建筑英语第九讲

1、建筑英语主讲：杜鹃ARCHITECTURE ENGLISHArchitecture School of SIASUNIT SIXChinese ArchitectureThe architecture of China is as old as Chinese civilization. From every source of informationliterary, graphic, exemplarythere is strong evidence testifying to the fact that the Chinese have always enjoyed an indigen

2、ous system of construction that has retained its principal characteristics from prehistoric times to the present day. Over the vast area from Chinese Turkistan to Japan, from Manchuria to the northern half of French Indochina, the same system of construction is prevalent; and this was the area of Ch

3、inese cultural influence. That this system of construction could perpetuate itself for more than four thousand years over such a vast territory and still remain a living architecture, retaining its principal characteristics in spite of repeated foreign invasionsmilitary, intellectual, and spirituali

4、s a phenomenon comparable only to the continuity of the civilization of which it is an integral part.Liang, Ssu-cheng,1984On Chinese Architecture关于中国建筑课文翻译 Paragraph1Chinese architecture refers to a style of architecture that has taken shape in Asia over the centuries. The structural principles of C

5、hinese architecture have remained largely unchanged, the main changes being only the decorative details. Since the Tang Dynasty, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Korea, Japan and Vietnam.中式建筑是指一种在过去几个世纪于亚洲成型的建筑风格。中式建筑的结构原理也大致保持不变，主要变化仅在装饰细节方面。自唐代以来，中式建筑已经

6、对韩国，日本和越南等国的建筑风格产生重大影响。课文翻译 Paragraph2Chinese architecture enjoys a long history and great achievements, and has created many architectural miracles such as the Great Wall and the Forbidden City. In the process of its development, superior architectural techniques and artistic design were combined t

7、o make Chinese architecture a unique architectural system.中国建筑有着悠久的历史和伟大成就，创造了许多建筑奇迹，如长城和故宫。在其发展过程中，卓越的建筑技术和艺术设计相结合，使中国建筑形成独特的建筑体系。superior : adj. 上层的；上好的课文翻译 Paragraph3Basic IdeaChinese architecture is based on the principle of balance and symmetry. Office buildings, residences, temples, and palace

8、s all follow the principle that the main structure is the axis. The secondary structure are positioned as two wings on either side to form the main court and yard. The distribution of interior space reflects Chinese social and ethnical values. For example, a traditional residential building assigns

9、family members based on the familys hierarchy.基本理念中式建筑是基于平衡和对称的原则。行政建筑，民居，寺庙和宫殿都遵循主结构为轴线的原则。二级结构被定位为由两侧建筑围合形成的主要庭院。室内空间的分布反映了中国社会和民族的价值观。例如，传统居住建筑对家庭成员的空间分配是基于家族的等级的。hierarchy: n.等级制度课文翻译 Paragraph5-1Color Timber framework decides that color is the main ornament used on ancient Chinese architecture.

10、 In the beginning, paint was used on wood for antisepsis while later painting became an architectural ornament. In the feudal society, the use of color was restricted according to strict social status classification. 色彩木框架结构决定了颜色是中国古代建筑中使用的主要装饰品。最初，油漆被用于木材防腐，而后来，绘画成为建筑装饰。在封建社会中，色彩的使用按照严格的社会地位等级受到限制。

11、antisepsis : n.防腐法课文翻译 Paragraph5-2Since yellow was deemed the noblest color and green and red the second, they were often applied on palace painting . Usually, dragon or phoenix was painted on green background with mass gold powder or gold foil. The painting will give the structure a magnificent no

12、ble image under the background of white granite basement. It is unique that such sharp color can achieve artistic effects.由于黄色被视为最高贵的颜色，绿色和红色第二，他们常常应用于宫廷绘画。通常情况下，用大量金粉或金箔绘出的龙或凤被漆在绿色背景上。在白色花岗岩基座的映衬下，这些彩绘将为结构打造出宏伟高贵的形象。通过这样鲜明对比的颜色以实现独特的艺术效果。Deem: v.认为；视作 Granite ：n.花岗岩课文翻译 Paragraph6-1Roof Although th

13、e typical Chinese roof was probably developed in the Shang Dynasty (1523-1027 BC) or the Zhou Dynasty (1027-256 BC) ,its features were unknown to us until the Han Dynasty. Then it appeared in the form that we recognize today as a hallmark of Chinese architecturea graceful, overhanging roof, sometime

14、s in several tiers, with upturned eaves. 屋顶虽然典型的中国屋顶可能是在商朝（公元前1523年至1027年），或周朝（公元前1027-256）发展的，然而直到汉朝我们才知晓其具体特征。此后，它出现的形式就是我们今天所熟知的的中国建筑的标志性特征优美、悬屋顶、有时多层，还有飞檐。hallmark ： n. 标志；特征 tier ：n.排；行；层；等级课文翻译 Paragraph6-2The roof rests on a series of four-part brackets (known as toukong), which in turn are s

15、upported by other clusters of brackets set on columns. The tremendous weight could eventually be brought down via the brackets system to the columns. Decorative possibilities were soon realized in the colorful glazed tiling of roofs and the carving and painting of brackets, which became more and mor

16、e elaborate.屋顶搁在一系列由四部分组成的支架（称为斗拱），而后者又是通过固定在柱子上的其他簇支架来支撑。巨大的重量最终可以经由支架系统下传到柱子。人们很快就意识到这样的结构为装饰创造了可能性，于是出现了由色彩丰富的琉璃砖铺设的屋顶和精雕刻细绘的支架，而这些也变得越来越精细。Rest ：v. (使)倚靠； 基于； 搁置 Cluster：n.群；簇 Tiling： n.盖瓦；铺瓷砖 课文翻译 Paragraph7-1Roof is of great importance in Chinese architecture. It not only protects residents fr

17、om the elements, but also has a deeper meaning. It either displays the honor of the owner of the house with its out-reaching upturned eaves, or for example, in a Buddhist temple, helps ward off evil spirits. The arc at which the roof turns comes from the intricate fit of rafters. Almost every wealth

18、y home had elaborate roof on their house.屋顶在中国建筑中具有重要意义。它不仅可以保护居民免受恶劣天气的影响，而且还具有更深层次的意义。它或以其外展的飞檐展示了房屋主人的荣耀，或如在一个佛教寺庙以辟邪。屋角形成的弧线来自于椽的复杂配合。几乎每一个富有的家庭都有精心制作的自家屋顶。elements ：n. 恶劣天气 ward ： vt.守护；躲开 fit： n.配合，匹配 课文翻译 Paragraph7-2One perfect example of splendid roof would be found inside the wonderful pal

19、aces, the Forbidden City and the Ming Tombs. They all have roof tiles which are brilliant yellow, green and red. The ridges of each roof carry figurines of mythical creatures. The curve of each roof can be no more than a sweep and the most intricate designs on the roof are almost always pointing sou

20、theast.在壮丽的宫殿里，如故宫和明十三陵，很容易发现华丽屋顶的完美例子。他们都有亮黄色、绿色和红色的屋瓦。每个屋脊上都矗立着神话动物的雕像。每个屋顶的曲线可以仅仅是一段延伸的翘角，而屋顶上最复杂的设计几乎总是指向东南方。figurine ：n.小塑像 sweep： n.延伸的（常指弯的）路 河 岸等课文翻译 Paragraph 8-1Ground Plan of Building ComplexDuring the Han Dynasty a characteristic ground plan was developed; it remained relatively constant

21、 through the centuries, applied to palaces and temple buildings in both China and Japan. Surrounded by an exterior wall, the building complex was arranged along a central axis and was approached by an entrance gate and then a spirit gate. Behind them in sequence came a public hall and finally the pr

22、ivate quarters. 建筑群的平面图 汉代时期发明了一个典型的建筑群平面图;经历了几个世纪，它仍然没有相对的大变化，适用于中国和日本的各种宫殿和寺庙建筑。由外墙环绕的建筑群沿中轴线排列，先经城门后神门而入。在其后依次是议政宫，最后是私人住所。Quarter：n.住处; （尤指）营房课文翻译 Paragraph 8-2Each residential unit was built around a central court with a garden. Based on imperial zoos and parks, the private residential garden s

23、oon became a distinctive feature of the walled complex and an art form in itself. The garden was laid out in a definite scheme, with a rest area and pavilions, ponds, and semi-planned vegetation.每个住宅单元都是围绕一个带花园的中庭来建造。以皇家动物园和花园为基础，私人住宅的花园很快有了自己的特色被围墙圈起的建筑群，并且其本身也成为一种艺术形式。花园的布局依据一个明确的方案，常有休息区、凉亭、池塘和半规

24、划的植被。figurine ：n.小塑像 sweep： n.延伸的（常指弯的）路 河 岸等课文翻译 Paragraph 9Fengshui Fengshui is a special Chinese tradition in architecture, and usually links the whole process from site selection, designing, construction and interior and exterior decorating in ancient times. Feng stands for wind or air and shui

25、means water. Fengshui combines the trinity of the Heaven, the Earth and humans, and seeks harmony between selected site, orienting, natural doctrine and human fate. It repulses human destruction of nature and stresses cohabitation with the environment, which is regarded as perfect and occult. 风水风水是中

26、国建筑特有的传统，在古代常贯穿选址、设计、建造到室内外装饰的整个过程。风代表风或空气，水则是指水。风水结合了天，地和人，形成三位一体，并寻求选址、定向、自然学说和人类命运的和谐。它拒绝了人类对自然的破坏，强调了与环境共同生存，这被看作是完美和神秘的。cohabitation ：n.同居，共生 doctrine：n.学说；主义 occult： adj.不可思议的Major forms of Chinese Architecture中国建筑的主要形式课文翻译 Paragraph 1Chinese architecture is unique in the world of architectura

27、l styles. In terms of the form or formation and functions , it can be classified into six major types.中国建筑在世界建筑中具有独一无二的风格。就形式或形成和功能而言，它可以分为六种主要的类型。课文翻译 Paragraph 2Gong ( Palace )After the founding of the Qin Dynasty, gong came to mean a group of buildings in which the emperors lived and worked. At a

28、bout the same time, Chinese palaces grew ever larger in scale. The Efanggong of the First Emperor of Qin measured 2.5km from east to west and 1,000 paces from north to south. The Weiyanggong of the Western Han Dynasty had, within a periphery of 11kilometers, as many as 43 halls and terraces.宫秦朝建立后，宫

29、常指供帝王生活和工作的一组建筑。大约在同一时间，中国的宫殿规模越来越大。在秦始皇的阿房宫从东到西长2.5公里，从北至南有一千步长。西汉的未央宫周长11公里，有多达43个宫殿和露台。 Periphery ： n.周边；边缘；外围 paces： n.速度；步伐；(一)步课文翻译 Paragraph 2-2The Forbidden City of Beijing, which still stands intact and which served as the imperial palace for both Ming and Qing emperors covers an area of 72

30、0,000 square meters and embraces many halls, towers, pavilions and studies. It is one of the greatest palaces in the world. In short, the palace grew into a veritable city and is often called gongcheng (palace city). Apart from the palace, other grand buildings with similar scale and size are also c

31、alled gong either for secular or religious use.北京的故宫仍然屹立不变，作为曾经为明、清皇帝服务的皇家宫殿其占地面积72万平方米，包括许多厅堂、塔、亭阁和书房。它是世界上最大的宫殿之一。总之，宫演变成了一个名副其实的城市，通常被称为宫城。除了皇宫，其他具有类似规模和大小的宏大建筑群也被称为宫，无论是作世俗用还是宗教用。Intact : adj.完好无缺的；原封不动的 veritable : adj.真实的 secular : adj.世俗的课文翻译 Paragraph 3-1Ting (Pavilion)A common sight in the

32、country, a Chinese pavilion(ting) is built normally either of wood or stone or bamboo and may be in any of the shapessquare, triangle, hexagon, octagon, a five-petal flower, a fan and others. But all pavilions have columns for support and no walls. In parks or scenic areas, pavilions are built to co

33、mmand a panoramic view or built by the waterfront to create intriguing images.亭子在国内常见的景象是一个中式亭通常不是用木头就是用石头或竹子建的，而且可以是任何形状方形、三角形、六角形、八角形、五瓣花形、扇形及其他。但所有亭子都以柱子来支撑而无墙壁。在公园或风景名胜区，亭子常为了能观赏全景而建造，或者建在水边以创造引人入胜的景象。Panoramic ： adj.全景的 intriguing： adj.吸引人的；有趣的 课文翻译 Paragraph 3-2Pavilions serve diverse purposes

34、. The wayside pavilion is called liangting (cooling kiosk) to provide weary wayfarers with a place for rest. The “stele pavilion” gives a roof to a stone tablet to protect the engraved record of an important event. Pavilions also stand by bridges or over water-wells. In the latter case, dormer windo

35、ws are built to allow the sun to cast its rays into the well as it has been the belief that water untouched by the sun would cause disease.亭子有多种服务目的。路旁的亭子被称为凉亭（冷却亭），为疲惫的旅人提供休息的地方。“碑亭”是将石碑覆盖一覆顶，以保护重要事件的雕刻记录。亭子也会出现在桥边或水井上。在后者情况下，亭子顶部要建一天窗，以便阳光投射进入井中，因为那时的人们相信不见阳光的水会引起疾病。Kiosk : n.亭；凉亭；报摊 wayfarer :n.旅

36、人；徒步旅行者 stele : n.石碑课文翻译 Paragraph 4Tai (Building with Terrace)The tai was an ancient architectural structure, a very much elevated terrace with a flat top. Generally built of earth, stone and surface with brick, they are used as a belvedere on which to look into the distance. In fact, however, many

37、 well-known ancient tai are not just a bare platform but has some palatial halls built on top.台（带露台的楼）台是一种古老的建筑结构，一个非常高的平顶露台。一般用泥土和石头建造，表面用砖砌，它们常用作远眺的观景楼。然而，事实上，许多知名的古台不只是一个光秃秃的平台，而是在其上建了一些富丽堂皇的厅堂。belvedere ： n.观景楼 palatial： adj.宫殿般的；宏伟的课文翻译 Paragraph 5Tai could be built to serve different practical

38、 purposes. For example, it could be used as an observatory as is the one near Jianguomen in Beijing which dates back to the Ming and Qing dynasties. It could also be used for military purposes like the beacon towers along the Great Wall, to transmit urgent information with smoke by day and fire by n

39、ight. Also on the Great Wall, there is a square tai at intervals of every 300 to 400 meters from which the garrison troops kept watch. On the track of the ancient Silk Road, ruins of the old fortifications in the form of earthen terraces can still be seen.台可以有不同的实际用途。例如，它可以作为一个天文台，就像北京建国门附近的那个，其可以追溯

40、到明清时期。它也可以用于军事用途，如长城沿线的烽火台，白天用烟夜晚用火来传送紧急信息。另外在长城，每隔300米至400米就有一个由驻军守卫的方台。沿着古代丝绸之路的轨迹走，仍然可以看到现在已成为土梯田的古防御工事的遗迹。garrison ： n.守备队；驻地；要塞 troop : n.群；组；军队；大量课文翻译 Paragraph 6Lou (Storeyed House)Chinese character lou refers to any building of two or more storeys with a horizontal main ridge. The erection o

41、f such buildings began a long time ago in the Warring States Period, when chonglou (multi-storey house) was mentioned in historical records.楼（多层的建筑）中国汉字中的楼指的是任何有两层或以上的有着水平主脊的建筑物。这些建筑物在很久以前的战国时代就已出现，当时的历史记载里已提到重楼（多层建筑）。Erection： n.直立；建造；建筑物课文翻译 Paragraph 7Ancient houses with more than one storey were

42、 meant for a variety of uses. The smaller two-storey house of private home generally has the owners study or bedroom upstairs. The more magnificent ones built in parks or at scenic spots were belvederes from which to enjoy the distant scenery. In this case , it is sometimes translated as a “tower”.高

43、于一层的古代建筑常有多种用途。私人住宅的两层小楼一般将主人的书房或卧室设在上层。更宏伟的是那些建在公园或风景名胜的观景楼，可以在其上享受远处的风景。在这种情况下，楼有时也被翻译为“塔”。课文翻译 Paragraph 8Ancient cities has bell and drum towers (zhonglou and gulou), usually palatial buildings with four-sloped, double-caved, glazed roofs, all-around verandas and colored and carved bracket suppo

44、rting the overhanging eaves. Each tower housed a big bell or drum which was used to announce the time.古城一般有钟鼓楼（钟楼和鼓楼），通常为四面坡、双面洞、釉面屋顶、环绕阳台以及支撑着悬檐的彩刻支架的富丽堂皇的建筑。每座塔都有一个大钟或大鼓以公布时间。Caved ：n.洞穴；山洞 verandas ： n.阳台；游廊课文翻译 Paragraph 9Ge (Storeyed Pavilion)The Chinese character ge is similar to lou in that b

45、oth are of two or more storey buildings. But lou has a door and windows only on the front side with the other three sides being solid walls. Ge is used usually enclosed by wooden balustrade or decorated with boards all around.阁（亭楼阁）汉字中的阁类似于楼，两者都是两层或多层建筑。但楼只在前面有门和窗而其他三面均是实心墙。阁则通常由木质栏杆围合或四周由板装饰着。课文翻译

46、Paragraph 10-1Such buildings were used in ancient times for the storage of important articles and documents. Wenyuange for instance, in the Forbidden City of Beijing, was in effect the imperial library. Kuiwenge in the Confucius Temple of Qufu, Shandong Province was devoted to the safekeeping of the

47、 books and works of painting and calligraphy bestowed by the courts of various dynasties.这样的建筑，在古代的重要文章和文件的存储。例如在紫禁城的文渊阁，其实是皇家图书馆。山东曲阜孔庙里的魁文阁，专门保存各朝代宫廷赠送的绘画和书法作品。Bestow ： v.授予；给予课文翻译 Paragraph 10-2Visitors to the city of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, can still see Tianyige, which houses the greatest pr

48、ivate collection of books handed down from the past. Monasteries of a large size normally have their own libraries built in the style of age and called Cangjingge to keep their collections of Buddhist scriptures. Some of the ge, notably those erected in parks, like other pavilions or towers, were used for enjoying the sights.游客到浙江宁波仍然可以看到天一阁，里面存放着从过去流传下来的书籍，堪称私人收藏之最。大规模的寺院通常都有自己的藏经阁以保存收藏的佛经。有些阁，尤其是那些竖立在公园，像其他亭或塔的，常用于欣赏风景。Mo