高考英语语法非谓语动词讲解练习含答案

1、专股七非谓语加词动词不定式、现在分词、 动名词、过去分词总称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词的形式及句法功能如下:种类时态主动被动H语语补1 品语e 7语三 状语不定式一般式to doto be done/ ,/ ,/ /A/ V进行式to be doingx完成式to havedoneto havebeen done动名词一般式doingbeing done/ /A/X完成式having donehaving been done词现在一般式doingbeing done: /A/ V分过去完成式having donehaving been done一般式done(vi.)done(vt.)/A/ V

2、【注意】过去分词一般式 done(vi.)表示完成；过去分词一般式的被动形式done(vt.)表示被动与完成。考点精讲,nKAODIANjTNGJANG日噩非谓语动词作状语(一)不定式作状语不定式作状语时相当于一个状语从句，常用来作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。.不定式用来作目的状语。作目的状语时，不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语, 往往译作“为了；想要”。? To be a winner, you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家，你要付出所有并竭尽全力。.不定式用于 soas to, suchas to, enough

3、to, tooto, only to等结构中作结果状语。 ? Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle?你能好心把你的自行车借给我吗？He hurried to the booking office only to be told all the tickets had been sold out.他匆忙去了售票处，结果被告知所有的票都已经卖完了。【注意】“only + to do”表示出乎意料的结果，tell和主语he之间存在动宾关系，因而应用不定式的被动结构。而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。? His parents died

4、, leaving him an orphan.他的父母去世了，因此他成了孤儿。（二）过去分词作状语.过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，且含有完成之意。意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等。? Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.因为安迪在一部新电影中被分得一个重要角色，他得到了一个成名的机会。.某些动词的过去分词已经形容词化，且往往用于一些系表结构中。此时这些过去分词既不表示被动，也不表示完成，而表示一种状态，其前不用being

5、,常见的词有10st（迷路的），born in（出身于），seated（坐着），hidden（躲着），lost/absorbed in（沉溺于），devoted（专注的）, dressed in（穿着）,tired of（感到厌倦的）等。Lost in the mountains for a week, we were finally saved by the local police.在大山里迷失了一个星期，我们最终被当地警察所救。? Absorbed in his book, he didnt notice me enter the room.专心读书的他没注意到我进入了房间。（三）现在分

6、词作状语.现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系，且含有进行之意。 现在分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、结果、方式或伴随情况。? Being , ill, he couldnt go to school.（原因） 因为生病，他不能去上学。? My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing, the delay.（ 结果）我的车遇上了交通阻塞，所以延误了。? As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not moving, and asked myself what

7、 I was going to do.（伴随）当交通灯变绿时，我站了一会儿，一动不动，自问要做什么事。.现在分词有一般式、被动式、完成式和完成被动式四种形式，每一种形式的否定式 都是直接在前面加 not构成。一般式（doing）表示主动的一般性动作或者正在进行的动作；被动式（being done）表示正在进行的被动的动作；完成式（having done）表示发生在谓语动作之前的主动的动作；完成被动式（having been done）表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。? Not having received a reply, he decided to write again.因为没有得到

8、答复，所以他决定再写封信。? Having been scolded many times, he determined to study hard to catch up with others. i l - r 被多次批评之后，他决定努力学习以赶上其他人。.有些悬垂分词，如 generally speaking, taking everything into consideration, judging from/by等，无论主语是什么都用这种形式作状语。? Taking everything into consideration, we can do this task smoothly

9、.当我们把一切因素都考虑清楚后，就能顺利进行此项任务。? Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.从他说的话来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。.现在分词作状语和过去分词作状语的区别：现在分词表示主动或正在进行，过去分 词表示被动或完成。? Seen from the top of the hill, the park looks even more beautiful.从山顶上看，这个公园显得更加美丽。（see与主语the park之间存在动宾关系）? Seeing from the top of the hill, we find

10、the park even more beautiful.从山顶上看，我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。（see与主语we之间存在主谓关系）（四）独立主格结构作状语独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的成分构成逻辑 上的主谓或动宾关系。独立主格结构可置于主句前、主句后或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句 分开，在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。1.逻辑主语+名词/形容词/副t/介词短语/非谓语动词,不定式（表示动作未发生）现在分词形式（表示主动、进行）名词或代词+过去分词（表示被动、完成） 形容词/副

11、词/介词短语? So many children to support, they both have to work full time.有这么多孩子要养，他们俩不得不全日工作。? It being Sunday, I didnt need to get up early this morning, so I stayed in bed until 9 am.因为是周日，我不必早起，所以一直睡到早上九点。? Jim was listening attentively to the lecture, all his attention fixed upon it.吉姆专心致志地听着讲座，所有注

12、意力都集中在上面了。? There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。“ with/without +复合宾语”“with/without +宾语+宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状 语和原因状语。with +宾语+r doing （表示主动且进行或表示特征 done（表with +宾语+to do （表示将来）【介词短语/形容词/副词? I couldnt do my homework with all that noise going on.由于噪音不断我做不了作业。? The girl feels e

13、xcited with so many places of interest to visit.有这么多的名胜可以参观，女孩很兴奋。考点非谓语动词作定语考点非谓语动词作定语（一）不定式作定语.不定式作定语常表示将来的动作。? The question to be discussed at the meeting is very important.将在会议上讨论的那个问题非常重要。.不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者 不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后需要加相应的介词。? He has no pen to write with.他

14、没有钢笔写字。.不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或 no, all, any等限定的中心词，且与中心词之间 为逻辑上的主动关系。? He is always the first to arrive at the school and the last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校，最后一个离校。（二）分词作定语.及物动词的分词形式作定语作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、“ being +过去分词”、过去分词。当被 修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时，用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表正在进行时，用“ being +过去分词”；当被修饰的名词与分词之

15、间为被动关系且表完 成时，用过去分词。? The park was full of people, enjoying themselves in the sunshine.公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。（主动）? We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。（被动、正在进行）? The players selected from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game.人们期待着从全国各地

16、挑选出来的运动员能在今年夏季的赛事中给我们带来荣誉。（被动、完成）.不及物动词的分词形式作定语作定语的不及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示一个动作已完成，不表被动。falling leaves 正在下落的叶子（表正在进行）fallen leaves落叶（表完成）（三）动名词作定语动名词作定语常用来说明被修饰词的用途或目的。a walking stick 拐杖 a reading room 阅览室考点a非谓语动词中能作宾语的有动名词和不定式：.只能用不定式作宾语的动词下列动词只能用不定式作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装。主动

17、答应选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help。此外，afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。? My English teacher promised to lend some books to me.我的英语老师答应借给我一些书。.只能用动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语下列动词或动词短语只能用动名词

18、作宾语，请牢记下面的口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。consider, suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse/pardon, admit, delay/put off, fancy（ 想象， 设想）,avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice, deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate, forbid, imagine, risk, cant help（禁不住）,mind, allow/permit, escape 。此外，下列动词短语

19、也要用动名词作宾语：be used/accustomed to, lead to, devote to, goback to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand ( 无法忍受 ),give up, feel like, insist on, thankfor, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in), look forw

20、ard to 。? We only missed seeing each other by five minutes.我们只因差五分钟而未能见面。? My mother couldnt help smiling when she heard the good news.听到那好消息，我母亲情不自禁地笑起来。.既可以接不定式也可以接动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语卜列动词或动词短语既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别, 要特别注意:后接小定式后接动名词regret to do sth遗憾要去做某事regret doing sth后悔做过某事forget to do sth忘记要

21、去做某事forget doing sth忘记已做过某事remember to do sth记得要做某事remember doing sth记得做过某事mean to do sth打算做某事mean doing sth忌味着做某事try to do sth努力/企图做某事try doing sth试着做某事cant help (to) do sth不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth情小自禁地做某事? I meant to give you this book today, but I forgot.我本来打算今天给你这本书的，可是我忘了。? Missing this train

22、 means waiting for another hour.错过这辆火车意味着你得再等一小时。. want, require, need表示“需要”讲，后用不定式时，要用其被动形式；用动名词时,用其主动形式（表示被动意义）。? The patient required to be examined.=The patient required examining.这个病人需要被检查。非谓语动词作宾语补足语（一）不定式作宾语补足语有些动词及动词短语后接不定式作宾补，即“动词/动词短语+ sb+ to do sth”。常见的这类动词或动词短语有:advise建议allowadvise建议allo

23、w允许ask询问；要求beg 乞求 cause导致 encourage鼓励expect期望 forbid禁止 force强迫intend意欲 invite邀请 order订购persuade说服 prefer 喜爱 require 需要teach教remind提醒tell告诉want想要 warn警告wish想要wait for 等待 depend on 依靠 call on 号召； 要求? The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。? He depends on you to help him with his E

24、nglish.他指望你帮助他学英语。（二）分词作宾语补足语.现在分词作宾语补足语时，表主动、进行。? They use computers to keep the traffic running smoothly.他们使用电脑以使交通畅通无阻。.过去分词作宾语补足语时，表被动、完成。? He tried to get his work recognized in the medical circles.他试图使自己的工作在医学界得到认可。（三）非谓语动词作感官动词和使役动词的宾补.感官动词 see, watch, observe, hear, notice等的宾补有以下形式 （以see为例）：

25、see sb do sth看见某人做了某事? I saw him leave a few minutes ago.我看见他几分钟前离开了。see sb doing sth看见某人正在做某事? The suspect was seen entering the building.有人看见疑犯进入了大楼。see sb/sth done看见某人/某物被? Back from his two -year medical service in Africa, Dr Lee was very happy to see.his mother taken good care of at home.在非洲进行了

26、两年的医疗服务，李医生回来后十分高兴地看到母亲在家里得到了很好的照顾。.常见的使役动词有四个：have, make, let, get,表示“使，让”的含义。have/make/let sb do sth以及get sb to do sth表示“让/使某人做某事“，宾语与宾补之 间为逻辑上的主谓关系。? The teacher had/made/let some students stay in the classroom after school.=The teacher got some students to stay in the classroom after school.放学后老

27、师让一些学生待在教室里。【提示】make用于被动语态时，其后要用带to的不定式作主语补足语。? He was made to work day and night.他被迫日夜工作。have/get+ sb/sth+ doing sth让某人/某物一直做某事? He had the light burning all night, which made his parents very angry.他让灯亮了整晚，这使他父母很生气。【提示】have sb doing sth用于否定句中，常与 cant, wont等连用，表示“不能容忍某人做某事”。? I wont have you speaki

28、ng to your dad like that.我不容许你和你父亲那样讲话。have/get/make+宾语+ done让被；遭遇某事 (强调被动性动作)? Ill have/get/make my bike repaired tomorrow.我明天得(请人)修一下我的自行车。? He had his wallet stolen on his way home.在回家的路上，他的钱包被偷了。非谓语动词作主语、表语或其他成分非谓语动词作主语、表语或其他成分.非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和不定式(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性的动作，不定式作主语表示具体的、一 次性的或尚未做的动

29、作。? As we all know, going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.众所周知，早睡早起是一个好习惯。? To complete the program needs much effort.完成这项计划需要很大的努力。(2)it作形式主语，代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见句型有：It is/was no use/good+ doing sth ； It is/was not any use/good + doing sth; It is/was of little use/good + doing sth

30、; It is/was useless doing sth ； Its a waste of time doing sth 等。? As is known to us, its no use complaining without taking action.众所周知，只抱怨不采取行动没用。.非谓语动词作表语(1)非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。注意现在分词作表语意为“令人感到的，而过去分词作表语意为“本身感到的”。? The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night.这则消息令人激动，我们激动了整整

31、一晚上。(2)get, become, look, seem, appear等系动词后可跟过去分词作表语，表示被动或主语的状态。? This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that we shouldnt get discouraged right after i- - i- j- .-j-. -i i- -i- .failures.温斯顿丘吉尔的这句名言告诉我们，失败后我们绝不能气馁。.非谓语动词作其他成分固定句式do/have/其他动词+ sth+but (to)do sth”中的不定式用法。此结构要遵循“前 有实义动词do, but后

32、则无to,反之则有to”的原则。? She has no choice but to cry in face of the difficulty.面对困难她除了哭之外别无选择。专题也川箜I.生一ZHUANTIXUNLIAN 度方 .I .单句语法填空. The comments the expert made concerning stock market bothered Bill greatly, making (make) him sleepless all night.解析句意：专家关于股市的评论使比尔大为烦恼，让他整夜无眠。现在分词作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。Scientists

33、 have created the worlds smallest“snowman； measuring(measure) about afifth of the width of a human hair.解析句意：科学家建造了世界上最小的“雪人”，它的宽度大约是人类头发宽度的五分之一。现在分词作定语，相当于一个主动语态的定语从句，意即 which measures。According to a survey conducted(conduct) recently in Shanghai, the city is facing a workforce shortage of 150,000

34、personnel.解析 句意：根据最近在上海开展的一项调查可知，该城市正面临 15万劳动力的短缺。过去分词作定语，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句，意即 which was conducted. oAll along the way to the tourist destination, he would sometimes slow down the car to make(make) sure if we were going the right way.解析 句意：在前往旅游目的地的路上，他有时会减速以确保我们所走的路是否是正确的。不定式作目的状语。At the entrance of t

35、he hall hangs a picture of an elegant and graceful old woman, seated(seat) smiling at everyone passing her.解析 句意：大厅入口处挂着一幅画像，画中一位优雅高贵的老妇人坐在那里对每个经过她的人微笑着。seat用作动词时是及物动词，只可用过去分词形式， 表示“就座的状态Imported/Having been_imported (import) from other countries, sand painting is now being recognized in China for i

36、ts uniqueness and creativity.解析 句意：沙画从别的国家引入中国之后，因为它的独特性和创造性而逐渐被大家认 可。过去分词作状语，表示“被动、完成”。此处也可以用现在分词完成式的被动形式替换。Earth is believed to have been hit(hit) by an object in the distant past before its surface cooled.解析句意：人们认为地球在遥远的过去，在其表面冷却之前，曾经受到某物体的撞击。 hit这个动作发生在谓语is believed之前，因此应用不定式的完成式；因为是被撞击，应用 被动形式。

37、Do you expect there to be(be) a possibility that we shall be able to afford the furniture we need?解析句意：你觉得我们有可能买得起我们所需要的家具吗？expect后只可用不定式作宾语，不可用v. Tng形式，本句是there be句型的变体形式。China is known to have changedfchange) greatly in terms of its cultural values over the past few years.解析 句意：众所周知，中国在过去的几年里在文化价值

38、观方面发生了很大的变化。beknown to do sth为固定搭配，表示“众所周知做了某事。不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作(is known)之前。over the past few years强调现在相对于过去状态的转变。Great efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is_to_be(be) avoided.解析句意：如果要避免食物短缺的问题，必须做出巨大的努力来增加农业产量。“be+ to do”结构可用来表示 “想要做；根据计划安排做 ”；又因为是在if引导的

39、条 件状语从句里，故用一般现在时代替一般将来时。I am expecting to be informed (inform) of every interesting thing you have heard of. 解析 句意：我期待被告知任何你听到的有趣的事情。expect to do sth期待做某事；主语I和inform存在逻辑上的动宾关系，故此处用被动语态。If you are free, I would like you io_siay(stay) over the weekend with me.解析 句意：如果你有空，我想让你和我一起过周末。would like sb to d

40、o sth意为“想让某人做某事”。Keep your legs crossedcross) for five minutes to strengthen the muscle.解析 句意：保持双腿交叉五分钟来强化肌肉。cross ones legs交叉双腿，过去分词作宾补，表小状态。Young people may risk going(go) deaf if they are exposed to very loud music every day.解析 句意：年轻人如果每天接触高分贝的音乐，将面临失聪的风险。risk后跟动词时，只能跟v.Tng形式。risk doing sth冒险做某事。

41、I think it essential to reserve(reserve) air tickets; otherwise we might not be able to catch the plane.解析 句意：我认为有必要预订飞机票，否则我们可能赶不上那趟飞机。it在此处作形式宾语，不定式 to reserve air tickets为真正的宾语。The purpose of the meeting is to selecKselect) a new captain, since John retired last month.解析 句意：这次会议的目的是选举一位新队长，因为约翰上个

42、月退休了。不定式to selecta new captain在此处作表语强调将要发生的动作。Mary suggested giving(give) up the project due to the lack of money and time.解析 句意：由于缺乏资金和时间，王丽建议放弃这个项目。suggest后跟动词时，只能跟v. -ing形式。suggest doing sth建议做某事。The teacher said to me seriously: your assignment is to be handed(hand) in tomorrow.”解析 句意：老师严厉地对我说：“

43、你的作业明天一定要交。 be to do表示“计划、安排或命令；assignment与hand in存在逻辑上的动宾关系，故此处用被动语态。I really appreciate being given(give) this opportunity and I wont let you down.解析句意：我真的感激被给予了这次机会，我不会让你们失望的。appreciate后跟动词时，只能跟v. -ing形式。It is no use regretting (regret) the mistakes you have already made in the final exam.解析 句意：后

44、悔你在期末考试中所犯的错误是没有用的。It is no use doing sth做某事没有用，为固定搭配。He was the first guest to_arrive (arrive) at the meeting held in honor of the soldiers who sacrificed their lives for the peace of the world.解析句意：他是第一位出席这次会议的客人，这次会议是为了纪念那些为了世界和平 而牺牲自己生命的士兵们。当中心词为序数词，最高级，the last, the only等或中心词被这类词修饰时，应用不定式作定语。It

45、 is well acknowledged that Maria is a pleasant person to_work (work) with.解析句意：众所周知，与玛利亚共事很愉快。不定式作定语。My mother cant speak English, so it is hard to make herself understood (understand) in England.解析句意：我母亲不会说英语，所以在英格兰她很难被别人理解。understand与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。Having_struggled (struggle) with depr

46、ession, eating disorders and alcohol abuse for years, he now understands how important being healthy is.解析 句意：在与抑郁、饮食失调和酗酒斗争多年后，现在他明白了健康是多么的重要。struggle与主语he存在逻辑上的主谓关系。分词作状语时，如果句中有延续性的时间状语， 应用现在分词的完成式。The mother was happy to see that her child was old enough to dress(dress) himself now.解析 句意：这位母亲很高兴看

47、到自己的孩子现在已经长大，可以自己穿衣服了。adj.+ enough + to do意为“足够可以做”。It is selfish of him to do(do) nothing for the poor families headed by children.解析 句意：他很自私，没有给那些小孩当家的贫困家庭做任何事情。不定式作真正的 主语。Residents are advised not to put (put) their rubbish bags on the pavement outside their houses.解析句意：居民们被建议不要把垃圾袋扔在房子外面的人行道上。ad

48、vise sb to do sth中的不定式用作宾语补足语。The airport to be completed(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.解析句意：明年将完工的飞机场将会促进该地区的旅游业。airport与complete存在逻辑上的动宾关系，应用被动语态；此处不定式作后置定语表示动作将要发生，故使用不定式的被动形式。Greatlyencouraged(encourage), we made up our mind to carry on the hard work.解析 句意：因为受到极大的鼓励，

49、我们下定决心继续这项艰难的工作。encourage与主语we存在逻辑上的动宾关系，故此处用过去分词作原因状语。I happened to be watching (watch) TV when she called, and thats why I missed her call.解析 句意：当她打电话的时候，我恰巧正在看电视，这就是为什么我错过了她的电话。 happen to do sth碰巧做某事，为固定搭配。此处用不定式的进行时，表示当时正在发生的动 作。n .单句改错Knowing office rules whether being-written or not is importa

50、nt, especially for young job seekers.解析句意：了解办公室规则，不管写明与否，都是很重要的，特别是对于年轻的求职 者来说。whether是连词，其后可跟一个句子，也可跟一个省略句，whether written or not相当于 whether they are written or not 。Sounded reasonable, the idea he came up with to create a friendly environment attracted Soundingmuch public attention.解析 句意：他所提出的创造一个

51、友好环境的想法听起来合理，吸引了公众的注意。注意本句主语the idea后跟了两个定语:(which) he came up with , 意本句主语the idea后跟了两个定语:environment。句子的谓语是attractedo sound是连系动词，不可用于被动语态，同样不可用过去分词形式作状语。Im sorry, but I didnt see how we can get all this work you assigned doing by next doneTuesday.解析句意：对不起，但我没明白我们怎样可以在下周二前完成您布置的所有工作。getsth done中don

52、e是过去分词作宾语补足语，与宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。Smoking in the workplace is becoming less and less acceptable and that makes more people begin to consider quit the habit.解析 句意：在工作场所吸烟变得越来越不能被接受，这使得更多的人开始考虑改掉这 个习惯。动词consider意为考虑”时，其后跟v. Tng作宾语。The murderer ran away, trying to escape A caught by the police, but in vain.解

53、析 句意：凶手逃跑了，试图逃脱警察的抓捕，但这是徒劳的。动词escape后应跟v. Tng 形式作宾语，因为是被抓，故用被动形式。The King is said to have been encouraged by the spider woven its web in the cave weavingwhere he was hiding and defeated his enemy at last.解析 句意：据说国王是受到他所藏身的洞穴里一只织网的蜘蛛的鼓励，最终打败了他 的敌人。spider与weave是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作定语，相当于一个主动语态 的定语从句， 即 wh

54、ich was weaving. oA Made full preparations, Tony was quite confident about the coming interview.解析句意：因为作了充分的准备，托尼对即将到来的面试很有信心。主语Tony与make 是逻辑上的主谓关系，用现在分词作原因状语；因其发生在主句动作前，故用现在分词的完成式。With more and more tourists invading, lots of places of interest require to be repairing . repaired解析 句意：随着越来越多的游客涌入，很多

55、名胜古迹需要维修了。sth作主语时，requiredoing = require to be done 某物需要被 。A volunteer is a person willing to help others, one who offers to do something without A paid.being解析 句意：志愿者是一个愿意帮助别人、愿意主动做某事而不要报酬的人。介词with/without后直接跟v.Tng形式，而pay与主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用现在分词的被动式。Lost your temper with the client was a very expensive

56、mistake: we have lost thecontract which is very important to us.解析句意：对客户发脾气是一个代价很高的错误：我们失去了对我们非常重要的合同。句中was是谓语动词，其前应是动名词短语作主语；因为表达的是一件曾经发生的事，应 用动名词而不是动词不定式。She is said to A come home last week but her husband denied it.解析句意：据说她上周已经回家了，但她的丈夫否认了这一点。come动作发生在denied之前，故用不定式的完成式。The children pretended A

57、be reading aloud when the teacher came in.解析 句意：当老师进来时，孩子们正假装在大声读书。pretend to do sth假装做某事，为固定搭配。Know basic first -aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.解析句意：掌握基本的急救技能能帮助你快速应对紧急情况。动名词短语作主语，表 示“一般性动作”。With everything turning upside down, the room seems to have been broken into. t

58、urned解析句意：所有东西被翻得底朝天，房间看起来像被人破门而入过。everything与turn 是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词。She asked to be treating equally after finding out she was paid far less than her malecolleagues.解析 句意：她发现自己的薪水比男同事低得多后，要求得到同样的待遇。She与treat是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词。The custom of taking afternoon tea is believed to have A first introduced in

59、 Englandin 1840 by Anna, the Seventh Duchess of Bedford.解析句意：一般认为，英国下午茶的传统是于1840年由贝德福德公爵夫人安娜第一次引进的。sb/sth is believed to do sth某人/物被认为做某事，为固定搭配， introduce动作发生 在believe之前，且custom与introduce之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，故用其不定式的现在完成被动形式。We are talking about how to beovercome the present difficulties.解析 句意：我们在讨论怎样克服眼前的困难。we与overcome是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用不定式的主动形式。With lo