实验室卫生安全手册

1、实验室卫生安全手册 Contents 内容 Page 页 1. 1。 Management and Inspection of Laboratory for Safety安全实验室的管理和检查 10 10 1.1 1.1 Organization and Responsibility组织和责任 10 10 1.1.1 1.1.1 Health and Safety Subcommittee健康和安全小组委员会 10 10 Terms of reference职权范围 10 10 1.1.2 1.1.2 Safety Team安全小组 10 10 Terms of reference职权范围 1

2、0 10 1.1.3 1.1.3 Responsibilit ies责任的IES 10 10 Managers经理 10 10 Supervisors at all levels各级监事 10 10 Individuals个人 10 10 Departmental Safety Officer部门安全主任 10 10 1.2 1.2 Procedures程序 11 11 1.2.1 1.2.1 Safety Training Programs安全培训计划 11 11 Orientation program迎新活动 11 11 Education activities教育活动 11 11 1.2

3、.2 1.2.2 Laboratory Self Audit / Inspection / Survey实验室自审计/检查/调查 12 12 1.3 1.3 Records记录 13 13 1.3.1 1.3.1 Health and Safety Subcommittee Minutes健康和安全的小组委员会会议纪要 13 13 1.3.2 1.3.2 Records of Health & Safety Training Records健康与安全培训记录记录 13 13 1.3.3 1.3.3 Laboratory Self Audit / Inspection / Survey Reco

4、rds实验室自审计/检查/检验记录 13 13 1.4 1.4 Risk Assessment风险评估 13 13 1.4.1 1.4.1 Housekeeping, Lighting, Photocopying家政，照明，复印 13 13 1.4.2 1.4.2 Manual Handling Operations体力处理操作 13 13 1.4.3 1.4.3 Ventilation通风 13 13 1.4.4 1.4.4 Office Workstation Design办公室工作间的设计 14 14 1.4.5 1.4.5 Use of Chemicals化学品的使用 14 14 1.

5、4.6 1.4.6 Working with Display Screen Equipment使用显示屏幕设备 14 14 1.4.7 1.4.7 Use of Other Hazardous Substances including Biohazards其他有害物质的使用，包括生物危害 14 14 1.5 1.5 Incident Reporting (Non-injury type)事故报告（非损伤型） 14 14 1.5.1 1.5.1 Type of Incident事件发生的类型 14 14 1.5.2 1.5.2 Procedures程序 14 14 1.6 1.6 Medical

6、 and Emergency Services医疗和紧急服务 14 14 1.6.1 1.6.1 Accidents事故 14 14 1.6.2 1.6.2 Immunization免疫 15 15 2. 2。 General Requirements for Personal and Laboratory Safety个人及实验室安全的一般要求 15 15 2.1 2.1 General Laboratory Conduct一般实验室行为 15 15 2.2 2.2 Hand Washing洗手 16 16 2.3 2.3 Eye and Face Protection眼睛和面部防护 17

7、17 2.4 2.4 Eye Wash 洗眼 17 17 2.5 2.5 Protective Clothing防护服装 17 17 2.6 2.6 Emergency Showers紧急骤雨 17 17 2.7 2.7 Respirators呼吸器 17 17 2.8 2.8 Working After Office Hour办公时间后工作 18 18 2.9 2.9 Mouth Pipetting口移液 18 18 2.10 2.10 Sharp Objects锋利的物体 18 18 2.11 2.11 Isolation Procedures隔离程序 18 18 2.12 2.12 Li

8、fting起重 18 18 2.13 2.13 Noise噪音 18 18 2.14 2.14 Open Flame明火 18 18 2.15 2.15 Experiment Running Unattended or Overnight实验运行无人参与或隔夜 19 19 2.16 2.16 Glassware玻璃器皿 19 19 2.17 2.17 Centrifuges离心机 19 19 2.18 2.18 Autoclaves高压灭菌器 20 20 2.19 2.19 Good Housekeeping “好管家 21 21 Page 页 3. 3。 First Aid Provisio

9、n第一个提供援助 21 21 3.1 3.1 Post Exposure Protocol for Needle pricks / Small Cuts邮政针头刺破/小伤口暴露议定书 22 22 3.2 3.2 First Aid for Chemical Burns / Poisoning化学烧伤/中毒的急救 22 22 3.3 3.3 First Aid Box Content急救箱内容 22 22 4. 4。 Bomb Threats炸弹威胁 22 22 5. 5。 Fire Prevention and Control火灾的预防和控制 22 22 5.1 5.1 Drills演习 22

10、 22 5.2 5.2 Evacuation Plan疏散计划 22 22 5.3 5.3 Extinguishers灭火器 23 23 5.3.1 5.3.1 Hose软管 23 23 5.3.2 5.3.2 Portable Extinguisher便携式灭火器 23 23 5.3.3 5.3.3 Sprinkler System自动喷水灭火系统 23 23 5.4 5.4 Fire Alarm System火灾报警系统 23 23 5.4.1 5.4.1 Fire Alarm火灾报警 23 23 5.4.2 5.4.2 Smoke Detector烟雾探测器 23 23 5.5 5.5

11、Fire Blankets灭火毯 23 23 5.6 5.6 Types of Fire火灾类型 24 24 6. 6。 Warning Signs and Labels警告标志和标签 24 24 6.1 6.1 Areas Covered领域涵盖 24 24 6.2 6.2 Types of Warning Signs and Labels警告标志和标签类型 24 24 7. 7。 Electrical Safety电气安全 27 27 7.1 7.1 Circuit Breaker Locations and Access断路器位置和访问 27 27 7.1.1 7.1.1 Connect

12、ion of equipment连接设备 27 27 7.1.2 7.1.2 Grounding接地 27 27 7.2 7.2 Installation of Equipment设备安装 27 27 7.3 7.3 Maintenance and Proper Use of Equipment设备的保养和正确使用 27 27 8. 8。 Compressed & Liquefied Gases / Natural & Town Gas压缩和液化气体/自然与城市煤气 28 28 8.1 8.1 Types of Compressed Gases in Use在使用压缩气体的种类 28 28 8

13、.2 8.2 Storage of Compressed & Liquefied Gases存储压缩和液化气体 28 28 8.3 8.3 Proper Use of Compressed & Liquefied Gases压缩和液化气的正确使用 28 28 8.4 8.4 Leakage Check of Compressed & Liquefied Gases压缩和液化气体泄漏检查 29 29 8.5 8.5 Natural & Town Gas天然煤气 29 29 9. 9。 Chemical Hazard Control化学品危害防制 29 29 9.1 9.1 Route of Ex

14、posure暴露途径 29 29 9.2 9.2 Chemical Classification化学品的分类 29 29 9.2.1 9.2.1 Carcinogens致癌物 30 30 9.2.2 9.2.2 Caustics or Corrosives苛性碱或腐蚀性 30 30 9.2.3 9.2.3 Explosives炸药 30 30 9.2.4 9.2.4 Flammables易燃物 30 30 9.3 9.3 Poisons毒药 30 30 9.4 9.4 Disposal处置 31 31 9.5 9.5 Labelling标签 31 31 9.6 9.6 Storage存储 32

15、 32 9.7 9.7 Special Handling for Specific Hazards特殊处理的具体危害 32 32 9.7.1 9.7.1 Incompatible chemicals不相容的化学品 33 33 9.7.2 9.7.2 Ether醚 34 34 9.8 9.8 Use of Fume Hood使用通风柜 34 34 9.9 9.9 Spill Control Procedures泄漏控制程序 34 34 10. 10。 Carcinogens致癌物 35 35 10.1 10.1 Proper Use and Storage正确使用和储存 35 35 10.2 1

16、0.2 Formaldehyde甲醛 36 36 10.3 10.3 Disposal Pretreatment处置预处理 36 36 10.3.1 10.3.1 Diaminobenzidine (DAB) Disposal二氨基联苯胺（DAB）的处置 37 37 11. 11。 Biological Hazard Control生物灾害防治 37 37 11.1 11.1 Route of Infection感染途径 37 37 11.1.1 11.1.1 Airborne空降 37 37 11.1.2 11.1.2 Ingestion摄取 37 37 11.1.3 11.1.3 Dire

17、ct Inoculation直接接种 37 37 11.1.4 11.1.4 Mucous Membrane Contact粘膜接触 37 37 Page 页 11.1.5 11.1.5 Arthropod Vectors节肢动物媒介 37 37 11.2 11.2 Classification分类 37 37 11.2.1 11.2.1 Etiological Agents病原 38 38 11.2.2 11.2.2 Oncogenic Viruses致癌病毒 38 38 11.2.3 11.2.3 Recombinant DNA Molecules重组DNA分子 38 38 11.3 11

18、.3 Handling of Biological Materials生物材料的处理 38 38 11.3.1 11.3.1 Use of Dump Waiter foe Specimen Transport使用转储的服务员敌人标本运输 38 38 11.3.2 11.3.2 Use of Biological Safety Cabinets (BSC)使用生物安全柜（BSC）的 38 38 11.3.3 11.3.3 Use of Pipettes and Pipetting Aids使用移液器和移液器艾滋病 39 39 11.3.4 11.3.4 Handling of High Risk

19、 Specimens - HighRisk标本的处理 40 40 11.4 11.4 Safety Management Modes of Contamination and Protection污染和保护的安全管理模式 41 41 11.5 11.5 Decontamination去污 42 42 11.5.1 11.5.1 Properties of Some Common Disinfectants一些常用消毒剂的属性 42 42 11.5.2 11.5.2 Precautions in Applying Disinfectant Methods消毒方法在应用时的注意事项 44 44 1

20、1.5.3 11.5.3 Decontamination of Equipment设备去污 45 45 Analyzer分析仪 45 45 Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC)生物安全柜（BSC） 45 45 Centrifuge离心分离 45 45 Freezing microtome冷冻切片机 45 45 12. 12。 Physical Hazard Control物理危害控制 47 47 12.1 12.1 Noise Control噪音管制 47 47 12.2 12.2 Radiation Safety辐射安全 47 47 12.2.1 12.2.1 La

21、sers激光器 48 48 FACSCalibur instrument FACSCalibur 仪器 48 48 12.2.2 12.2.2 Mercury Vapour Lamps汞蒸气灯 48 48 12.2.3 12.2.3 Microwave Ovens微波炉 48 48 12.2.4 12.2.4 Radiochemicals放射化学 50 50 12.2.5 12.2.5 Ultrasonic Baths超声波浴 50 50 12.2.6 12.2.6 UV Lamps紫外线灯 50 50 UV spectrophotometer紫外分光光度计 50 50 Fluorescent

22、 microscope荧光显微镜 50 50 12.3 12.3 Vacuum Equipment真空设备 51 51 12.4 12.4 Ventilation Systems通风系统 51 51 12.4.1 12.4.1 Temperature and Humidity温度和湿度 51 51 12.4.2 12.4.2 Protocol for Unpleasant Odour of Unknown Origin 来源不明的不愉快的气味议定书 51 51 12.5 12.5 Burns伯恩斯 52 52 13. 13。 Mechanical Hazard Control机械危害控制 52

23、 52 13.1 13.1 Aisle and Corridor Clearance过道和走廊特卖 52 52 13.2 13.2 Falls and Slips跌倒和简 52 52 13.3 13.3 Sharp Object Control尖锐的物体控制 52 52 13.3.1 13.3.1 Microtome/Glass knives切片机/玻璃刀 52 52 13.3.2 13.3.2 Scalpels, scalpel blades解剖刀，手术刀片 52 52 13.3.3 13.3.3 Knives, scissors, forceps刀，剪，钳 53 53 13.3.4 13.

24、3.4 Needles针 53 53 13.3.5 13.3.5 Glassware玻璃器皿 53 53 13.3.6 13.3.6 Broken glass cover slips / slides碎玻璃盖玻片/幻灯片 54 54 13.4 13.4 Storage存储 54 54 13.5 13.5 Water and Floods水和洪水 54 54 14. 14。 Reports of Accidents, Illness and Incidents事故，疾病和事故的报告 54 54 14.1 14.1 Workplace Violence Incident Reporting工作场所

25、暴力事件的报告 54 54 15. 15。 Waste Management废物管理 54 54 15.1 15.1 Municipal Waste城市生活垃圾 54 54 15.2 15.2 Biological Waste生物废物 54 54 15.3 15.3 Chemical Waste化学废物 54 54 15.4 15.4 Radioactive Waste放射性废物 54 54 15.5 15.5 Disposal of Glassware and Sharp Objects玻璃器皿和尖锐物体的处置 54 54 1. Management and Inspection of La

26、boratory for Safety 1。实验室的管理和安全检查 1.1 1.1 1.1.3 Responsibilities 1.1.3 职责 Managers 经理 To take measures necessary for the safety and health protection of staff, including the prevention of occupational risks. 要采取必要的措施，对工作人员的安全和健康保护，包括预防职业风险。 To identify safety training needs and provide the necessary

27、 training to staff. 要确定安全培训需求，并为员工提供必要的培训。 To review occupational safety and health in the department. 审查部门的职业安全和健康。 To carry out hazard evaluation, safety inspections on hazardous areas and develop a safe system of work. 开展对危险区域危险性评估，安全检查，并建立一个安全的工作系统。 To provide necessary organization and means. 提

28、供必要的组织和手段。 Supervisors at all levels 各级监事 To protect the health and safety of the staff under their supervision. 在其监督下，以保护员工的健康和安全。 To act as an example in safety awareness. 作为安全意识的一个例子。 To ensure all safety rules and guidelines are observed by everyone under their supervision. 为了确保所有安全规则和指导方针是每个人都在

29、其监督下观察。 Individuals 个人 To be alert to dangers, and protect themselves as well as others from injury & harm. 要警惕的危险，并保护本身以及为他人免受伤害及伤害。 To attend safety training. 参加安全培训。 To follow safety rules and regulations. 要遵守安全规章制度。 To make correct use of work equipment and personal protective equipment (PPE) an

30、d to have due regard to safety devices. 为了使工作设备和个人防护装备（PPE）的正确使用，并有充分考虑到安全装置。 To report unsafe acts and hazardous condition of any work situation that they consider to represent a serious and immediate danger to health & safety. 报告任何工作的情况，他们认为，代表健康与安全的严重和直接危险的不安全行为和危险情况。 Departmental Safety Officer

31、部门安全主任 To ensure workplace is safe and healthy with reference to statutory requirement. 为了确保工作场所的安全和健康的法定要求。 To ensure a safe system of work in the workplace. 为了确保在工作场所的安全工作体系。 To ensure safety and health is included in staff induction and orientation program for workplace. 为了保证安全和卫生，包括在工作场所的人员上岗和定位

32、方案。 To carry out regular OSH inspections of workplace & to report results of inspections, and to identify corrective actions that may be taken to eliminate any hazards. 开展工作场所的定期职业安全与卫生检查报告检查结果，并确定可以采取纠正措施，以消除任何危害。 To report and investigate near-miss incidents and accidents to determine cause and co

33、rrective action that may be required to prevent recurrence. 要似是而非事件和事故报告和调查，确定原因，并采取纠正措施，防止复发，可能需要。 To ensure all staff under his/her control are aware of emergency procedures, fire protection / fighting facilities and evacuation procedure. 所有工作人员，以确保在他/她的控制是知道的紧急应变程序，消防/消防设施和疏散程序。 To enforce wearin

34、g of all PPE and clothing, where required. 要执行所有个人防护装备和服装，在有需要时佩戴。 To identify staff s training need on OS&H and provide training for a safe method of work, and to keep staff training records on OS&H. 以确定员工的 OSH公司的培训需求，并提供一个安全的工作方法的培训，并保持工作人员的培训记录在OSH To ensure no staff is required to undertake a ta

35、sk without adequate safety instruction or training. 以确保没有人员须承担没有足够的安全指令或培训任务。 To keep adequate maintenance records on safety tests of equipment. 要保持足够的维修记录，对设备的安全测试。 To liaise with the hospital OSH 联络与医院的职业安全与卫生 S ubcommittee . 小号ubcommittee。 All staff working in or visiting the Department should re

36、ad the Handbook.所有工作或前往该署的工作人员应该阅读的手册。 Laboratory workers are constantly exposed to various hazards, viz:实验室工作人员经常暴露于各种危险，即： Biological 生物 Electrical 电动 Mechanical 机械 Environmental health 环境卫生 Chemical 化工 Fire 火 Radiation 辐射 In order to minimize the risk of accidents, certain safety precautions must

37、 be enforced.为了尽量减少事故的风险，必须实施一定的安全防范措施。 All members of the staff must observe these precautions.工作人员的所有成员都必须遵守这些注意事项。 It must be emphasized that those members of the staff who failed to take adequate precautions may endanger not only themselves, but others as well.必须强调员工的成员，他们没有采取足够的预防措施，不仅可能危及自己，但其

38、他人也。 This Handbook only serves as a general guideline.本手册仅作为一般的指引。 Readers should refer to the recent publications on laboratory safety from time to time.不时，读者应该是指对实验室安全的最新出版物。 1.2 Procedures 1.2手术方法 1.2.1 Safety Training Programs 1.2.1 安全培训计划 Orientation Program for New Employees 对新员工的迎新活动 Program

39、contents 节目内容 Structure of overall safety organization & where he / she fits into the group; 他/她的整体安全性的组织与结构符合入组; Responsibilities of the new staff member in his / her duties & assignments; 在他/她的职责和任务的新的工作人员的责任; Identification of the potential risks; and 识别潜在的风险; Methods of avoiding hazards in his /

40、 her work. 在他/她的工作，避免危害的方法。 Training techniques 培训技术 Formal instructor-student didactic instruction; and 正式的教员与学生的教学指令; Role model (training by process): Experienced personnel in laboratory techniques and hazards perform work as the new employee watches, and point out the procedures and hazards invo

41、lved. 角色模型（过程培训）：经验丰富的人员在实验室的技术和危害执行工作作为手表的新雇员，涉及的程序和危害点。 Trainers 教员 Supervisor / Laboratory i/c or deputy / Safety Team members; 校监/实验室 I / C 或副/安全小组成员; Experienced laboratory personnel; and 有经验的实验室人员; The Safety Officer will be responsible for briefing of the Safety Team members to enable them to

42、 conduct orientation program for new employees in their disciplines. 安全主任将负责安全小组成员，使他们能够在他们的学科的新员工进行定位方案的简报。 Training duration 训练时间 General Section of the Orientation Program to be conducted within the first two to three days of employment; and 总务组要两到三年的就业在第一天进行的迎新活动; Specialty Section of the Orient

43、ation Program to be conducted and followed up by the Safety Team member / supervisor / laboratory i/c . 专业组进行随访和安全小组成员/主管/实验室I / C的迎新活动 。 1.2.2 Laboratory Self Audit / Inspection / Survey 1.2.2实验室自审计/检查/调查 Compulsory laboratory self audit/inspection will be performed twice annually wef 1998 accordin

44、g to the time schedule of March and September. 义务教育实验室自审计/检查将每年进行两次世界经济论坛1998年3月和9月的时间表。 Self audit / inspection checklist for laboratory environments will be used for recording of the findings. 自审计/检验实验室环境中的清单，将用于记录结果。 Additional inspection / survey can be performed according to needs of individual

45、 discipline to ensure the provision of a safe environment for work . 额外的检查/调查，可以根据个别学科的需要，以确保提供一个安全的环境中工作。 1.3 Records 1.3记录 1.4 Risk Assessment 1.4风险评估 An assessment of risk is a careful examination of what, in the workplace, could cause harm to people, so as to weigh up whether enough precautions

46、have been taken. 风险评估是什么，在工作场所，可能造成伤害的人，以衡量是否已采取足够的预防措施，仔细检查。 The aim is to make sure that no one gets hurt or becomes ill. 其目的是确保没有人受伤或生病。 Five steps to risk assessment suggested in Look for the hazards; Decide who might be harmed; Evaluate the risks; Record your findings; and Review your assessmen

47、t , LD(OSH Branch) . 建议在Look的五个步骤，以风险评估的危害;决定谁可能受到损害;评估的风险;记录你的发现和审查你assessment，劳工处（职业安全与卫生科）。 1.4.1 Housekeeping / Lighting / Photocopying 1.4.1家政/照明/复印 Housekeeping: Good housekeeping means cleanliness and good order of equipment and facilities in a workplace. 家政服务： 良好的内务管理，是指在工作场所的设备和设施的清洁和良好的秩序。

48、 It needs planning and co-operation. 它需要的规划和合作。 Housekeeping is the first step towards good occupational hygiene practice. 管家是朝着良好的职业卫生实践的第一步。 Lighting: Lighting designs should combine natural and artificial lighting to provide uniform illumination over the entire workplace. 照明： 照明设计应结合自然和人工照明，在整个工作

49、场所提供均匀的照明。 In working environment relies very heavily on artificial lighting, the type of artificial lighting provided should be such that there is no risk of accident to all employees (too dim), nor should it be damaging to their eyesight such as causing glare (too bright) or visual fatigue. 在工作环境非

50、常依赖人工照明，提供人工照明的类型应该是这样的，有没有发生意外的危险，所有员工（太暗），也不应该是视力损害，如造成眩光（太亮）或视觉疲劳。 复印： 复印是在现代办公中不可缺少的工具，并能产生噪声，光，热，有害气体和蒸气。 Measures should be taken to reduce its impact on the office environment. 应采取措施，以减少其对办公环境的影响。 1.4.2 Manual handling Operations (MHO) 1.4.2体力处理操作（精神健康条例“） MHO means moving or supporting a loa

51、d like lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling and carrying load by a persons hands or arms or by some other form of bodily effort. 精神健康条例“是指移动或支持像解除负荷，降低，推，拉和执行负载由一个人的手或手臂或一些其他形式的身体努力。 Risk assessment is done annually and whenever there are changes in the workplace. 进行风险评估，每年只要有在工作场所的变化。 Assessment is

52、task oriented and supervisor is recommended to identify a list of usual manual handling task within the workplace for assessment . 评估是面向任务和主管建议，在工作场所评估，以确定一个平常的手工处理任务列表。 1.4.3 Ventilations 1.4.3通风 It is essential that adequate ventilation is provided to a workplace, esp. 它是必不可少的工作场所，ESP提供足够的通风。 in a

53、n enclosed building. 在一个封闭的建筑。 General ventilation is designed to provide fresh air for breathing by occupants, control of thermal conditions and keeping air free from contaminants. 一般通风设计提供新鲜空气，呼吸住户，热条件的控制，并保持空气污染物。 1.4.4 Office Workstation Design 1.4.4办公室工作站设计 . 。 1.4.5 Use of Chemicals 1.4.5使用的化学

54、品 . 。 1.4.6 Working with Display Screen Equipment 1.4.6与显示屏幕设备的工作 . 。 1.4.7 Use of Other Hazardous Substances including Biohazards 1.4.7使用的其它有害物质，包括生物危害 Risk Assessment on Hazardous Substances (Chemicals) is used for annual risk assessment . “有害物质的风险评估（化学品）”用于年度风险评估。 Risk Assessment for Work Involvi

55、ng Hazardous Substances (Biological Agents and/or Materials) is used for annual risk assessment “风险评估工作涉及有害物质（生物制剂和/或材料）的”用于年度风险评估 1.5 Incident Reporting (Non-injury Type) 1.5事故报告（非损伤型） Type of Incident 事件发生的类型 Fire, explosion, gas leakage, flooding, spillage of chemicals, spillage of biological spe

56、cimens or other laboratory incidents related to potential hazards. 火灾，爆炸，气体泄漏，水灾，化学品泄漏，溢出的生物标本或其他实验室相关的潜在危险事件。 1.5.2 Procedures 1.5.2程序 Incidents should be reported to the supervisor/workplace i/c immediately. 事件，应当报主管/ I / C /工作场所立即。 S upervisor/workplace i/c will decide whether evacuation is neces

57、sary and whether incident could be handled by well-trained staff. 小号upervisor / I / C 将决定是否撤离是必要的，是否可以通过训练有素的工作人员处理事件的 工作场所 。 Emergency procedures will be followed and external help will be sought if necessary. 将遵循紧急程序，如有必要将寻求外部的帮助。 I ncident should be reported by workplace i/c and the form complete

58、d to be returned to Safety Officer. 我ncident，应当报场所 I / C 和完成的形式返回到安全主任。 I ncidents will be reviewed in quarterly Health & Safety Subcommittee meeting. 我ncidents季度的健康 与 安全小组委员会会议将审查。 General Requirement for Personal and Laboratory Safety 为个人和实验室的安全通用要求 Each laboratory and mortuary should inaugurate a

59、 set of basic rules for the prevention of spreading of laboratory hazards to non-laboratory areas and each staff is aware of the hazards likely to be encountered in his/her particular field of work.每个实验室和太平间应开创了一套预防实验室危害蔓延到非实验室区域和每个工作人员的基本规则，知道是要在他/她的特定领域的工作可能遇到的危害。 It is essential that all new entr

60、ants are guided and encouraged to adopt safe working practices.引导和鼓励采取安全的工作实践至关重要的是，所有新加入者。 Individual discipline SMT, workplace i/c and senior staff should at all time set a good example to others and it is a function of the management to ensure that staff at all levels behave in a responsible mann