscientistssubscribetotheviewthat

47、theincreaseintheearthstemperatureisduetotheburningoffossilfuelslikecoal,naturalgasandoiltoproduceenergy.Somebyproductsofthisprocessarecalledgreenhousegases,themostimportantoneofwhichiscarbondioxide.DrJaniceFosterexplains:Thereisanaturalphenomenonthatscientistscallthegreenhouseeffect.Thisiswhensmalla

48、mountsofgasesintheatmosphere,likecarbondioxide,methaneandwatervapour,trapheatfromthesunandthereforewarmtheearth.Withoutthegreenhouseeffecttheearthwouldbeaboutthirty-threedegreesCelsciucoolerthanitis.So,weneedthosegases.Theproblembeginswhenweaddhugequantitiesofextracarbondioxideintotheatmosphere.Itme

49、ansthatmoreheatenergytendstobetrappedintheatmospherecausingtheglobaltemperaturetogoup.Weknowthatthelevelsofcarbondioxidehaveincreasedgreatlyoverthelast100to150years.ItwasascientistcalledCharlesKeeling,whomadeaccuratemeasurementsoftheamountofcarbondioxideintheatmospherefrom1957to1997.Hefoundthatbetwe

50、entheseyearsthecarbondioxideintheatmospherewentupfromaround315partstoaround370partspermillion(seeGraph2)Allscientistsacceptthisdata.Theyalsoagreethatitistheburningofmoreandmorefossilfuelsthathasresultedinthisincreaseincarbondioxide.SohowhighwillthetemperatureincreasegoDrJaniceFostersaysthatoverthene

51、xt100yearstheamountofwarmingcouldbeaslowas1todegreesCelsius,butitcouldbeashighas5degrees.However,theattitudeofscientiststowardsthisriseincompletelydifferent.Ontheonehand,DrFosterthinksthatthetrendwhichincreasesthetemperatureby5degreeswouldbeacatastrophe.Shesays,Wecantpredicttheclimatewellenoughtokno

52、wwhattoexpect,butitcouldbeveryserious.Otherswhoagreewithherthinktheremaybeariseofseveralmetresinthesealevel,orpredictseverestorms,floods,droughts,famines,thespreadofdiseasesandthedisappearanceofspecies.Ontheotherhand,therearethose,likeGeorgeHambley,whoareopposedtothisview,believethatweshouldnotworry

53、abouthighlevelsofcarbondioxideintheair.Theypredictthatanywarmingwillbemildwithfewbadenvironmentalconsequences.Infact,Hambleystates,Morecarbondioxideisactuallyapositivething.Itwillmakeplantsgrowquicker;cropswillproducemore;itwillencourageagreaterrangeofanimals-allofwhichwillmakelifeforhumanbeingsbett

54、er.Greenhousegasescontinuetobuildupintheatmosphere.Evenifwestartreducingtheamountofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases,theclimateisgoingtokeeponwarmingfordecadesorcenturies.Nooneknowstheeffectsofglobalwarming.DoesthatmeanweshoulddonothingOr,aretheriskstoogreatWHATCANWEDOABOUTGLOBALWARMINGDearEarthC

55、are,Iamdoingaprojectonbehalfofmyschoolaboutglobalwarming.SometimesIfeelthatindividualscanhavelittleeffectonsuchhugeenvironmentalproblems.However,1stillthinkpeopleshouldadvocateimprovementsinthewayweuseenergytoday.AsImnotsurewheretostartwithmyproject,Iwouldappreciateanysuggestionsyoumayhave.Thankyou!

56、OuyangGuangDearOuyangGuang,Therearemanypeoplewhohaveacommitmentlikeyours,buttheydonotbelievetheyhavethepowertodoanythingtoimproveourenvironment.Thatisnottrue.Together,individualscanmakeadifference.Wedonothavetoputupwithpollution.Thegrowthofthegreenhousegas,carbondioxideintheairactuallycomesasaresult

57、ofmanythingswedoeveryday.Hereareafewsuggestionsonhowtoreduceit.Theyshouldgetyoustartedwithyourproject.Weusealotofenergyinourhouses.ItisOKtoleaveanelectricalapplianceonsolongasyouareusingit-ifnot,turnitoff!Donotbecasualaboutthis.Soifyouarenotusingthelights,theTV,thecomputer,andsoon,turnthemoff.Motorv

58、ehiclesusealotofenergy-sowalkorrideabikeifyoucan.Recyclecans,bottles,plasticbagsandnewspapersifcircumstancesallowyouto.Ittakesalotofenergytomakethingsfromnewmaterials,so,ifyoucan,buythingsmadefromrecycledmaterials.4Getyourparentstobuythingsthatareeconomicalwithenergy-thisincludescarsaswellassmallert

59、hingslikefridgesandmicrowaves.5Planttreesinyourgardenoryourschoolyard,astheyabsorbcarbondioxidefromtheairandrefreshyourspiritwhenyoulookatthem.6Finallyandmostimportantly,beaneducator.Talkwithyourfamilyandfriendsaboutglobalwarmingandtellthemwhatyouhavelearned.Remember-yourcontributioncounts!EarthCare

60、Unit5ANEXCITINGJOBIhavethegreatestjobintheworld.Itraveltounusualplacesandworkalongsidepeoplefromallovertheworld.Sometimesworkingoutdoors,sometimesinanoffice,sometimesusingscientificequipmentandsometimesmeetinglocalpeopleandtourists,Iamneverbored.Althoughmyjobisoccasionallydangerous,Idontmindbecaused