课件参考教案grammar writing and language

1、目第一主要观点目第一主要观点支持性细节中心图表课后练第二逻辑顺序过度，结尾以及信息观点的替换与介绍的表课后练第三文章准确文章简明文体与语句子的整合与文章的流课后练第四句型结构与改课后练第五代词的使限定词的使词性与语法的一致常错逻辑关课后练第六句尾标句中标系列信息与标无用标课后练第七议论型文信息型文叙事型文第八语法测第一主要观点支持性细节中第一主要观点支持性细节中心这类题目关注作者的目的。 一些题会要求考生将不符合文章大意的选项移除，另外一些更 的题目会给出一些细节看似相关，但是并 以立论，或者内容很有趣但是并让考生辨别非相关信息并删除。除了删除信息，同时也有添加或保留相关信息细节题和主要观点题

2、正相反，主要关注细节以及作者如何更有效的利用细节突出整ort文章整体的主旨句关注整个文章（thesis sements，问题(topic senten句也不一定绝对出现在段落句首。它的位置和用途也多种多样。当遇到议 时，也常 peop e vexyi uallythecaseY 是作者的观点，而X 则是作者尝试辩倒的观点这类问题并不总是用到“claim”或“topic sentence”这类的 ，此类题往往要求考生修改或添加内容到 的中心 或主旨句中，从而能够明确阐述作者的观点，当然，如果图表ive. . . Transpor ion planners perform critical wor

3、k with he broader图表ive. . . Transpor ion planners perform critical work with he broaderfield of urban and regional planning. As of 2010, there were approxima y 40,300 urban and regional planners employed in the United S es. The United S es Bureau of Labor S istics forecasts steady job growth his fie

4、ld,11 projecting t 16 percent of new jobs in all occupations will be related to urban and regional planning. Population growth andsustainability are expected to spur the need for transpor11.WhichchoicecompletesthesentenceccuratedatabasedontheNO warning,tjobgrowthinurbanandregionalplanningwillslow14

5、percent by t employment of urban and regional planners will increase 16 percent betn 2010 and 2020.t 14 to 18 percent of urban and regional planningremain unfilled.在语法类问题中的图表题和阅读中的并不一样。 在语法类问题中，图表题相较于阅读不是所有的题都是辨识并删除信息的课后练Inordertoprovideusefulinformationtoconsumers,DTCtestsneedtoccurateand6reliable.

6、However,untilernmentregulationDTCoodand e regulation ofDrugAdministration(FDA)thousandsoflaboratory-developedtests,includingmanyDTCThe7essential2006investigation,forbeed.Ina tsomeanonymousdonorsweregivenvastly课后练Inordertoprovideusefulinformationtoconsumers,DTCtestsneedtoccurateand6reliable.However,u

7、ntilernmentregulationDTCoodand e regulation ofDrugAdministration(FDA)thousandsoflaboratory-developedtests,includingmanyDTCThe7essential2006investigation,forbeed.Ina tsomeanonymousdonorsweregivenvastlydifferentresultsfromaoffourDTCtests.InadditiontoimprovingthevalidityofDTCernmentregulation ion of te

8、st results bywouldalsohelptopreventthepotentialmis consumers. Even wimeonesgenome,itsefactorsdermediate9theireffects.Thus, 8.Atthis ,the writerisconsidering addingthe followingOneindividual, whohadbeengivenapacemakerthirteenyearsrto correctanheartbeat,waseveninformedbyonethehad alow riskfor such解此题的

9、关键是读懂选项与图象所表述内容是否一致。(除非有特殊标明， 假设图项A不正确，因为图象显示所有行业“all occupations”的计划就业增长为14%。而原的是，在这类题型中， 不需要进行计算，只需要读懂图象所表述的信息。除了刚才的这种题型， 也会接触到其他类型，例如根据数据，将一般描述替换为更精确的描述。（例如：theres expected to be “a great dealofgrowth heemploymentofurbanandregionalplanners,” 而 则需要用更详细的数据进行替换predicting t employment of urban and re

10、gional planners will increase 16 percent bet n 2010 and 2020. ）7. At this , the writer wants to provide an additional le 7. At this , the writer wants to provide an additional le of how studying with In 1925, Hurston began her studies at Barnard College, 4where, under the ageofFranzBoas,the“Fatherof

11、ModernAnthropology”sheembraced the idea of cultural relativism, or studying a culture in isolation rathern in comparison to others. Her work reflected this 5exition, as she sought to capture what she termed the “natural” art of African Americans 6 through speech song and folklore. By adopting the ve

12、rnacular, for exle, Hurston t she could develop the authenticity of her characters and present the uniqueness of African American culture. 7Hurstonsrevolutionaryworkresultedinscathingcriticism,espelly from some of theellectual leaders of the Harlem Renaissance. Two of the movements 8rulers,authors L

13、angston Hughes and Richard Wright, saw Hurstons work as a harmful caricature of African American life and even accused Hurston of creating new stereotypest were no bettern theold. 9 While Hurston viewed her work as a tribute to a rich and sophisticated culture,herdetractorssawitasamockery,10andHurst

14、onswork,according to them, was l ooning African Americans he worst sible way.Truman would make as many as eight stops in a single day. He spoke to thousands of voters 7 of a time, but the nature of the stop allowed voters to glimpse a more imate view of the candidate. By coming to votershometowns an

15、d speaking directly to them, Truman presented himself as a “man of the people.”8Truman marketed himself as9attainablemaking himself available to discuss local political i es with the residents of the small towns he visited.8Which choice provides the best supporting details for the claim made in the

16、previous Hetoldjokes,spokewithoutflourish,androducedhisfamilytotheHeialtraincarandwasabletovisitmanyconstituentsHespoketothecitizensfromtheraisedplatformofhisexpansivetrainHeemphaticallyenumeratedthethisopponentwasnotthebestYes,becauseitprovidesadditionalsupportfortheopicoftheYes, because it provide

17、s an effective transition linking the topics of the second and third No,becauseitisinconsistentwiththeclaimhepreviousNo,becauseitblursthefocusoftheparagraphnirrelevantShouldthewritermakethisadditionLocated he n Ocean, off the Located he n Ocean, off the coast of southeastern Africa, Madagascar is th

18、e worlds fourth-largest island. Hosting an unusually large number of species in a relatively tiny area,1Madagascars biodiversity is its exceptional feature.Thisunusualvarietyismade sibleinpartbytheislandsgeographic features. Covering less n 0.5 percent of the worlds landmass, the island contains rai

19、nforests, mountains, and plains. 22. At this po, the author wants to add additional support for the paragraphs main po.Which choice bestplishes this goal?Up to 90 percent of the islands plant and animal species cannot be found anywhere else in the world.The temperature of then Ocean around Madagasca

20、r has been rising at the rate of one degree Celsius per year.BoasinfluencedHurstonswork.WhichchoiceplishesthisHurstons autobiography, Dust Tracks on a Road, was widely criticized due to its inconsistencies and inaccuracies whi ade it seem more like her works of fiction n a factual account of her lif

21、e.Hurston had an erest heater, for ex le, and even helped to establish a school of dramatic arts four years later at Bet e-Cookman College.Although Hurstons work was not initially well-received because she failed to take up the political rights of African Americans, it is now viewed as groundbreakin

22、g feminist literature because her characters challenge systemic misogyny.In addition, rather n dwelling on or overtly challenging the so l and economic oppres of certain communities, she used her anthropological training to explore how folklore could em er African Americans by legitimizing their loc

23、al cultures.9.Atthis,thewriterisconsideringaddingthefollowingYet, others praised her ability to seamlessly include idiomatic speech and lauded her efforts to capture “authentic” culture.ShouldthewritermakethisadditionYes, because it provides an exleofhowsomeagreedwithHurstonandviewedherwork as a cul

24、tural tribute.Yes, because itinformation to support the paragraphs claimt despite criticism, Hurstons work was revolutionary.No, because itinformation outside the paragraphs focus on the icritics had with her work.No,becauseitdoesnotexplainwhyHughesandWrightviewedHurstonsworkasamockery of African Am

25、erican culture.In 9the best translation of a poem is not sarily the tIn 9the best translation of a poem is not sarily the t most closely to the original ver .This is excellent news for avid readers: the majority, it would be im sible to learn all the original languages of great poeti erature.10But t

26、his apparent gapin11 knowledge, leaves spacefor a new phenomenon and a new creative entitythe translator.9.WhichchoicemosteffectivelyesthecentralclaimsupportedbytheNO 9. The writer is considering deleting the underlined sentence. Should the sentence be kept or Kept, because it provides a transition

27、betn the previousparagraph and the new topicof Kept, because itthe potMadagascarsbiodiversityextendsbeyondanimal species and includes plants, too.Deleted, because it provides a st contradicts informationpresented previously in the passage.Deleted,becauseitdistractsfromtheparagraphsmainideaofMadagasc

28、ars plants are just as diverse as its animals, with over 12,000 speciesofplantsontheisland foundnowhereelseonearth.Thetallestspecies ofpalmtreeonthe7island,Tahinaspectabilis,reachesheightsofover60feet. Botanists and island residents alike amed the plants were unusually tall specimens of anothpecies

29、until they were surprised by one trees sudden flowering. It produced a bizarre-looking shoott resembled a pine tree with each branch bearingdreds of bunches of tiny white flowers. To date, only about three dozen of these 8 durabletrees are known to exist9Thispalmtreewasamongthe600previouslyunknownsp

30、eciesdiscovered on Madagascar in just thedecade of the twenty-century. The habit these species call home, though, are under threat. Over 23 million people live on the island, and the human population is growing. Most people on the island make their living as 10 a farmer, and they have to cut down fo

31、rests to create fields for crops. Some scientists theorizet the larger forof climate change are having an effect, too. Temperatures are rising and rainfall patterns are changing. Speciesveadaptedtoveryspecific,smallrangesmaynow find them unsuitable habis. 11Madagascars climate makes it ideal for cof

32、fee production, and the island exports 25.5 million kilograms of coffee annually.All of the worlds lemur species are endemic to Madagascar, but 90 percent of them are forecasted to go extinct withhe next 50 years.By November, newsp rs and the Gallup poll were still predicting Dewey as the winner. Ho

33、wever, the suc s of Trumans-stop tours had helped toBy November, newsp rs and the Gallup poll were still predicting Dewey as the winner. However, the suc s of Trumans-stop tours had helped to close the gap.10When voters went to the polls, Truman won the11 election which is considered the greatest up

34、set in a US ial race,due to his 10. The writer wants to include accurate and relevant information from the graph to support the preceding sentence. Which choice bestplishes this goal?InOctober,TrumanwasstilltrailingTrumansufferedahepollsfromJanuarytoMarchofof then, Truman only lagged by five percent

35、he polls, a significant improvement from his 11 percent lagDeweyandTrumanspollnumbersbothfarsurpasseditissibletocreateayfaithfulliteralitismoreimportanttopreservetheliteralmeaningofanitseverytranslatorshouldtakeaholisticapproachtotheir第二逻辑顺序Logical过度第二逻辑顺序Logical过度，结尾以及信息观点的替换与介绍的表s,and介绍，结尾，过度在某种意义

36、上是整篇文章的粘合剂。他们帮助引导读者，提高读者，并展示作者的目的与主旨，投射信息并使其有意义的。 考生需要添加或修改段落或文章的开头或结尾，或根据句子或段落之间的逻辑修CHANGE例如bycontast”,“additionallyinspiteoftthus”另外，并不是所有的过度如果 想要描述一件事情， 需要按部就班的来进行描述，如果 想要展示一个择选项“whereitisnow”这和之前的“NOCHANGE”选项很类似。如果需要改变顺序，则选择正确的选项即可（例如：“before sentence 1,” “after sentence 3”）1 Certainly there are

37、 aspects of poetic com ition t can rarely be translated 1 Certainly there are aspects of poetic com ition t can rarely be translated with their original rhetorical3force, verbal puns, cultural idioms,and rhyme schemes are just a few ex les.2When these details are considered he context of an entire p

38、oem, a faithful translation seems even more im sible.3However, from Catulluss sapphic meter to Byrons heroic couplets, no method has even come close to capturing every aspect of the original Greek poem.4Some translators emphasize the sound of the original text, while others emphasize structure;4focu

39、sing on the literal meaning of the word is important to some translators, but to others its more important to read bet n the lines.5 However, regardless of the approach to translation, the preservation of one characteristic of a poem usually comes at the expense of several others. 56Sometranslatorsf

40、ocusonasinglecharacteristic,butthosewhotakeaholistic approachoftenproducemorereadabletranslations.Translatorsarenotinvisible and passive mediums through which poems pass during their transformations o other 7languages; rather, each translator is an active agent who enriches the text with his or her

41、own artistic choi. While the literal meaning is important, the work of translators is8chronicallycreative: given a poem, it is their job to find the wordst best represent the ideas contained within it, and these words may or may not be precise translations of the original. The sixth line in Sapphos

42、lyric could be rigidly translated “your laugh makes my 1In 1948, United Harry S. Truman faced reelection for second term, but the polls predicted he would lose. 2 SinceofWorld War II three years earr, the US economy had been unsteady.3Citizens had trouble finding and purchasing goods due to shortage

43、s.4Many people felt a fresh face on the political scenehis uncertaime would bee.5 As the n moved o high gear ay of 1948, Truman lagged 11 percent behind Dewey he polls.6Instead, the polls favored New York ernor Thomas E. Dewey, Trumans charismatic opponent and achange in an economically turbulent t-

44、war climate.7However, Truman would engage in a hard-fought, n t became assful-stop”paragraphmostlogical,sentence6shouldbewhereitisaftersentenceaftersentenceaftersentenceThe writer wants to conclude the passage win optimistic outlook on the problem raisedprevious sentence. Which choice bestplishes th

45、is goal?MadagascarshumanpopulationhasbeengrowingsteadilyatThe writer wants to conclude the passage win optimistic outlook on the problem raisedprevious sentence. Which choice bestplishes this goal?Madagascarshumanpopulationhasbeengrowingsteadilyattherateof2.8percentayear, whi eansforestwillcontinuet

46、obesacrificedtogrowbothsubsistencecropslikecassava and cash crops like coffee and vanilla.Madagascars gross domestic product, however, is closely linked to the pri of coffee on the commodities market, and thus should continue to increase over the next decade, providing its human population wi higher

47、 standard of living.9Thispalmtreewasamongthe600previouslyunknownspeciesdiscovered on Madagascar in just thedecade of the twenty-century. The habit these species call home, though, are under threat. Over 23 million people live on the island, and the human population is growing. Most people on the isl

48、and make their living as 10 a farmer, and they have to cut down forests to create fields for crops. Some scientists theorizet the larger forof climate change are having an effect, too. Temperatures are rising and rainfall patterns are changing. Speciesveadaptedtoveryspecific,smallrangesmaynow find t

49、hem unsuitable habis. 11flutter in my chest,” but Anne Carsons creative translation“puts the heart y chest on wings”draws on the metaphorical elements of the phrasetocreateaerful5.ThewriterwantstoaddthefollowingsentencetotheFor exle, Sapphos famous “Lyric 31” has been reproduced in many languages by

50、 many translators, from Catullus to Lord Byron.Thebestplacementforthesentencebeforesentenceaftersentenceaftersentenceaftersentence6.WhichchoicemostthetopicoftheNO Although we often comment on what is lost in the pros of translation, we rarely consider what is gained.Eventhemostgiftedtranslatorscanno

51、tcapturealltheoftheoriginalWhile poetry is a particularly difficult class of writing to translate, the imsibility of a y faithful translation extends to prose as well.The Ambassadors, a paing by 16th century Dh artisns HolbeYounger, is an impressive exle of Northern Renaissance portraiture. The ing

52、dcts two elegantly dressed men, 1 although their fine robes and jewelry indicating their wealnd worldliness. Below the two ambassadors looms a strange figure. Atglance, it appears to be an odd, abstract shslashing across the lower third of the canvas like a specter. When seen from anotherangle,howev

53、er,asurprisingimageappears:viewedfromtheThe Ambassadors, a paing by 16th century Dh artisns HolbeYounger, is an impressive exle of Northern Renaissance portraiture. The ing dcts two elegantly dressed men, 1 although their fine robes and jewelry indicating their wealnd worldliness. Below the two amba

54、ssadors looms a strange figure. Atglance, it appears to be an odd, abstract shslashing across the lower third of the canvas like a specter. When seen from anotherangle,however,asurprisingimageappears:viewedfromtherightside, the strange shis revealed to be a grinning skull.Usingravelinanwasafairlycom

55、mon hadbegun henineteenth2century.Thespecifictermstop” coined until Truman used it to describe his whirlwind tour.3Truman,delivered dredsofspeeches ownsacrosstheUnited S es from an open platform on the back of his train car. His arduous travels 4were covering 30,000andover200trainstops,starting he s

56、ummerof1948andending tfallbeforetheNovember2ndelection.He beganthetour ichigan,thenmovedontoIowa,Ohio,Missouri,Kansas, andColoradoasthesumm rogressed.InSeptember,heheadedwestto Nevada,Utah,California,andArizona.Atoneofhisstopsin5Arizona.An estimated20,000peoplewaitedtogreethimatthetrains ion.InOctob

57、er,he headed back east aga o Oklahoma, Illinois, Kentucky, West Virginia, and thousands of voters 7 of a time, but the nature of then allowed voters to glimpse a more imate view of the candidate. By coming to himselfavailabletodiscusslocalpoliticali eswiththeresidentsofthesmall townshe6.Whichchoicep

58、rovidesthemosteffectivetransitionfromthepreviousparagraphtothisTocoversomuchBecauseoftheionsofInspiteofhisattemptstocoveralargeInordertospeakoutagainsthisvotershometownsandspeakingdirectlytothem,Trumanpresentedhimselfas a “man of the people.” 8Truman marketed himself as 9attainablemaking6Trumanwould

59、makeasmanyaseightstopsinasingleday.HespokeMoreover, many of Madagascars unique creatures such as lemurs and chameleons are frequently captured and trafficked to other countries to be sold on the illegal market for exotic pets, further reducing populations he wild.Some encouraging studies, however, s

60、how t some of Madagascars unique species are alteringtheirbehaviorinresponsetotheirnewenvironments,andmaystillbeabletothriveheirchanginghabi Today, Hurston is often revered as a fiercely independent thinker who challenged many of the literary and so l norms of her day. Since Walkers rediscovery of H