2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语模拟试题

1、2022 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语模拟试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its

2、legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the courts reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia，for example，appeared at political events. That kind of activity makesit less lik

3、ely that the courts decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least，the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question

4、of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics.They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ politicalsupport. Our legal system was d

5、esigned to set law apart from politics precisely becausethey are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social_15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political wis

6、hwichhy decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and， _20_， convincing as law.1. Aemp

7、hasizeBmaintainCmodifyDrecognize2. AwhenBlestCbeforeDunless3. ArestoredBweakenedCestablishedDeliminated4. AchallengedBcompromisedCsuspectedDaccepted5. AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfounded6. AresistantBsubjectCimmuneDprone7. AresortsBsticksCleadsDapplies8. AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle9. AlineBbarrierCsimilarit

8、yDconflict10. AbyBasCthroughDtowards11. AsoBsinceCprovidedDthough12. AserveBsatisfyCupsetDreplace13. AconfirmBexpressCcultivateDoffer14. AguardedBfollowedCstudiedDtied15. AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconventions16. AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrols17. AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDdistorted18. Asuppr

9、essBexploitCaddressDignore19. AaccessibleBamiableCagreeableDaccountable20. Abyall meansBat all costsCin a wordDas a resultSection IIReading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the followingfour texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

10、(40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractiveassistant forimaginingthat highfashiondoesnaftfect her, Priestlyexplains how the deep blue color of the assistantsweatser descended over the years from fashionshows to

11、 department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girldoubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnbetmore out of date or at oddswiththe feverish worlddescribed in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Clinethsree-year indictmentof“ fasftashionIn”t.he last decade or

12、 so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labelssuch as Zara,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit.These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see

13、 clothes as disposable mtoealnatst only a wash or two, although they don atdvertise that antod renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijackedfashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonalpace.The vict

14、ims of this revolution, of course, are not limited todesigners. For H&M to offer a$5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is t

15、he fashion world asnswer to consumer-activist bestsellers like MichaelPollanThesOmnivoreDislemma . “ Mass-producedclothing, like fast food, fillsa hunger andneed, yet is non-durable and wasteful,Clin”e argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billiongarments a year abou6t4 items per person anod

16、excess leads to waste.matter howmuch they give away, thisTowards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes baenadutifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her c

17、raft; her example can bte knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment includHin&gM, with its green Conscious Collection line Clinbeelieves lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common t

18、o many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can aftford not to.Priestly criticizes her assistant for herlack of imagination.poor bargaining skill.obsession with high fashion.insensitivity to fashion.

19、According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers tocombat unnecessary waste.shop for their garments more frequently.resist the influence of advertisements.shut out the feverish fashion world.The word “ indictment (Line ”3, Para.2) is closest in meaning toaccusation.enthusiasm.indifference.toler

20、ance.Which of the followingcan be inferred from the last paragraph?Vanity has more often been found in idealists.The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.Pricing is vital to environment-friendlypurchasing.People are more interested in unaffordable garments.What is the subject of the text?Sat

21、ire on an extravagant lifestyle.Challenge to a high-fashion myth.Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession-with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few p

22、laces where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law gr

23、aduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year un

24、dergraduate degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today asverage law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top ofundergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.Refor

25、ming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an undergraduate degree. Another is to let stu

26、dents sit for the bar after only two years of law school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so.Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.The other reason why costs are so

27、 high is the restrictive guild-likeownership structure of the business. Except in the Districtof Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators

28、insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.In fact,allowingnon-lawyers to own shares in law firms wouldreduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ pr

29、ofessionalmanagers to focus on improving firmsefficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia andBritain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.A lot of students take up law as their profession due to Athe growing demand from clients.the increasing pressu

30、re of inflation. Cthe prospect of working in big firms. Dthe attraction of financial rewards.Which of the followingadds to the costs of legal education in most American states?AHighertuition fees for undergraduate studies. BAdmissionsapproval from the bar association.Pursuing a bachelordegrsee in an

31、other major.Receivingtraining by professional associations.Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates fromAlawyersandclientsstrong resistance.Bthe rigid bodies governing the profession. Cthe stem exam for would-be lawyers.Dnon-professionalssharp criticism.The guild-likeownership structur

32、e is considered “ restrictive partly b”ecauseitbans outsiders involvement in the profession.keeps lawyers from holding law-firmshares. Caggravates the ethical situation in the trade. Dprevents lawyers from gaining due profits.In this text, the author mainly discussesAflawed ownership of America laws

33、firms and its causes. Bthe factors that help make a successful lawyer in America. Ca problem in America legsal profession and solutions to it.Dthe role of undergraduate studies in America legsal education.Text 3“ Thereis one and only one social responsibilityof business,wro”te MiltonFriedman, aNobel

34、 prize-winningeconomist, “ Thaits, to use its resources and engage in activities designed toincrease its profits.But”even ifyou accept Friedmanpresmise and regard corporate socialresponsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholdersmoney, things may not be absolutelyclear-cut. New research suggest

35、s that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways.

36、 First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “ signalthat”a companyprsoducts areof high quality. Second, customers may be willingto buy a companyprsoducts as an indirect wayto donate to the good causesit helps. And third, through a more diffuse “ haloeffect, good deeds earn it greater consideration

37、from consumers and others.whe”reby itsPrevious studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers ca n be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separatethem by looking at bribery prosecuti ons under AmericaFosreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that

38、 since prosecutors do no t consume a companyprsoducts as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the po

39、ssibility that it was firmposliticalinfluence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies That contributed more to politicalcampaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do

40、 seem to be influenced by a companyrescord in CSR. “ Westimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporategiving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishmentfor bribing foreign officialssays”o,ne

41、 researcher.Researcher admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businessesought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, ratherthan the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least theyhave demo

42、nstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.The author views Milton Friedmanuncertainty.skepticism.approval.tolerance.stastement about CSR withAccording to Paragraph 2,CSR helps a company byguarding it against malpracti

43、tecting it from being defamed.winning trust from consumers.raising the quality of its products.The expression “ morleenient ” (Para.4is) closest in meaning toless controversialmore lastingmore effectiveless severeWhen prosecutors evaluate acase, a companyCSsR recordcomes across as reliable ev

44、idencehas an impact on their decisionincreases the chance of being penalizedconstitutes part of the investigationWhich of the followingis true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?The necessaryamount of companies spending on it is unknown.Companies financial capacity for it has been overestimated

45、.Its negative effects on businessesare often overlooked.It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text 4of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobileIn a rare unanimous ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court has overturned the corruption conviction o

46、f a former Virginiagovernor, Robert McDonnell. But it did so while holding its nose at the ethicsfrom a company seeking accessto government.The high courtdescision said the judge in Mr. McDonnelltrasil failed to tell a jury that itmust lookonlyat his “ official acts,“ unsettledissues”related to his

47、duties.o”rthe formergovernordecsisions on “ specific and ”Merely helping a gift-givergain access to other officials,unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is “ distastefu

48、l and”“ nasty.But ”under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an “ officialact. ”The courtrusling is legallysound in defininga kind of favoritismthat is no

49、t criminal.Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fearof prosecution forbribery.“ Thebasic compact underlyingrepresentative government,wro”teChief Justice John Roberts for the court, “ assumetshat public officials will hear from their constituents

50、and act on their concerns. ”But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in arranging meetings simply because an individual or

51、 group provides a campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official meetings, rules on lobbying, and informationabout each elected leadersousrce of wealth.Favoritism in official access can fan public perce

52、ptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society thatallare equal intreatmentbygovernment is undermined.Good govern

53、ance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.The courtruslingis a step forwardin the struggleagainst both corruptionand official favoritism.The underlined sentence(Para.1)most probably shows that the courtmade no compromise in convicting McDonnell.avoided defining the exte

54、nt of McDonnelldutsies.was contemptuous of McDonnellrefused to comment on McDonnellconsduct. ethsics.According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it involvesconcrete returns for gift-givers.sizable gains in the form of gifts.leaking secrets intentionally.breaking contracts

55、officially.The courtrulisng is on the assumption that public officials areallowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.Well-enfo

56、rced laws in government transparency are needed toawaken the conscience of officials.allow for certain kinds of lobbying.guarantee fair play in officialaccess.inspire hopes in average people.The authorattitsude toward the courtrulisng issarcastic.tolerant.skeptical.supportive.Part B Directions:The f

57、ollowing paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10

58、points)In December of 1869, Congress appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin o

59、f the Treasury Building to be erected on the other side of the White House, the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected, and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.Completed in 1875, the State Departmentsoutsh wing was the f

60、irst to be occupied, withits elegant four-storylibrary (completed in 1876), DiplomaticReception Room, and Secretarys officedecorated withcarved wood,Orientalrugs, andstenciledwallpatterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stencilingand marquetry