十年高考英语真题分类汇编专题22 科普类说明文阅读理解(学生版)

1、十年高考真题分类汇编（2010-2019）英语专题22科普类说明文阅读理解(2010安徽阅读理解B)Haveyoueverwondered?1.Whydoairplanestakelongertoflywestthaneast?Itcantakefivehourstogowest-eastfromNewYork(NY)toLondonbursevenhourstotraveleast-westfromLondontoNY.Thereasonforthedifferenceisanatmosphericphenomenonknownasthejet(喷射)stream.Thejetstreami

2、saveryhighaltitudewindwhichalwaysblowsfromthewesttotheeastacrosstheAtlantic.Theplanesmovingataconstantairspeedthusgofasterinthewest-eastdirectionwhentheyaremovingwiththewindthanintheoppositedirection.2.WhatwouldhappenifthegravityonEarthwassuddenlyturnedoff?Supposingwecouldmagicallyturnoffgravity.Wou

3、ldbuildingsandotherstructures(建筑物)floataway?WhathappenedwoulddependonhowstronglythethingswereattachedtotheEarth.TheEarthismovingatquiteaspeed,movingatoverathousandmilesperhours.Ifyouturnsomethingaroundyourheadonastring（细绳）,itgoesaroundinacircleuntilyouletgoofthestring.Thenitfliesoffinastraightline.S

4、witchingoffgravitywouldbelikelettinggoofthestring.ThingsnotattachedtotheEarthwouldflyoffinastraightline.Peopleinbuildingswouldsuddenlyshootupwardsatagreatspeeduntiltheyhittheceiling.Mostthingsoutsidewouldflyoffintospace.60.Whatinformationcanwegetfromthefirstpassage?A.Itisjetstreamthataffectshowfasta

5、irplanesflyB.PlanesgoslowerwhentheyaremovingwiththewindC.IttakesmoretimetoflyfromNYtoLondonthanfromLondontoNYD.TheyetstreamalwaysblowsfromtheeasttothewestacrosstheAtlantic61.Theword”shoot”underlineinthe2ndpassageprobablymeans“”A.sendforB.movequicklyC.comeoutD.grrowquickly62.Itcanbeinferredthatwithou

6、tgravity.A.buildingsandotherstructureswouldfloatawayB.treesandbuildingswouldnoteasilyflyoffC.somethingaroundyourheadwouldnotflyawayD.everythingoutsidebuildingswouldflyoffintospace63.WherecanwemostprobablyreadinthetextA.InareseachpaperB.InashortstoryC.InatravelmagazineD.Inastudentsbook(2010江苏阅读理解D)Im

7、agine，oneday，gettingoutofbedinBeijingandbeingatyourofficeinShanghaiinonlyacoupleofhours，andthen，afterafulldayofwork，goingbackhometoBeijingandhavingdinnerthereSoundsunusual，doesntit?Butitsnotthatunrealistic，withthedevelopmentofChinashighspeedrailwaysystemAndthatsnota11Chinahasanevengreaterhighspeedra

8、ilwayplantoconnectthecountrywithSoutheastAsia，andeventuallyEasternEuropeChinaisnegotiatingtoextenditsownhigh-speedrailwaynetworktoupto17countriesin10to15years，eventuallyreachingLondonandSingaporeChinahasproposedthreesuchprojectsThefirstwouldpossiblyconnectKunmingwithSingaporeviaVietnamandMalaysiaAno

9、thercouldstartinUrumqiandgothroughKazakhstanandUzbekistan，andpossiblytoGermanyThethirdwouldstartinthenortheastandgonorththroughRussiaandthenintoWesternEuropeIfChinasplanforthehigh-speedrailwaygoesforward，peoplecouldzipoverfromLondontoBeilinginundertwodaysThenewsystemwouldstillfollowChinashighspeedra

10、ilwaystandardAndthetrainswouldbeabletogo346kilometersanhour，almostasfastassomeairplanesChinasbullettrain(高速客车)，theoneconnectingWuhantoGuangzhou，alreadyhastheWorldsfastestaveragespeedItcovers1,069kilometersinaboutthreehoursOfcourse，therearesometechnicalchallengestoovercomeTherearesomanyissuesthatneed

11、tobesettled，suchassafety，railgauge(轨距)，maintenanceofrailwaytracksSo，itsimportanttopayattentiontoeverydetailButthekeyissueisreallymoneyChinaisalreadyspendinghundredsofbillionsofyuanondomesticrailwayexpansionChinaprefersthattheothercountriespayinnaturalresourcesratherthanwithcapitalinvestmentResources

12、fromthosecountriescouldstreamintoChinatosustaindevelopmentIt11beawin-winproject.Forothercountries，therailwaynetworkwilldefinitelycreatemoreopportunitiesforbusiness，tourismandsoon，nottomentionthebettercommunicationamongthosecountnesForChina，suchaprojectwouldnotonlyconnectitwiththerestofAsiaandbringso

13、memuch-neededresources，butwouldalsohelpdevelopChinasfarwestWeforeseethatinthecomingdecades，millionsofpeoplewillmigratetothewesternregions，wherethelandisemptyandresourcesunusedWithhigh-speedtrains，peoplewillsetupfactoriesandbusinesscentersinthewestonceandfora11Andthey11tradewithCentralAsianandEastern

14、Europeancountries67Chinasnewhigh-speedrailwayplanwillbeawin-winprojectbecauseAChinawillgetmuch-neededresourcesanddevelopitswesternregionsBChinaandthecountriesinvolvedwillbenefitfromtheprojectinvariouswaysCChinawilldevelopitsrailwaysystemandcommunicationwithothercountriesDtheforeigncountriesinvolvedw

15、illdeveloptheirrailwaytransportation，businessandtourism68Accordingtothepassage，thegreatestchallengetothenewhigh-speedrailwayplanisAtechnicalissuesBsafetyofthesystemCfinancialproblemsDmaintenanceofrailwaytracks69WhichofthefollowingwordsbestdescribestheauthorsattitudetowardsChinashigh-speedrailwayplan

16、?ACriticalBReservedCDoubtfulD.Positive70Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?ANewRailwayStandardsBBigRailwayDreamsCHighspeedBulletTrainsDInternationalRailwayNetwork(2010全国卷阅读理解C)AlongtheriverbanksoftheAmazonandtheOrinocotherelivesabirdthatswimsbeforeitcanfly,flieslikeafatchicken,eatsg

17、reenleaves,hasthestomachofacowandhasclaws(爪)onitswingswhenyoung.Theybuildtheirhomesabout4.6mabovetheriver,animportantfeature(特征)forthesafetyoftheyoung.Itiscalledthehoatzin.Inappearance，thebirdsofbothsexeslookverymuchalikewithbrownonthebackandcreamandredontheunderside.Theheadissmall,withalargesetoffe

18、athersonthetop,brightredeyes,andblueskin.Itsnearestrelativesarethecommonbirds,cuckoos.Itsmoststrikingfeature,though,isonlyfoundintheyoung.Babyhoatzinshaveaclawontheleadingedgeofeachwingandanotherattheendofeachwingtip.Usingthesefourclaws,togetherwiththebeak(喙),theycanclimbaboutinthebushes,lookingvery

19、muchlikeprimitivebirdsmusthavedone.Whentheyounghoatzinshavelearnedtofly,theylosetheirclaws.DuringthedriermonthsbetweenDecemberandMarchhoatzinsflyabouttheforestingroupsof20to30birds,butinApril,whentherainyseasonbegins,theycollecttogetherinsmallerlivingunitsoftwotosevenbirdsforproducingpurposes.63What

20、isthetextmainlyabout?AHoatzinsindryandrainyseasons.BTherelativesandenemiesofhoatzins.CPrimitivebirdsandhoatzinsoftheAmazon.DTheappearanceandlivinghabitsofhoatzins.64YounghoatzinsaredifferentfromtheirparentsinthatAtheylooklikeyoungcuckoosBtheyhaveclawsonthewingsCtheyeatalotlikeacowDtheyliveonriverban

21、ks65Whatcanweinferaboutprimitivebirdsfromthetext?ATheyhadclawstohelpthemclimb.BTheycouldflylongdistances.CTheyhadfourwingslikehoatzins.DTheyhadaheadwithlongfeathersonthetop.66Whydohoatzinscollecttogetherinsmallergroupswhentherainyseasoncomes?ATofindmorefood.BToprotectthemselvesbetter.CTokeepthemselv

22、eswarm.DToproducetheiryoung.(2010湖南阅读理解C)PeoplefromEastAsiatendtohavemoredifficultythanthosefromEuropeindistinguishingfacialexpressionsandanewreportpublishedonlineinCurrentBiologyexplainswhy.RachaelJack,UniversityofGlasgowresearcher,saidthatratherthanscanningevenly(均匀的)acrossafaceasWesternersdo,East

23、ernersfixtheirattentionontheeyes.WeshowthatEasternersandWesternerslookatdifferentfacefeaturestoreadfacialexpressions,Jacksaid.Westernerslookattheeyesandthemouthinequalmeasure,whereasEasternersfavortheeyesandneglect(忽略)themouth.AccordingtoJackandhercolleagues,thediscoveryshowsthathumancommunicationof

24、emotionismorecomplexthanpreviouslybelieved.Asaresult,facialexpressionsthathadbeenconsidereduniversallyrecognizablecannotbeusedtoreliablyconveyemotionincross-culturalsituations.Theresearchersstudiedculturaldifferencesintherecognitionoffacialexpressionsbyrecordingtheeyemovementsof13WesternCaucasianand

25、13EastAsianpeoplewhiletheyobservedpicturesof.expressivefacesandputthemintocategories:happy,sad,surprised,fearful,disgusted,angry,orneutral.Theycomparedhowaccuratelyparticipantsreadthosefacialexpressionsusingtheirparticulareyemovementstrategies.ItturnedoutthatEasternersfocusedmuchgreaterattentiononth

26、eeyesandmadesignificantlymoreerrorsthandidWesterners.Theculturaldifferenceineyemovementsthattheyshowisprobablyareflectionofculturaldifferenceinfacialexpressions,Jacksaid.OurdatasuggestthatwhereasWesternersusethewholefacetoconveyemotion,Easternersusetheeyesmoreandmouthless.Inshort,thedatashowthatfaci

27、alexpressionsarenotuniversalsignalsofhumanemotion.Fromhereon,examininghowculturalfactorshavediversifiedthesebasicsocialskillswillhelpourunderstandingofhumanemotion.Otherwise,whenitcomestocommunicatingemotionsacrosscultures,EasternersandWesternerswillfindthemselveslostintranslation.66.Thediscoverysho

28、wsthatWesterners.A.payequalattentiontotheeyesandthemouthB.considerfacialexpressionsuniversallyreliableC.observetheeyesandthemouthindifferentwaysD.havemoredifficultyinrecognizingfacialexpressions67.Whatwerethepeopleaskedtodointhestudy?A.Tomakeafaceateachother.B.Togettheirfacesimpressive.C.Toclassifys

29、omefacepictures.D.Toobservetheresearchersfaces.68.WhatdoestheunderlinedwordtheyinParagraph6referto?A.Theparticipantsinthestudy.B.Theresearchersofthestudy.C.Theerrorsmadeduringthestudy.D.Thedatacollectedfromthestudy.69.IncomparisonwithWesterners,Easternersarelikelyto.A.dotranslationmoresuccessfullyB.

30、studythemouthmorefrequentlyC.examinetheeyesmoreattentivelyD.readfacialexpressionsmorecorrectly70.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheEyeastheWindowtotheSoulB.CulturalDifferencesinReadingEmotionsC.EffectiveMethodstoDevelopSocialSkillsD.HowtoIncreaseCross-culturalUnderstanding(2010江西阅读理解D)Modernin

31、ventionshavespeededuppeopleslovesamazingly.Motor-carscoverahundredmilesinlittlemorethananhour,aircraftcrosstheworldinsideaday,whilecomputersoperateatlightningspeed.Indeed,thisloveofspeedseemsnever-ending.Everyyearmotor-carsareproduced(whichgoevenfasterandeachnewcomputerboats吹嘘)ofsavingprecioussecond

32、sinhandlingtasks.Allthissavestime,butataprice.Whenweloseorgainhalfadayinspeedingacrosstheworldinanairplane,ourbodiestellusso.Wegettheuncomfortablefeelingknownasjet-lag;ourbodiesfeelthattheyhavebeenleftbehindonanothertimezone.Again,spendingtoolongatcomputersresultsinpainfulwristsandfingers.Mobilephon

33、esalsohavetheirdangers,accordingtosomescientist;toomuchusemaytransmitharmfulradiationintoourbrains,aconsequencewedonotliketothinkabout.However,whatdowedowiththetimewehavesaved?Certainlynotrelax,orsoitseems.Wearesoaccustomedconstantactivitythatwefinditdifficulttositanddonothingorevenjustonethingatati

34、me.Perhapsthedaysarelonggonewhenwemightlistenquietlytoastoryontheradio,lettingimaginationtakeusintoanotherworld.Therewasatimewhensomepeopleslivesweredevotedsimplytothecultivationofthelandorthecareofcattle.Nomulti-taskingthere;theirliveswentonatamuchgentlerpace,andinafamiliarpattern.Thereismuchthatwe

35、mightenvyaboutawayoflifelikethis.Yetbeforewedoso,wemustthinkofthehardtasksourancestorfaced:theyfarmedwithbarehands,oftenlivedclosetohunger,andhadtofashiontoolsfromwoodandstone.Modernmachineryhasfreedpeoplefromthatprimitiveexistence.68.Thenewproductsbecomemoreandmoretime-savingbecause.A.ourloveofspee

36、dseemsnever-endingB.timeislimited.C.thepricesareincreasinglyhigh.D.themanufacturesboastalot.69.Whatdoes“thedays”inParagraph3referto?A.ImaginarylifeB.Simplelifeinthepast.C.TimesofinventionsD.Timeforconstantactivity.70.Whatistheauthorsattitudetowardsthemoderntechnology?A.CriticalB.Objective.C.Optimist

37、ic.D.Negative.71.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?A.Thepresentandpasttimes.B.Machineryandhumanbeings.C.Imaginationsandinventions.D.Moderntechnologyanditsinfluence.(2010辽宁阅读理解C)ToomuchTV-watchingcanharmchildrensabilitytolearnandevenreducetheirchancesofgettingacollegedegree,newstudiessuggestinthelatest

38、efforttoexaminetheeffectsoftelevisiononchildren.Oneofthestudieslookedatnearly400northernCaliforniathird-graders.ThosewithTVsintheirbedroomsscoredabouteightpointsloweronmathandlanguageartsteststhanchildrenwithoutbedroomTVs.Asecondstudy,lookingatnearly1000grown-upsinNewZealand,foundlowereducationlevel

39、samong26-yearoldswhohadwatchedlotsofTVduringchildhood.ButtheresultsdontprovethatTVisthecauseand(dontrideoutthatalreadypoorlymotivatedyoungsters年轻人）maywatchlotsofTV.TheirstudymeasuredtheTVhabitsof26-year-oldsbetweenages5and15.ThesewithcollegedegreeshadwatchanaverageoflessthantwohoursofTVperweeknightd

40、uringchildhood,comparedwithanaverageofmorethan21/2hoursforthosewhohadnoeducationbeyondhighschool.IntheCaliforniastudy,childrenwithTVsintheirroomsbutnocomputerathomescoredthelowestwhilethosewithnobedroomTVbutwhohadhomecomputersscoredthehighest.WhilethisstudydoesnotprovethatbedroomTVsetscausedthelower

41、scores,itaddstoaccumulatingfindingsthatchildrenshouldnthaveTVsintheirbedrooms64.AccordingtotheCaliforniastudy,thelow-scoringgroupmight_.A.havewatchedalotofTVB.notbeinterestedtedinmathC.beunabletogotocollegeD.havehadcomputersintheirbedrooms65.WhatistheresearchersunderstandingoftheNewZealandstudyresul

42、ts?A.Poorlymotivated26-year-oldswatchmoreTV.B.HabitsofTVwatchingreducelearninginterest.C.TVwatchingleadstolowereducationlevelsofthe15-year-olds.D.TheconnectionbetweenTVandeducationlevelsisdifficulttoexplain66.Whatcanwelearnfromthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Moretimeshouldbespentoncomputers.B.Childrenshouldb

43、eforbiddenfromwatchingTV.C.IVsetsshouldntbeallowedinchildrensbedrooms,D.Furtherstudiesonhigh-achievingstudentsshouldbedone67.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthistext?A.ComputersorTelevisionB.EffectsofTelevisiononChildrenC.StudiesonTVandCollegeEducationD.TelevisionandChildrensLearningHabits(2010山东阅读理解D)Bat

44、teriescanpoweranythingfromsmallsensorstolargesystems.Whilescientistsarefindingwaystomakethemsmallerbutevenmorepowerful,problemscanarisewhenthesebatteriesaremuchlargerandheavierthanthedevicesthemselves.UniversityofMissouri(MU)researchersaredevelopinganuclearenergysourcethatissmaller,lighterandmoreeff

45、icient.“Toprovideenoughpower,weneedcertainmethodswithhighenergydensity(密度)”，saidJaeKwon,assistantprofessorofelectricalandcomputerengineeringatMU.“Theradioisotope(放射性同位素)batterycanprovidepowerdensitythatismuchhigherthanchemicalbatteries.”Kwonandhisresearchteamhavebeenworkingonbuildingasmallnuclearbat

46、tery,presentlythesizeandthicknessofapenny,intendedtopowervariousmicro/nanoelectromechanrealsystems(M/NEMS).Althoughnuclearbatteriescancauseconcerns,Kwonsaidtheyaresafe.“Peoplehearthewordnuclearandthinkofsomethingverydangerous,”hesaid,“However,nuclearpowersourceshavealreadybeensafelypoweringavarietyo

47、fdevices,suchaspace-makers,spacesatellitesandunderwatersystems.”Hisnewideaisnotonlyinthebatteryssize,butalsoinitssemiconductor(半导体).Kwonsbatteryusesaliquidsemiconductorratherthanasolidsemiconductor.“Thekeypartofusingaradioactivebatteryisthatwhenyouharvesttheenergy,partoftheradiationenergycandamageth

48、elatticestructure(晶体结构)ofthesolidsemiconductor,”Kwonsaid,“Byusingaliquidsemiconductor,webelievewecanminimizethatproblem.”TogetherwithJ.DavidRobertson,chemistryprofessorandassociatedirectoroftheMUResearchReactor,Kwonisworkingtobuildandtestthebattery.Inthefuture,theyhopetoincreasethebatteryspower,shri

49、nkitssizeandtrywithvariousothermaterials.Kwonsaidthatbatterycouldbethinnerthanthethicknessofhumanhair.71.WhichofthefollowingistrueofJaeKwon?A.HeteacheschemistryatMU.B.Hedevelopedachemicalbattery.C.Heisworkingonanuclearenergysource.D.Hemadeabreakthroughincomputerengineering.72.JaeKwongaveexamplesinPa

50、ragraph4_.A.toshowchemicalbatteriesarewidelyapplied.B.tointroducenuclearbatteriescanbesafelyused.C.todescribeanuclear-poweredsystem.D.tointroducevariousenergysources.73.Liquidsemiconductorisusedto_.A.getridoftheradioactivewasteB.testthepowerofnuclearbatteries.C.decreasethesizeofnuclearbatteriesD.red

51、ucethedamagetolatticestructure.74.AccordingtoJaeKwon,hisnuclearbattery_.A.usesasolidsemiconductorB.willsoonreplacethepresentones.C.couldbeextremelythinD.haspassedthefinaltest.75.Thetextismostprobablya_.A.sciencenewsreportB.bookreviewC.newspaperadD.sciencefictionstory(2010上海阅读理解C)The2012LondonOlympic

52、shadenoughproblemstoworryabout.Butonemorehasjustbeenadded-acommunicationsblackoutcausedbysolarstorms.AfteraperiodofcalmwithintheSun,scientistshavedetectedthesignsofafleshcycleofsunspotsthatcouldpeakin2012,justintimeforthearrivaloftheOlympictorchinLondon.Nowscientistsbelievethatthispeakcouldresultinv

53、astsolarexplosionsthatcouldthrowbillionsoftonsofchargedmattertowardstheEarth,causingstrongsolarstormsthatcouldjamthetelecommunicationssatellitesandinteractlinkssendingfiveOlympicbroadcastfromLondon.TheSunsactivityhasastronginfluenceontheEarth.TheOlympicscouldbeinthemiddleofthenextsolarmaximumwhichco

54、uldaffectthefunctionsofcommunicationssatellites,saidProfessorRichardHarrison,headofspacephysicsattheRutherfordAppletonLaboratoryinOxfordshire.Atthepeakofthecycle,violentoutburstscalledcoronalmassejections(日冕物质抛射)occurintheSunsatmosphere,throwingoutgreatquantitiesofelectrically-chargedmatter.Acoronal

55、massejectioncancarryabilliontonsofsolarmaterialintospaceatoveramillionkilometresperhour.Sucheventscanexposeastronautstoadeadlyamount,candisablesatellites,causepowerfailuresonEarthanddisturbcommunications,ProfessorHarrisonadded.Theriskisgreatestduringasolarmaximumwhenthereisthegreatestnumberofsunspot

56、s.NextweekinAmerica,NASAisscheduledtolaunchasatelliteformonitoringsolaractivitycalledtheSolarDynamicsObservatory(SDO),whichwilltakeimagesoftheSunthatare10timesclearerthanthemostadvancedtelevisionsavailable.TheRutherfordAppletonLaboratoryhelpedtomakethehigh-techcamerasthatwillcaptureimagesofthesolarf

57、lares(太阳耀斑)andexplosionsastheyoccur.ProfessorRichardHoldaway,thelabsdirector,saidthattheSDOshouldbeabletoprovideearlywarningofasolarflareorexplosionbigenoughtoaffectsatellitecommunicationsonEarthIfwehaveadvancewarning,wellbeabletoreducethedamage.Whatyoudontwantisthingsswitchingoffforaweekwithnoideao

58、fwhatscausedtheproblem,hesaid.72.Thephrasecommunicationsblackoutinparagraph1mostprobablyreferstoduringthe2012Olympics.A.theextinguishingoftheOlympictorchB.thecollapseofbroadcastingsystemsC.thetransportationbreakdowninLondonD.thedestructionofweathersatellites73.Whatcanbeinferredaboutthesolaractivityd

59、escribedinthepassage?A.ThemostfatalmatterfromthecoronafallsontoEarth.B.Thesolarstormpeakoccursinthemiddleofeachcycle.C.IttakesseveralsecondsforthechargedmattertoreachEarth.D.Thenumberofsunspotsdeclinesaftercoronalmassejections.74.Accordingtothepassage,NASAwilllaunchasatelliteto_.A.takeimagesofthesol

60、arsystemB.provideearlywarningofthunderstormsC.keeptrackofsolaractivitiesD.improvethecommunicationsonEarth75.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.SolarStorms:AnInvisibleKillerB.SolarStorms:EarthEnvironmentinDangerC.SolarStorms:ThreateningtheHumanRaceD.SolarStorms:HumanActivitiestoBeTr