大学语言学考试1-7章-试题和答案

1、12maximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant.itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.Thecorrectsyllabificationofthewordcountryshouldbe第一章，填空Thestudyofthemeaningoflingusticwords,phrasesiscalledsemantics.Displacementisadesignfeatureofhumanlanguagethatenablesspeakerstotalk

2、aboutawildrangeofthingsfreefrombarrierscausedbyMorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Itis

3、informativeinthatcommunicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulact.ThelinkbetweenalinguisticsignanditsmeaningisamatterofLanguageisdistinguishedfromtrafficlightsinthattheformerhasthedesigningfeatureofduality.Inlinguisticsresearch,bothquantityandqualityapproachesarepreferred.判断：Thewritingsystemofalangu

4、ageisalwaysalaterinventionusedtorecordspeech,thustherearestillmanylanguagesintodayshavenoAccordingtoChomsky,theword“competence”isnotlimitedtotheabilityofan.XidealnativespeakertoconstructandrecognizeDualityandculturaltransmissionaretwomostimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage.XChomskyscompetenceandp

5、erformancearesimilarinmeaningtoSaussureslangueandparole.VAnimportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizethewrittenformoflanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe“bestauthors”forlanguageusageVInmodernlinguisticstudies,thewri

6、ttenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthespokenformforaofreasons.VModernlinguisticsismainlydiachronic.xchochronic共时的LangueandparoleisthefundamentaldistinctiondiscussedbyChomskyinhisAspectsoftheTheoryofdistinguishedthelinguisticcompetenceofthespeakerandtheactualphenomenaordataoflinguisticsasParole

7、andlanguage.V20.AccordingtoChomsky,thetaskofalinguististodeterminefromthedataofperformancetheunderlyingsystemofrulesthathasbeenV选择:Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalysethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesforcorrectlinguisticbehavior,itissaidtobedescriptiveIcanrefertoConfuciusevent

8、houghhewasdead2000yearsago.Thisshowsthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureofdisplacement.“Dontendasentencewithapreposition.”thisisanexampleofprescriptiverules.4.WhichofthefollowingismostreferredtoasabranchofthestudyofmeaninginThesynchronicstudyoflanguagetakesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.Thebranchof

9、linguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalledpragmatics.ThefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisgoodproofthathumanlanguageisA没照下图片arbitraryThedescriptiveofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.题目没照下来。答案为：principles-and-paramet

10、erstheoryChomskyusesthetermscompetencetorefertoactualrealizationofalanguageusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguistic.TransformationlGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedbyin1957.题目没拍下来，答案morphology.AccordingtoChomsky,competenceistheidealusersinternalizedknowledgeofhislanguage.Thefamousquotationfrom

11、Shakespearesplay“RomeoandJuilet”.“Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”wellillustrateconventionalnature没拍至Uovervariousperiodsoftime历时diachronic(D)LinguisticisthescientificstudyofhumanlanguageingenenralPragmaticsisastudyofA:LanguagelearningB:LanguageacquisitionC:LanguageplanningD:LanguageinuseAlingui

12、stisinterestedin(B)A:WhatissaidB:WhatisrightbothinsyntaxandinsemanticsC:WhatisgrammaticalD:Whatoughttobesaidhasbeenwidelyacceptedastheforefatherofmodernlinguistics(B)A:ChomskyB:SaussureThefactthatthewell-knownLiuSanJiefeaturesascenceof“duige”(songdueling)mostlyforthesheerjoyofplayingonfunctionoflang

13、uage.(B)A:phaticcommunionrecreationalC:emotiveD:informativeThefunctionofthesentence“Aniceday,isntit”is.(B)A:informativeB:phatic交流感情的C:directiveD:performative“Tree”inEnglish,“arbre”inFrenchand“木”inJapaneseallrefertothesamething,whichindicatesthatlanguageis_arbitrary(任意)Thefunctionoflanguageisprimaril

14、ytouselanguagetotalkaboutlanguageitself.(D)A:performativeB:interpersonalC:informativeD:meta-languageDisplacementbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingthemthepowertohandle_(B)A:arbitrarinessandcreativityB:generalizationsand.名词解释Languagedesignfeaturescompetence&performancelanguage&paroleMetalanguagecertainkindso

15、flinguisticsignsortermsfortheanalysisanddescriptionofparticularst简答题Communicationcantakemanyforms,suchassign,speech,bodylanguageandfaciallanguage.DobodylanguageandfaciallanguageexpressionshareorlackthedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguageDoyoupreferdescriptivelinguisticstoprescriptivelinguisticsGiveyou

16、rreasons.咎-第二章单词填空Consonantsoundscanbeeithervoicedorvoiceless清音,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiced.Voicing浊音phonologicalrulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalled有序规则Sequentialrules(1)anddark(1)areallophonesofthesameonephoneme,theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations.Thusth

17、eyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.transcriptiontranscribessoundswithdiacritics,whilebroadtranscriptiondoesnot.essentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheaircomingupfromthelungsmeetswithanyobstructionwhenasoundisproduced.foursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,.theyarea

18、llbilabial双唇音insuchsoundcombinationsas/bi;p/,/geip/and/su;p/,thevoicelessstop/p/,occurringinthefinalposition,isunaspirated,.pronouncewithheldtosomeextent.TBeat”and“bit”arenotaminimalpair.FVoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.Ttheassimilationruleassimilatesones

19、oundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmarkingthetwophonessimilar.TAgeneraldifferencebetweenphoneticsandphonologyisthatphoneticsisfocusedontheproductionofspeechsoundswhilephonologyismoreconsciencewithhowspeechso.Twhenapluralform-sisaddedtoanounthatendswithavowel,itispronouncedasz,d

20、uetoassimilation.Fofthefollowingsoundcombinations,onlyispermissibleaccordingtothesequentialrulesinEnglish.(A)kiblbkililkbilbkintermsoftheplaceofarticulation.Thefollowingsoundstdzsnsharethefeatureof-(B)palatalAlveolar齿槽bilabialdentalwhosecardinalvowelsystemisstillinuse(C)A.J.EllisA.M.BellDanielJonesA

21、.C.Gimsonwhichofthefollowingsoundsisavoicelessbilabial双唇stop(A)ApBmCbDtAccordingtoridiculeofEnglishorthographythenon-existentwordghoticanbepronouncedinthesamewayas.(C)GoatHotFishFootWhichofthefollowingisthecorrectdescriptionofv(B)VoicelesslabiodentalfricativeVoicedlabiodentalfricative浊音唇齿摩擦Voiceless

22、labiodentalstopVoicedlabiodentalstopisasoundproducedbybringingthetipofthetongueintocontactwiththeupperteethtocreatetheobstruction.(A)Analveolar齿槽音AbilabialApalatalAdentalisnotanEnglishconsonant.(A)Labio-dentalplosiveAlveolarnasalVelarstopDentalfricativeEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintostops,frica

23、tives,nasals,termsof(A)mannerofarticulationOpennessofmouthPlaceofarticulationVoicingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglishphonology.(D)NasalityVoicingAspirationRoundingThechoiceofanallophoneinagivenphoneticcontextisRandomPredictableVariableIndependentTheconsonantfinEnglishcanbecorrectlydescribedashavingt

24、hefollowingphoneticfeatures:isnotasuprasegmentalfeature.(A)AspirationIntonationStressTone名词解释InternationalAssociationPhonologyVoicingVowel&consonantPhoneticPhoneme&allophoneMaximalonsetprinciple分析Analyzethedatabelow,andthenanswersomequestions.fivepastfaivpa;stfaifpa;stLovetolAvtHastoAscanbeshownLose

25、five-nilEdgetoedgeWhatrulesofphonologicalprocessesdoyoufindBycomparisonwithNasalizationrule:-nasal+nasal/+nasal.Dentalizationrule:-dentaldental/dental,andVelarizationrule:-velar+velar/+velar,canyougiveamoregeneraltermthatcoversalltherulesmentionedaboveThephonologicalfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofi

26、ndividualsoundsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeature.Discussthemainsuprasegmentalfeatures,illustratingwithexampleshowtheyfunctioninthedistinctionofmeaning第三章21.FreemorphemeArootisoftenseenaspartofaword,butitcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsclear.,definitemeaning,Phonologicalrulesmaymovephonemesfromonepl

27、aceinthestringtoanother.Forexample,ModernEnglishverbaskwasOldEnglishaksian,withthekprecedingthes.Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementisknowasmetathesis(换位)Themorphemesthatcannotbeusedbythemselves,butmustbecombinedwithothermorphemestoformwordsarecalledboundmorphemes.Morphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunit

28、oflanguage.Morphologyisabranchofgrammarwithstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.Wordsarecreatedoutrighttofitsomepurpose.Suchamethodofenlargingthevocabularyisknownaswordcoinage.Kleenex(softcleansingtissue)kodak、xerox(photocopier)Accordingtoitspositionthenewword,affixisdi

29、videdintotwokindsprefixesandsuffixes.判断：Thepartofspeechofthecompoundisalwaysdeterminedbythepartofspeechofthesecondelement,withoutMorphologyreferstothestudyoftheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.TSimplyspeaking,amorphemecanbedefinedasaminimalunitofOnlywordsofthesamepartsofspee

30、chcanbecombinedtoformThesamesemanticfeatureoccursononepartofspeechonly.Forexample,femaleoccursonlyinnounssuchasmother,woman,girl.FNewwordsmaybeformedformexistingwordsbysuntractinganaffixthoughttobepartoftheoldword;thatis,ignorancesometimescanbecreative.Thuspeddlewasderivedfrompeddleronthemistakenass

31、umptionthattheerwastheagentiveAcompoundisthecombinationofonlytwoAllwordsmaybesaidtocontainarootThewordphotographicallyismadeupof45Linguisticchangeoccursonlyinsoundandlexicalsystem.ButnotinRadarisanexampleof首字母缩略词选择：1.ModernEnglishwordsadministration,parliament,public,court,ect,originatefrom_C_A.Midd

32、leEnglishB.OldEnglishC.FrenchD.Latin2.Changesinalanguagearechangesinthegrammarofthespeakerofthelanguage.Thismeansthatphonemes,_C_wordsandgrammaticalrulesmaybeborrowed,added,lostoraltered.A.phrasesB.sentencesC.morphemesD.utterancesThewordsmakeandbusarecalled_Dbecausetheycanoccurunattached.A.derivatio

33、nalmorphemesB.inflectionalmorphemesboundmorphemesD.freemorphemesNouns.Verbs.andAdjectivescanbeclassifiedas_.A.lexicalwordsB.grammaticalwordsC.functionwordsD.formwordsTheword“lase”isanexampleof_inwordformation.A.acronymB.blendingC.functionshiftD.backformation6.Siteandsightare_C_.A.orthographyB.homogr

34、aphyC.homophony同音异义D.hyponymyKodarkisa(n)_AA.coinage新造词B.blendingC.acronymD.clippingTherearedifferenttypesofaffixes词缀ormorphemes.Theaffix“ed”intheword“learned”isknownasa(n)_C_.A.derivationalmorphemeB.freemorphemeC.inflectionalmorphemeD.FreeformTheword“lab”isformedthrough_C_.AbackformationB.blendingC

35、.clipping略写词D.DerivationWhattheelement“-es”indicatesisthirdpersonsingular.Presenttense.Theelement“-ed”pasttense,and“-ing”progressiveaspect.Sincetheyarethesmallestunitoflanguageandmeaningful.Theyarealso_B_.A.phonemesB.morphemesC.allophonesD.phonesWhendifferentsub-classesofdeterminersoccurtogether,the

36、yfollowtheorderofpre-determinerscentraldeterm.iTnheursswedoNOTfindexpressionslike_C_.A.alltheirtroubleB.alltheliveboysC.theirbothsonsD.anotherthreeweeks第四章填空1.Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberwords_toformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.2.Acompoundsentencecontain

37、stwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchas“and”but”or”.Asubordinatesentencecontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintheother.XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Forexample,theNP”theboywholikeshispuppy”consistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthespecifierNtheheadandSthecomplement.判断therelationshipbetweentheembebb

38、edclause嵌入句anditsmatrixclause主要句子isoneofaparttothewhole.(V)ICanalysisimmediateconstituentsshowslinearrelationship.Soithelptoaccountfortheambiguityofcertainconstructions.(x)animportantdifferencebetweentraditionalgrammariansandmodernlinguistsintheirstudyoflanguageisthattheformertendedtoover-emphasizet

39、hewrittenformoglanguageandencouragepeopletoimitatethe“bestauthors”V)phrasestructurerulescangenerateaninfinitenumberofsentencesandsentenceswithinfinitelength,duetotherecursiveproperties.(V)sentencesarenotpormedbyrandomlycombininglexicalitem,butbyfollowingasetofsyntacticrulesthatarrangelinguisticeleme

40、ntsinparticularorder.(V)6”thestudent”inthesentence“thestudenglikesthelinguisticlecture.”and“thelinguisticlecture”inthesentence“thelinguisticlecturelikedthestudent”belongstothesyntacticcategory(T)inthesentence“thefatherbeatthechild”,“thechild”isbothastructuralandlogicalobject.(V)AbaseBtransformationa

41、lCsemanticDphonologicalsyntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationof.(V)chomskyhassuggestedtwocriteriaforjudginggrammars,.Observationaladequacyanddescriptiveadequacy.(V)选择题traditionalgrammarseesasentenceas(C)Aasequenceo

42、fmorphemesBofclausesCconventionofwordsDOfphrasesintodaysgrammarwenormallysaythatenglishdosenothavea“futuretense”thisisbecauseinenglish_(C)AthefutureisnotexpressedbymorphologicalchangeBthefuturecanbeexpressedinmanyways.Cthefuturebelongstothecategoryof“aspect”体！Dthefutureisexpressedbymodalwhatisthecon

43、structionofthesentence“theboysmiled”(A)Aexocentric离心BendocentricCcoordinateDsubordinateamajordifferenceofthevariousmodelsofgenerativegrammarliesinwherethe_conmponent.(C)inEnglishelementsinconstructionsaregenerallyAlinearBcontinuousCdiscontinuousDendocentric向心6inthephrasestructurerule“SNPVP”,thearrow

44、means_(D_)AbeingequaltoBbeingconsistingofChavingDbeingrewrittenassemantics9naturallanguageareviewedtovaryaccordingto_(B)setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.AadjacentconditionBparameters因素，特性，界限；参数CcaseconditionDcaserequirementparaphraseeachofthefollowingsentencesintwodifferentwaystoshowthesyntacticr

45、ulesaccountfortheambiguitiveofsentences”Theshootingofthehuntersmightbeterrible.forthefollowingsentencepleasedrawatreediagramtorevealitsunderlyingstructure.Thegirlatetheorangewhydowesaytreediagramsaremoreadvantageousandimformativethanlinearstructureinanalyzingtheconstituentrelationshipamonglinguistic

46、elementsSupportstatementwithexamples.foreachoftheunderlinedconstructionsorwordgroups.Dothefollowing:Astatewhetheritisheadedornon-headed.向心离心Bifnon-headedstateitsheadwordCnamethetypeofconstructionducksquackisawabridgedamagedbeyonerepairheenjoysclimbinghighmountainshishandsomefaceappearedinthemagazine

47、.howdomodernlinguistsdiffereformtraditioanlscholarsindefining“sentence”第五章填空thestudyofthelinguisticsmeaningofwords,phrases,andsentencesiscalledsemantic.thatthedenialofonememberoftwowordsimpliestheassertionoftheotheristhecharacteristicofcomplementaryantonyms.hoponymyistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetwe

48、enspecificandgenerallexicalitems.Thewordthatismoregeneralinmeaningiscalledsuperordinate.Referenceiswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealworld;itisamatteroftherelationshipbetweenformandthereality.Polysymreferstothephenomenonthatthesamewordmayhaveasetofdifferentmeanings.判断wecanalwaystellbythewordsacomp

49、oundcontainswhatitmeansbecausethe(x)meaningofthecompoundisalwaysthesumoftheitsparts.theconceptualistviewofmeaningholdsthatthereisnodirectlinkbetweenasymbolandreference,betweenlanguageandthought.(x)linguisticformshavingthesamesense,mayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituationwhilelinguisticformswit

50、hthesamereferencealwayshevethesamesense.(V)animporantdifferencebetweenpresuppositionandentailmentisthatpresupposition.Unlikeentailmentisnotvulnerabletonegation.Thatidtosay,ifasentnceisnegated,theoriginalpresuppositionisstill(V)senseandreferencearetwotermsoftenencounteredinthestudyofmeaning.(V)选择isco

51、ncernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitrefersto.(B)AconnotativeBdenotative指示CaffectiveDreflected2whichofthefollowingaregradableantonyms(A)AgoodbadBmalefemaleCboygirlDbuysell3onewaytoanalyzelexicalmeaningisApredicationanalysisBstylisticanalysisCcomponentialanalysisDpropositionanalysis4the

52、pairofwords“lend”and“borrow”are_(B_)_AgradableantonymyBconverseantonymyCsynonymsDco-hyponymsthesemanticcomponentsoftheword“man”canbeexpressedas_(C_)_-A+animate+human+male-adultB+animate+human-male-adultC+animate+human+male+adultD-animate+human-male-adultawordwithseveralmeaningiscalled_(A_)_word.Aapo

53、lysemous意义的分歧BasynonymousCanabnormalDamultialinthesenmantictriangleadvancedbyogdenandRichards.“thoughtorrefreence”is_(D_)_AwordsentenceBtheobjectCconceptDsymbolcandyandsweetsarethesamething,thewordsare_(B)synonyms.同义Acollocational词的搭配BdialectalCcompleteDstylisticdifferentmeaningcanbeassicatedwithone

54、linguisticform,butthereisnobasicmeaningamongthen.ThisisknownasABCpolysemyDantonymywhenachildusesmummytoreferstoanywoman,mostprobablyhismummymeans_(C)_Twoexamplesforillustrationconceptualmeaninghyponymyion3compositionlity问答1whatisthedistinctionbetweensenseandreference2commentonthestatement“thetotalsy

55、nonymyisrare;theso-calledsynonymsareallcontextdependent.”whatisitwrongtoassumethatthemeaningofasentenceisthesumofmeaningofthewordswhichcomposeit填空Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledthecooperativeprincipleproposedbyJgrice.(177)Whilethemeaningofasent

56、enceisabstractanddecontextualizedthatofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.Utteranceisbasedoncontext;itistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinacontext.inAustinsearlyspeechacttheory,constativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.要么错要么对可证实Theutterancemeaningof

57、thesentencevarieswiththecontextinwhichitisuttere判断1.SpeechacttheorywasproposedbyAustin(T)Theviolationofoneormoreoftheconversationalmaxims(oftheCPprinciple)can.whenthelistenerfullyunderstandsthespeaker,createconversationalimplicature.(T)选择Ofthethreespeechacts,linguistsaremostinterestedinthe(B)because

58、thiskindofspeechactisidenticalwiththespeakersintention.AlocutionaryactBillocutionaryactCperlocutionaryDconstativeactutterance“werealreadyworking25hoursaday,eightdaysaweek.”obviouslyviolatesthemaximof(A).AqualityBquantityCrelationD.YsutteranceinthefollowingconversationviolatesthemaximofC.X:whowasthat

59、youwerewithlastnightY:DidyouknownthatyouwerewearingoddsocksAqualityBCrelationDmannertoAustin,aspeaker,whilemakinganutterance,isinmostcasesperforming(B)_actssimultaneously.AtwoBthreeCfourDfiveisastudyof(D).AlanguagelearningBlanguageacquisitionClanguageplanningDlanguageinuseTheorywasintroducedbyBin198

60、6.AB_&CD名词解释Performative&constativeBothofthemaretwotypesofsentence.Performativewhichdonotdescribethingscannotbesaidtobetrueorfalseandtheutteringofitis,orispartof,thedoingofanaction.Constativeisadescriptionofwhatthespeakerisdoingatthetimeofspeaking.Withouttheactualpouringonecanaccusehimofmakingafalse