讲稿否定句语法

1、否定（negation）1.否定（negation） 是用来否认一个事实的成立、存在或真实性的，在英语中表达这一意思就要借助一些否定词如nothing、few、little等。 2.否定的形式全部否定部分否定双重否定准否定转移否定特指否定多余否定2.1全部否定表示”全部没有“、”大家都不“等概念的否定称为全部否定。 一、全部否定可以用完全表示否定的词，如no, not, nor ,none, neither ,never ,nowhere, nothing, nobody等或短语no one, neithernor,not at all（一点也不） ,on no account (绝不）,no

2、t in the least（毫不，全无 ）, by no means ,in no way。 1.None of the answers are correct. 没有一个答案是正确的。 2.Neither the mother nor the father has seen such a small animal 爸爸和妈妈都没见过这么小的动物 3 Young people shouldonnoaccountneglect their daily physical exercises. 青年人决不应疏忽每天的体育锻炼。 4 I amnotintheleastafraid. 我一点也不惧怕。

3、注意：by no means和on no account 区别：By no means:决不;毫不;一点也不;并没有,侧重无论从各种方式解释，决不 例： This by no means the first time you have been late.这绝不是你第一次迟到了。 On no account：绝对不，决不可以，绝不要，无论如何不要，切莫；侧重不论出于什么原因，决不 例：Young people shouldonnoaccountneglect their daily physical exercises.青年人决不应疏忽每天的体育锻炼。 BACK二、用否定副词not加不定代词表

4、示否定：I have not any English novels. 我没有英语书。She has not eaten anything today.她今天什么都没吃BACK2.2部分否定部分否定的含义是“不都是”、“并不全是”。一、当all, both, each, every (body, thing, where), absolutely, altogether, entirely, always, completely, necessarily等表示整体意义的代词与否定副词not连用时，构成部分否定。All is not gold that glitter.(=Not all is g

5、old that glitters .) 发光的并非都是金子。Every one can not answer this question.并非每个人都能回答这个问题。 二、much, many, some, often等加上not，也能产生部分否定。He does not often go to the library.他不常去图书馆The rich are not always happy.富人未必总是幸福。注意：正确区分全部否定和部分否定的含义 Not all see the problem with the sense of urgency. （一部分人不认为那很紧急=不是所有的人都认

6、为这个问题很紧急） Nobody sees the problem with the sense of urgency. （没有人认为这个问题紧急）The tasks cannot both be plished simultaneously (同时). （这两项任务无法同时完成 。）Neither of the tasks can be plished at present .（目前这两项任务都无法完成。 ） BACK2.3双重否定 双重否定即否定的否定，因其否定意义互相抵消而取肯定意义。语气要比肯定句重。即可译成肯定形式，也可译成双重否定形式。双重否定可以表示强调，也可以表示委婉的说法。

7、一、否定词+without 1.We cannot live without air. 我们需要空气才能生存=我们没有了空气就不能生存 2.We cant think of Egypt without thinking of the Nile 想起埃及，我们就会想到尼罗河二、否定词+含否定词缀（in-, im-, dis- ,un-, non-, -less等)的词1.Its not infrequently that he gets angry.他发火是常有的事。2.Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.世上无难事只怕有心人三、否定词+butThe

8、re is no one but hopes to travel around the world.没有人不想环游世界。You can find that sort of trees nowhere but on this island.只能在这岛上见到这种树了。四、cannotbut+V , cannot help +V-ing , cannot help but+V. 不得不1.We cannot help admiring his courage.(我们不能不佩服他的勇敢)2.I cant help but feel sorry for her.(我不得不为她感到遗憾)3.We cann

9、ot help allowing him to leave.(我们不得不允许他离开)五、否定词具有否定意义的动词或短语。There is no denying the truth真理是不能否认的。 The tart reply did not fort him那尖刻的回答并没有使他难过。 In spite of the increased debts，few fail to repay 尽管借债越来越多，但很少有人不能偿还欠款六、 其他表示双重否定的情况1. There is no rule that has no exception任何规则都有例外。（两个相同的否定词重复使用）2. She

10、is a person of no little importance.她是一个举足轻重的人。（两个相同意义的否定词重复使用）注意：1.当双重否定表示肯定时，语气比肯定式表示的肯定语气更强。（否定否定=肯定，加强句子的肯定语气。）No one has nothing to offer to society.(=Everyone has something to offer to society.)人人都有奉献社会2.有些双重否定很难甚至无法用肯定形式来表示，如生硬地改为肯定形式，将大大影响原意。No investigation, no right to speak(没有调查研究，就没有发言权)

11、You cant make something out of nothing(巧妇难为无米之炊) BACK2.4准否定 准否定又称为半否定或几乎否定，表示整个句子的意思几乎接近于否定。由few, little, hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, seldom等半否定词与谓语动词连用肯定式构成。它们在表示否定含义时，不像no, never等词那么绝对，而是留有余地语气也比较弱。 I know little about the matter.我对此事几乎一无所知。 He can barely read and write.他几乎不能读写 This method i

12、s rarely used in modern laboratories. 现代实验室里很少使用这种办法。 BACK2.5转移否定 指某些主从复合句中，否定虽然出现在主句谓语部分，但实际上否定范围转移到从句部分的现象。一、多用于表示“判断、看法”的动词，如believe, expect, assume, think, imagine, guess, suppose, figure, reckon(估计), anticipate(预料).I dont believe he is in.(我相信他没在里面)I dont suppose anyone will object to the plan.

13、(我想没人会反对这一计划）二、seem, appear, feel, sound等系动词在句中的否定谓语形式也常会发生否定意义后移He doesnt seem to be satisfied with his pay.他看来对自己的报酬很不满意。It doesnt look like its going to rain.好像不会下雨。三、在notbecause句型中，须根据上下文和逻辑关系来确定是否具有否定的转移。The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished.引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。Certainly I dont teach

14、 because teaching is easy for me.我当然不是因为教书对我来说很容易才教书的。 BACK 2.6特指否定 凡是句子的谓语动词被否定称为一般否定，其他非谓语成分被否定称为特指否定或局部否定。 The machine is working, but not properly. 机器在运转，但不正常。 I told her not to worry. 我告诉她别发愁。 Once in the wilderness, your chief worry will be, not how to avoid other hikers, but how to not get lo

15、st. 一旦进入杳无人烟之地，你主要担忧的不是怎样避开其他徒步游客，而是怎样不会迷路。BACK2.7多余否定 多余否定指的是在有些句子中，否定词not可有可无，即有无not意思不变，因而这个否定词是多余的，可以不译。I wonder if we cannot get any more.我不知道我们能否再拿些。I dont know if Mr. Baker will not go to the movies tonight.我不知道贝克先生今晚是否去看电影。Im going to search my study to see if I cannot find the book.我要把书房搜一遍

16、看看能否找到这本书。Im not sure if Tom wont accept my offer.我不能肯定汤姆是否会接受我的帮助3.1含有否定意义的词和短语 这类词和短语可分为动词型、名词型、形容词型、介词型、副词型、连词型及其他习惯用语型等。 （1）动词型有：fail, deny, escape, miss, refuse, lack, avoid, resist, reject, decline, ignore, neglect, wonder, doubt, overlook, baffle (困惑 ), cease ,(停止) exclude(排斥，拒绝），defy(使不可能，无视

17、），forbid, refrain from （避免）, keep/protect/prevent/stopfrom,turn a deaf ear to（听而不闻）, keep s b. in the dark(不让某人知道）,keep off, live up to(不辜负），give up, get rid of等。They failed to obtain the license. 他们未能获得许可证。She lived up to her parents expectations. 她没辜负父母的期望。（2）名词型有：absence, failure, denial, refusal

18、, ignorance, lack, shortage, reluctance（不情愿）, exclusion（排除）, loss等。In the absence of any news from you, we have to sell the goods elsewhere.由于没有得到你方的任何消息，我们只好把货物另卖他处。Lack of vitamin B can produce a variety of symptoms.缺少维生素B会引发多种症状。（3）形容词型有：absent, different, ignorant, reluctant ,free of/from, far f

19、rom, safe from, short of, clear of/from, foreign to, blind to(盲目), deaf to(充耳不闻), new to(对不熟悉）等。 Most of the roads are now free of snow. 大部分公路上现已无积雪了。 They are safe from suspicion. 他们没有嫌疑。（4）介词型有：above, against, before, below, beside, beyond, but, but for, except, off, past ,without, instead of, reg

20、ardless of, in spite of, at a loss, beneath ones notice(不屑一顾）,out of the question(不可能）,as opposed to(而非）等。I found myself at a loss for words of consolation.我想不出安慰的话来。This is a book about business practice as opposed to theory.这是一本讲商务实践而不是讲理论的书。（5）副词型有：barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely, seldom, little

21、, otherwise, in vain(徒劳）等。 He seldom showed his feelings. 他很少表露自己的感情。（6）连词型有：before, rather than, unless等。 It grew dark before we finished our work. 我们活还没干完天就黑了。 I rather than he am to blame. 是我该受批评，而不是他（7）习惯用语型有：much/still/even less(更不用说），to say nothing of/not to speak of/not to mention/let alone(更

22、不用说），other than（不同于，除了）,anything but(绝对不）,leave much to be desired(很不完善）等。 The wooden bridge is anything but safe. 这座木桥绝对不安全。 The plan leaves much to be desired. 这一计划很不完善。 4.1几种容易引起混淆的否定结构5.1 I am no teacher./I am not a teacher.前者表示“我绝不是教师”，“我不善于教书”，“我不是教书的材料”等等，说话人在职业上可能是教师，也可能不是教师；后者表示“我不是教师”（在职业上

23、），表明身份。He is no diplomat. 他没有外交手腕。/他不懂外交。He is not a diplomat.他不是外交家。（表明身份）前者指确定的数目，强调“少”，可译为“只不过，仅仅，才”；后者是客观陈述，意为“不超过，不多于”。No more than 3 people came to my class, unfortunately.很遗憾，只有3个人来上我的课。The water is not more than five feet deep at any point.这里的水在任何地方都不超过5英尺深。5.2 no more than/not more than前者指的

24、是确切的数目，强调数目之多，可译为“多达，高达”，相当于as, much/many as,与no more than意思刚好相反；not less than只是客观表达“不少于”的意思。He won no less than 50 in the lottery. 他中了高达50英镑的奖券。Write a composition of not less than 200 words. 写一篇不少于200字的作文。5.3 no less than/not less thanA is no better than B表达了A和B都很坏（差），广而言之，no bigger than极言其小，no fe

25、wer than极言其多，no wider than极言其窄，no thicker than极言其薄；A is not better than B只是客观地进行比较，一般译为“A不比B好（强）”。Her French is no better than mine. 她的法语跟我一样差。Her French is not better than mine. 她的法语不如我好。5.4 no better than /not better than前者表示“一点也不”（not at all);后者意为“非常，很，许多”（much)。She is not a bit timid. 她一点儿也不胆怯。S

26、he is not a little timid. 她非常胆怯。5.5 not a bit/not a little练习_ into pop music. some of them like it but the others dont like it at all.None of the students are All the students arentNo one isAll the students are答：B部分否定用all (every，both ) not相当于 not all (every, both) 句式。如：all the pupils dont want to go there. 不是所有的学生都想去那。2.I_think