苏教版牛津高中英语语法总结

1、牛津高中英语模块一第一单元必定语从句：定语从句的介绍1就像是一个形容词或介词短语修饰名词相同，定语从句也能够修饰名词。定语从句所修饰的名词称为先行词。形容词：Thegreenteam介词短语：Theteamingreen定语从句：Theteamwhowerewearinggreen2定语从句往常由关系代词来指引，如which,that,who,whom,whose,或关系副词来指引，如when,where,why。关系代词能够在定语从句中担当主语，宾语，表语，定语；关系副词能够在定语从句中担当状语。如：做主语Thetreeswhichareontheschoolcampushavelostth

2、eirleaves.做宾语Thestudentwhomwesawjustnowisthebestrunnerinourschool.做表语Jackisnolongerthelazyboythatheusedtobe.做定语ShehasabrotherwhosenameIcantremember.做状语TheschoolwherehestudiedisinShenzhen.二定语从句：关系代词：that，which，who，whom，和whose1在定语从句中，that和which用来指代物。如：Thisisthestorythat/whichwewroteforourstorytellingc

3、ontest.2在定语从句中，who用来指代人。如：IamgoingtoseeafriendwhohasjustcomebackfromtheUK.3当who在定语从句中做宾语时，能够用whom来代替，且whom比who改正式。如：Idontknowthenameoftheteacherwho/whomIsawinthecomputerroomtheotherday.4当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，who，whom，which和that能够被省略。如：Helikesallthebirthdaypresents(that/which)hisfriendsgavehim.5Whose用来表示所属

4、，它既可指人也可指物。如：IsatnexttoagirlwhosenamewasDiane.TheclubwhosemembersaremusicfansmeetintheschoolgardeneverySaturdayafternoon.第二单元必定语从句：介词提早的定语从句（prepositionwhich;prepositionwhom）1当关系代词（which/whom）做定语从句中介词的宾语时，能够把介词提到关系代词的前面。如：Wethoughtyouwereapersonfromwhomwecouldexpectgooddecisions.2在非正式英语中，介词往常放在定语从句的

5、最后。如：ArtisthesubjectwhichIknowlittleabout.3假如介词放在定语从句的最后，which能够被that代替，whom能够被that和who代替。如：Dadisapersonwhom/that/whoIcaneasilytalkto.4当关系代词做定语从句中介词的宾语，而且介词又放在定语从句的末端时，我们往常省略关系代词who和that。如：Thetopic(which)EricisinterestedinisPhysics.Danielistheperson(whom)Iwanttomakefriendswith.5当先行词是way时，我们用inwhich或

6、that来指引定语从句，这种状况下，inwhich或that能够被省略。如：Ididntliketheway(that/inwhich)shetalkedtome.二定语从句：关系副词：when，where，why1我们往常用关系副词when指引先行词是time，moment，day，season，year等的定语从句。如：DoyourememberthedaywhenweleftyouinchargeIoftenthinkofthemomentwhenIsawtheUFO.2我们往常用关系副词where指引先行词是place，house，city，country，city，world等的定语

7、从句。如：Thepolicesearchedthehousewherethethiefhadstayed.Thisisnotafamilywherebadbehaviorgoesunpunished.3我们往常用关系副词why指引先行词是reason的定语从句。如：Idontknowthereasonwhythehouseissodirty.4在更为正式的英语中，where，when和why能够被介词which所代替。如：Thestudyistheplacewhere/inwhichIoftenhavetalkswithmyfather.Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhichm

8、yparentsgothomeearlier.Itrainedthewholedaywhen/onwhichhetraveledwithhisfamily.第三单元必定语从句：非限制性定语从句1非限制性定语从句是一个为主句增添额外信息的从句，在非限制性定语从句前通常有个逗号。如：Amy,whotookweight-losspills,nowrealizesthathealthisimportant.Mypillsareinthebathroom,whereIalwayskeepthem.2当先行词是整个主句时，能够用which来指引定语从句。如：Hemissedtheshow,whichwas

9、agreatpity.3我们能够用allwhom/which来表示所有数目，用someofwhom/which来表示部分数目。如：Iamdoingdifferenttypesofexercises,allofwhicharequitehelpfultomyhealth.Manypeople,someofwhomarenotoverweight,aregoingondiet.二附带疑问句1附带疑问句是放在陈说句后边的短问句。它们往常被用在口语中来引出一段对话，以一个更为礼貌的方式来咨询信息，温柔的发号布令或要求某人做某事。我们用附加疑问句来咨询建议或征采赞同。当我们用附带疑问句来咨询建议时，为了

10、期望对方能赞同我们的看法，附带疑问句会用降调来表达。当我们用附带疑问句来征采赞同时，我们其实是在咨询我们自己也不太能确信的事情，这时候附带疑问句会用升调来表达。2附带疑问句的构成有以下几种：1）在必定的陈说句以后，我们会用否认的附带疑问句。在否认的陈说句以后，我们会用必定的附带疑问句。如：Wecanstillbefriends,cantweHedoesntlikeicecream,doeshe2）当主句中有像neither，none，nobody，nothing，few，little，never，hardly或seldom这种词时，它们被以为能否认的，因今后边会跟个必定的附带疑问句。如：Nei

11、therofyouwillhavecoffee,willyouNoonehasfoundmyCD,havetheyNobodyunderstoodhisspeech,didtheyHissisterseldomargueswithpeople,doesshe3）人称代词如I，we，you，he，she，it或they会放在附带疑问句中。如：Iwasprettysilly,wasntIEveryonehasadvisesyounottogoonadiet,haventyou4）助动词，神态动词或be动词会放在附带疑问句中。如：Youliketraveling,dontyouThereissome

12、thingwrong,isntthereYoucantspeakItalian,canyou5）祁使句后用willyou，Lets后用shallwe如：Postaletterforme,willyouLetshaveabreak,shallwe牛津高中英语模块二第一单元一此刻达成时态1我们用此刻达成时态来表示在近来的过去发生的但跟此刻有联系的事情。如：ThedisappearanceofJustinhasmadeKellyveryunhappy.2我们也用此刻达成时态来表示在过去刚开始，而且此刻还没结束的事情。如：IhavenotseenJustinsincelastFridaynight.3

13、当动作发生确实切时间不清楚或不重要时，我们也用此刻达成时态。常常连用的时间短语有：alreadyeverforjustlatelyneverrecentlysinceyetalready用语必定句，yet用语否认句。如：Theboyhasalreadycomehome.Ihaventheardanythingfromhimyet.for+一段时间since+点时间如：Wehaventseenhimfortwoyears.Wehaventseenhimsince2002.注：当已给定详细的时间时，我们常常用一般过去时态，而不是此刻达成时态。4我们用此刻达成时态来讨论刚才达成的动作。如：Thepo

14、licehavejustfinishedsearchingthearea.5我们也用此刻达成时态来表示重复的动作。如：SomevillagessaythattheyhaveseenUFOsmanytimes.6此刻达成时态的构成是：have/has+动词的过去分词二此刻达成进行时态1我们用此刻达成进行时态来表示在过去发生的而且仍将连续的动作。如：IhavenotbeensleepingwellsinceIreturnedhome.2我们用此刻达成进行时态来表示刚才结束但以某种方式和此刻有联系的动作。如：-SorryImlate.Haveyoubeenwaitinglong-Yes,Ivebee

15、nwaitingforanhour.3此刻达成进行时态的构成：have/has+been+doing注：for和since和此刻达成进行时态连用。如：Ihavebeenwaitingforalongtime.Hehasbeenwaitingsincenineoclock.三此刻达成时态仍是此刻达成进行时态1我们用此刻达成时态来讨论刚才达成的动作，用此刻达成进行时态来表示发生在过去而且此刻仍在发生的动作。如：LiJiahasreadabookaboutStonehenge.(Shefinishedreadingthebook.)LiJiahasbeenreadingabookaboutStone

16、henge.(Sheisstillreadingthebook.)2我们用此刻达成时态表示重复的动作，用此刻达成进行时态来表示不断的动作。如：IhavevisitedEgypttwicethismonth.IhavebeentouringEgyptfortwomonths.此刻达成时态用于回答howmany/much的发问，此刻达成进行时态用语回答howlong的发问。如：HowmanytimeshaveyouswuminthelakeHowlonghaveyoubeenswimminginthelake3状态动词和动作动词都能够用在此刻达成时态中，但只有动作动词能够用在此刻达成进行时态中。如

17、：Ihavehadthiscameraforfiveyears.(状态动词)IhavetakenphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.（动作动词）IhavebeentakingphotosofUFOwiththiscamera.（动作动词）注：动作动词表示发生或变化的动作，如go，play。状态动词表示保持不变的动作，如like，know，exist4当never，yet，already，ever出此刻句子中时，只用此刻达成时态，而不用此刻达成进行时态。如：IvenevervisitedParis.IvealreadybeentoParis.第二单元一未来进行时态1我们用未来进行

18、时态来：1）讨论未来一段时间正在进行的事情。如：TobywillbeclimbingintheHimalayasallnextweek2）讨论从未来的某一点开始而且有可能要连续一段时间的事情。如：TobywillnotbeinLondonnextTuesday.HewillbeclimbingintheHimalayas.3）没有任何企图的表达未来的事情。如：TheweatherreportsaysthatitwillberainingwhenwearriveinLondon.在这种状况下表示事情是很自然的发生的，没有人为的安排。4）礼貌地咨询相关其余人未来的计划。如：Willyoubevis

19、itingyouruncleinTanzania2未来进行时态的构成：1）陈说句：will(not)+v-ing如：Tobyandhisbrother,Colin,will(not)beflyingtoMorocco.2）疑问句：will提到主语的前面如：WilltheybeflyingtoMoroccoon15thJuly3）回答：will（not）如：Yes,theywill./No,theywillnot(wont)二过去未来时态1我们用过去未来时态和过去进行时态来：1）表示过去的未来某一时间要发生的动作。如：Theysetoffat9.andwouldreachtheairportan

20、hourlater.暗指一个过去的目的。如：Iwasgoingtoleave,butthenitrained.暗指一个过去的安排。如：ColincalledJennifertosaythathewasseeingherlaterthatafternoon.指代实质已经发生过的未来的动作。如：ThejourneythatwastochangeTobyslifestartedinJulythatyear.2陈说句中过去未来时态的构成：1）would+动词原形如：ItoldyouColinandIwouldspendafewweekstraveling.2)was/weregoingto，was/w

21、ereto,was/wereaboutto如：Weweregoingtoseethewildanimals,butthenwedidnthavetime.Itwashislastdayatschool-hewastoleavethenextmorning.Colinwasabouttogetoffthecamelwhenachildrantowardshim.第三单元一过去达成时态1我们用一般过去时态来讨论一个过去的动作。当我们想要讨论比过去更早的时间里发生的事情时，就用过去达成时态。如：Uponenteringthetomb,Cartersluckypetbird,whichhadledhi

22、mtotheplace,waseatenbyasnake.2在直接引语中，我们用过去达成时态来指代说话的时候就已经发生的动作。直接引语中的一般过去时态和此刻达成时态在间接引语中改为过去达成时态。如：“Weemptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained,”saidCartersaidthattheyhademptiedthetombofeverythingitcontained.3过去达成时态不过指在另一个过去的动作从前发生的动作，其实不是指发生在一长段时间从前的动作。如：IhaddonemyhomeworkthismorningbeforeIwenttothemus

23、eum.4过去达成时态常常跟以下指引的时间短语连用，如when,after,before,assoonas,until,since,by,for,already.如：ThenafewmonthsafterCarterhadopenedthetomb,LordCarnarvonfellillwithafeveranddied.5过去达成时态的构成：had+v-ed如：HowardCarterhadreceivedmoneyfromLordCarnarvonbeforehemadehismostamazingdiscovery.二此刻达成时态仍是过去达成时态当我们讨论一个与此刻相关的过去的事情时，

24、我们用此刻达成时态。如：HowardCarterisoneofthemostfamousexplorerstheworldhaseverknown.当我们在讨论过去，并要说明一个更早发生的动作的时候，我们就要用过去达成时态。如：Notlongafterthetombhadbeenopened,peopleinCartersteambegantofallillanddiestrangly.牛津高中英语模块三第一单元一名词性从句：名词性从句的介绍名词性从句在句中的作用和名词或名词短语的作用是相同的。1我们能够用名词性从句做句子的主语。如：ThatIcanpaybackthehelppeoplegi

25、vememakesmehappy.Whetherhellbeabletocomeisnotyetknown.Whytheyhavenotleftyetisunclear.我们能够用it来做形式主语。如：Itwasgoodnewsthateveryonegotbacksafely.2我们能够用名词性从句来做动词的宾语。如：shesensedthatshewasbeingwatched.Iwonderif/whetherthatsagoodidea.Pollydidntknowwhichwaysheshouldgo.我们能够用名词性从句来做介词的宾语。如：Iminterestedinwhothat

26、tallmanis.TherewasadiscussionaboutwhetherPollyhadfoundtheblindman.我们能够用it来做形式宾语。如：weallthoughtitgoodnewsthatthefoghadfinallygone.Theconductorhasmadeitclearthatnobuseswillberunning.3我们能够用名词性从句来做表语。如：thetruthisthatthefogistoothinkforthebustorunthatfar.MyquestioniswhetherPollycanfindherwayhome.Theprobl

27、emishowPollyisgoingtofindusinthecrowd.4我们能够用名词性从句来做一个名词的同位语。如：thefactthatPollydidntaskforthemansnameisapity.Thenewsthattheplanehadcrashedmadeussad.WhatevergaveyoutheideathatIcansing5我们用that，if/whether或一个疑问词来指引名词性从句。如：IhopethatPollywillbeOK.Nooneknewif/whetherhelosthissightbecauseofanaccident.Shecoul

28、dntimaginehowtheblindmanhadfoundher.二名词性从句：用that或if/whether指引的名词性从句1我们用that来指引名词性从句。1）当从句是一个陈说句时，我们用that来指引名词性从句。如：Shesensedthatshewasbeingwatchedbyatallmaninadarkcoat.在大多半状况下，我们不用that来指引介词后的名词性从句，可是，能够用that来指引in或except后的宾语从句。如：Theproblemliesinthatthemistmaybecomeathickfog.Ididnttellhimanythingexcep

29、tthatIwasntabletofindmywayback.3）当名词性从句做句子的主语时，that不可以省略。如：Thatwecouldntfindourwayoutwasreallybadnews.4）在非正式英语中，当名词性从句做句子的宾语或表语时，that能够省略。如：Shewished(that)someonewouldcomealongtohelpher.Thetruthis(that)thebuseswillnotberunning.1我们用if或whether来指引名词性从句。1）当从句是个一般疑问句时，我们用if或whether来指引名词性从句。我们把if或whether后

30、边从句的次序改成陈说句的语序。如：Shewondered.WouldthebusesstillberunningShewonderedif/whetherthebuseswouldstillberunning.2）介词后只好用whether，而不可以用if。如：Sheisnotcertainaboutwhethershehasdoneanythingwrong.3）当从句做主语放在句子开头时，只好用whether，而不可以用if。如：Whetheritisgoingtoclearupkeepsmewondering.4）只好用whetherornot，而不可以用ifornot。如：Iwantt

31、oknowwhetherornotthetraingoestoKingStreet.2假如and或but指引两个并列的that或whether/if指引的名词性从句，后一个句子的that或whether/if不行省。如：Hesaidthathelikedrainverymuchandthathewouldnumbrellawhenitwasraining.Nooneknowswhetheritwillbefinetomorrowandwhetherhewillcometowork.tusean第二单元一名词性从句：由疑问词指引的名词性从句我们用以下的疑问词来指引名词性从句：what,which

32、,who/whom,whose,when,where,whyandhow。1当从句是wh-指引的疑问句时，我们用疑问词来指引名词性从句。从句能够做句子的主语，宾语或表语。如：Whereapersoncomesfromwillaffecttheirstyleofspeech.YoucanbegintoseewhyEnglishhassuchstrangerules.ThatiswhyEnglishisalanguagewithsomanyconfusingrules.2我们把疑问词后边的句式改成陈说句的语序。如：WhatarepeoplefromthenorthsayingPeoplefromt

33、hesouthfinditdifficulttounderstand.Peoplefromthesouthfinditdifficulttounderstandwhatpeoplefromthenortharesaying.3在任何状况下，都不可以够省略名词性从句中的疑问指引词。二形式主语it在英语中，我们往常把最重要的信息放在句子的末端用于重申。这被称做句末重申成效。用形式主语it就能够达到这一成效。It不过语法意义上的主语，真实的主语在句子的后边。1我们往常用it来做形式主语。1）当我们用一个名词性从句来做句子的主语时：（更好的）Itiscertainthatwewouldnotbeabl

34、etounderstandOldEnglishtoday.（正确的）ThatwewouldnotbeabletounderstandOldEnglishtodayiscertain.2）当主语是带to的动词不定式时：（更好的）Itishardtomasteraforeignlanguage.（正确的）Tomasteraforeignlanguageishard.3）当主语是动词-ing形式时：（更好的）Smokingisdifficulttostop.（正确的）Itisdifficulttostopsmoking.2It能够被放在seem，appear，happen，chance，turnou

35、t和prove前做句子的形式主语。如：Itseemsthathespeakstwolanguages.=heseemstospeaktwolanguages.Ithappensthatmynewneighborcomesfrommyhometown.=mynewneighborhappenstocomefrommyhometown.3我们能够用句型it+be+被重申的名词或短语+that或who指引的从句来重申句子中的主语，宾语或状语。如：Itwaslastnight(notanyothertime)thatIreadaboutthehistoryofEnglish.假如不重申任何成分，句子能

36、够是：IreadaboutthehistoryofEnglishlastnight.第三单元一宾语补足语1宾语补足语为宾语供给更多的信息。如：TheycalledhertheLoulanBeauty.2宾语补足语往常以下边形式出现：动词+宾语+宾语补足语，宾语补足语往常能够是名词短语或形容词。如：TheymadeProfessorZhangchairmanofthesociety.Wefoundtheruinsmostinteresting.3有时侯带to的动词不定式和不带to的动词不定式能够做宾语补足语。如：Theybelievedhimtobehonest.ProfessorZhangss

37、peechmadeusalllaugh.4宾语补足语能够时介词短语。如：Shefoundourselvesinthemiddleofadesert.5宾语不足语往常和宾语在数上是一致的。如：ShemadeJoeherassistant.ShemadeJoeandSueherassistants.Eitheror和Neithernor1我们用eitheror来表示选择性。如：（连结主语）eitherAnnorJaneshouldhavearrivedbynow.(连结动词)peopleeithertriedtoescapeorstayedintheirhouses.(连结宾语)wecouldch

38、oosetoeateithernoodlesorrice.(连结状语)theyaregoingtothemuseumeithertodayortomorrow.3我们用neithernor来连结表示否认的看法。（bothand的反义词）如：neitherthemuseumnorthesiteitselfinterestedher.Theyneithertoldmethelocationnorshowedmethemap.Iateneitherthenoodlesnortherice.Theywentthereneitherbytrainnorbyair.三主谓一致主谓一致是指在主语后选择正确的

39、单复数形式。以下几点帮助我们决定动词是单数或是复数。1动词应是单数，假如主语是：1）单数的名词或不行数名词th如：thecitywasfoundedinthe8centuryBC.Thefoodtheyofferedontheplanewasdelicious.计量的短语，标题或名字如：twohoursistooshortforthevisit.Littlewomenisagreatnovel.一个短语或从句如：travellingtoPompeiiisexciting.Thatitkeepsrainingworriesthetourists.2动词应是复数，假如主语是：1）一个复数名词如：b

40、othcitieswereveryrich.2）由and连结的两个或两个以上的单词或短语如：thenoodlesandricetheyofferedontheplanewerequiteplain.3当主语是allof/mostof/someof/halfof/apartof+名词/代词，动词与名词或代词保持一致。如：allofushaveattendedthelectureaboutPompeii.Mostofthelecturewasabouthowtheancientcitywasdiscovered.4当主语是会合名词，如band,crowd,class,dozen,family,pu

41、blic,team时，假如名词指代的是集体，动词用单数；假如名词指代的是个体，动词用复数。如：ourteamisveryimportanttome.OurteamarenowtravelingtoXinjiang.5当主语是news,physics,mathematics,Aids时，动词用单数；当主语是goods,clothes,congratulations,earnings,remains,belongings时，动词用复数。如：thelatestnewsisthattheLoulanBeautyisbeingdisplayedinShanghai.Alltheirbelongingsw

42、eredestroyedintheearthquake.6当eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,notbut,连结句子的主语时，动词采纳就近原则。如：eithertheteamleaderortheguidesarelookingafterthestudents.Eithertheguidesortheteamleaderislookingafterthestudents.注：当主语是anybody/anyone/anything/everybody/everyone/everything/nobody/noone/nothing/somebody/someo

43、ne/something/each/eachone/either/neither/one时，动词用单数。牛津高中英语模块四第一单元向来接引语和间接引语1我们用直接引语来论述所说的话。假如我们把引语写下来，这些单词就会被放在引号可是，我们往常更愿意用间接引语来论述所说的话。直接引语：Shesaid,“ChinahasbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople.”间接引语：ShesaidChinahadbeenusingPSAstoeducatepeople.2我们能够经过把所说的话改成宾语从句或动词不定式短语的形式来把直接引语变成间接引语。如：Shesaid,“Imusedtoad

44、s.”-Shesaidthatshewasusedtoads.“Wemustnotfallforthiskindoftrick!”sheShewarnedusnottofallforthatkindoftrick.3除了句型的改变外，还有其余的改变：1）人称代词的改变：如：Shesaid,“Ididsomeresearch.”-Shesaidthatshehaddonesomeresearch.2）时态的改变：如：Shesaid,“Thisasisveryclever.”-Shesaidthatthatadwasveryclever.下边列举当动词是过去时态时，时态是怎样变化的：直接引语间接引

45、语一般此刻时一般过去时此刻进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去达成时此刻达成时过去达成时一般未来时过去未来时过去达成时过去达成时此刻达成进行时过去达成进行时注：当陈说一个不变的事及时，时态不变。如：“lighttravelsatgreatspeed,”heHesaidthatlighttravelsatgreatspeed.3）时间和地址状语的变化：如：Tomsaid,“Iamworkingheretoday.”-Tomsaidhewasworkingtherethatday.下边列举这种变化的例子：直接引语间接引语todaytomorrowyesterdaynextmonththatday/yes

46、terday/onWednesday,etc.thenextday/thefollowingday/onThursday,etc.thedaybefore/thepreviousday/onTudesay,etc.themonthafter/thefollowingmonth/inJuly,etc.lastyeartheyearbefore/thepreviousyear,etc.aweekagoaweekbefore/aweekearlier,etc.4）其余的例子：直接引语间接引语thisthatthesethosecomego二间接引语：陈说句，疑问句和祈使句1陈说句1）我们用that指

47、引的名词性从句来陈说一件事。如：Shesaid,“Advertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.”-Shesaidthatadvertisementsareanimportantpartofourlives.除了say以外，还有其余的动词能够这样用：tell,advise,agree,explain,insist,promise,remind,suggest,warn如：“PSAsareoftenplacedforfree,”thewriterThewriterexplainedthatPSAsareoftenplacedforfree.2疑问句1）我们

48、用whether/if指引的名词性从句来陈说一般疑问句。如：MattaskedAnn,“Areyouthehappiestpersonintheworld”-MattaskedAnnwhether/ifshewasthehappiestpersonintheworld.2）我们用wh-疑问词指引的名词性从句来陈说wh-疑问句。如：Iaskedher,“Howcanthatcouldbe-Iaskedherhowthatcouldbetrue.3祈使句1）我们用以下构造来陈说祈使句：陈说动词+宾语+（not）+to-动词不定式如：Thewritersaid,“Thinkaboutwhyyoush

49、oulddothethingstheadsuggests.”-Thewritertoldustothinkaboutwhyweshoulddothethingstheadsuggested.“Dontworry,Mickey,”JenJenaskedMickeynottoworry.其余的单词也有相同的用法：advise,encourage,invite,remind,warn如：“Dontbelieveeveryadvertisementyouread,”MichellesaidtoMichelleadvisedmenottobelieveeveryadvertisementIread.第二

50、单元一神态动词：整体介绍1我们用神态动词来讨论：1）能力如：Hecanrunthe100msprintin11seconds.义务义务性由弱到强摆列：oughtto/should-haveto-must如：Youmustworkhardtowinthegoldmedal.确立确立性由弱到强摆列：might-may-could-should-oughtto-will-must如：ShemightwinamedalattheOlympics.赞同正式性由弱到强摆列：can-could-may-might如：Heisinjuredbutmaytakepartinthegames.我们也用神态动词来：

51、1）概要求：正式性由弱到强摆列：will-can-could-would如：Canyouhelpmewithmytraining3）提建议：如：Shallwedoexercisethismorning4）供给帮助：如：Illwashyoursportsjacket.ShallIgetaticketforyou5）提建议：如：Youshouldnot/oughtnottoeatalotbeforeswimming.3神态动词后应当接不带to的动词不定式。如：Shecouldwinthegoldmedal.我们用神态动词的进行时来讨论此刻可能发生的事情，用神态动词的达成时来讨论过去可能发生的事情。

52、如：Theboysmaybeplayingfootballontheplayground.Heplaysbasketballverywell.Hemusthavepracticeditalot.二神态动词：can和beableto等1Can和beableto1）当指能力时，can和beableto能够交换，但beableto比can更为正式但也不常用。如：Mybrothercan/isabletoplaytabletennisverywell.我们用can来讨论未来可能发生的动作。如：Letsgetsomeexercise.Wecangoandjoginthepark.3）beableto能够

53、用在不同的时态中，能够后边直接接动词原形或放在另一个神态动词以后。如：ImsorryIhaventbeenabletoplaytenniswithyourecently.Itsnicetobeabletoattendthelecture.WangGongmightbeabletowinthechessgame.4)can的过去式是could，beableto的过去式是was/wereableto如：Hecouldswimacrosstheriverwhenhewasyoung.Mikewasagoodswimmer,sohewasabletotakefirstplaceinthecompeti

54、tion.2shall和will1）我们往常用shall来表达许诺，用will来表达信心或决定。如：Dontworry.Youshallhavetheticketsforthegames.LiuMeiwillgoandbuytheticketsforthegames.2)在疑问句中，shall用于第一人称或第三人称供给帮助或提建议，will用于第二人称和第三人称咨询意向。如：ShallwegoswimmingthisweekendAgroupofstudentsarewaitingtoseeyououtside.ShalltheycomeinWillyougohikingwithmeinthe

55、mountainWillhepayforme3mustnt和needntMustnt用来表达让某人不做某事，neednt用来表达做某事没必需。如：Youmustntmissthisfootballmatch.Itsveryimportant.Youneedntwatchthegameifyoudontwantto.4need和dare当用做神态动词时，这两个词常出此刻否认句和疑问句中。这两个词还能够当成普通动词来用。如：Youneednt/dontneedtogotrainingifyoufeeltired.Darehe/Doeshedaretodiveintothewaterfromtheb

56、ridge第三单元一被动语态1主动语态和被动语态在乎思上没有太大差别，能够交换。在主动语态的句子中，我们用动作的发出者作为句子的主语；在被动语态的句子中，我们用动作的承受者作为句子的主语。如：ScientistsdesignedaVRheadset.AVRheadsetwasdesignedbyscientists.2被动语态的基本构造是：be+-ed（动词的过去分词），在不同的时态中，be的形式是不相同的。比如，在一般此刻时态中，be是is或are；在此刻进行时态中，be是is/am/are+being；在此刻达成时态中，be是have/has+been；在一般未来时态中，be是will+b

57、e。如：Rightnowthenewproductisbeingdevelopedinthelaboratory.Anagreementhasbeenputforward.3当用被动语态的时候，以下几点需要注意：1）我们往常用by来指引动作的发出者，但当没必需说起动作的发出者或动作的发出者不重要，或很难说出动作的发出者是谁时，动作的发出者能够省略不提。如：hebelievesthatVRfilmswillbeacceptedbyviewers.BoththeheadsetsandtheglovesareconnectedtotheRealCinecomputersystem.2）动词give，

58、lend，offer，send，tell和show后边能够接两个宾语，分别指人和物。当这些动词用做被动语态的时候，我们往常把动词后边接的人做为句子的主语；有些时候，也会把物作为主语。如：Theyareofferedheadsetsandglovesinthecinema.Headsetsandgloveswereofferedtotheminthecinema.3）在主动语态中，一些动词后边常常接宾语和动词原形。在被动语态中，动词原形前面要接to。如：Isawhimgothere.Hewasseentogothere.有时，在被动语态中，get能够代替be。如：getchanged,getdr

59、essed,gethurt如：Pleasewaitawhile.Illjustgoandgetchanged.4）有些动词主动形式表被动含义。如：ThiskindofcomputersellswellinChina.Yourarticlereadswell.5）状态动词不可以用于被动语态。如：Ihavemanysciencebooks.VRfilmsbelongtothelatestwaveofnewtechnology.4被动语态的其余特别形式：1）it+动词的被动语态+that从句如：ItissaidthatthetechnologybehindRealCineisvirtualreali

60、ty.2）主语+动词的被动语态+todo如：ThetechnologybehindRealCineissaidtobevirtualreality.近似的动词还有：believe,report,suppose,know,prove等。二神态动词和被动语态1在被动语态顶用神态动词来表达能力，可能性，责任，许诺等。如：FirefightercouldbetrainedusingRealCine.2神态动词被动语态的形式是：神态动词+be+动词的过去分词如：Thepositionoftheviewercanbecalculatedatanytime.注意其余神态动词被动语态的用法：主动语态被动语态C