反渗透技术讲座

1、Seminar(1)Technical Seminar Membrane Structure膜的结构 General Concept基本概念 Operation Consideration操作指南 Scaling & Fouling结垢与污染 Trouble Shooting故障排除 Analysis水质分析 技术讲座Seminar(1)Structure of TFC RO MembraneUltrathin Barrier Layer超薄的分离层0.20.35070Micro-porous Poly-sulfone聚醚砜Reinforcing Fabrics-支撑无纺布(NOT be Se

2、en)120SEM ( x1000 )反 渗 透 膜 的 结 构Seminar(1) Roughness Morphology Morphology of Membrane was studied by AFMRav (nm) BE:78.9, FE:75.4, BL:55.6, FL:68.2Seminar(1)Membrane Selectivity 膜的选择ElectronOpticalVisibletoMicroscopyMicroscopyNakedEyeMicrometerMolecularWeightParticleTypeMembraneType0.0010.010.11.01

3、01001001000100000SugarCarbonBlackSolubleSaltsOilEmulsionBacteriaHumanHairVirusColloidsSandMetalIonsProteins/EnzymesReverseOsmosisMicrofiltrationNanofiltrationParticleFiltrationUltrafiltration电子显微镜光学显微镜肉眼可见微米分子量离子类型膜的类型可溶盐反渗透糖金属离子病毒碳油乳化液细菌胶体蛋白质/酶人类头发沙纳滤超滤微滤微粒过滤器Seminar(1)Categories of Cross-flow memb

4、rane Filtration错流过滤膜的分类MF-微滤UF-超滤NF-纳滤RO-反渗透Range of Particle ()离子范围Appox. 0.1-1Up to 1(20-100 )MWCO 1000-100,000 1 (10 )MWCO 200-400Molecular100Object of Remove去除目标Suspended Solid-Large colloid悬浮物大颗粒胶体Colloid 胶体, protein蛋白质Microbiological contaminants Large organic molecular微生物污染物-大颗粒有机物分子Color , 染

5、料TOC (surface)总有机碳Hardness 硬度(well)All dissolved salt所有溶解盐Pass through透过情况Macro molecular大分子Dissolved solid溶解性固体Dissolved salts溶解盐Smaller molecular小分子Mono-valent anion 2-80单价阴离子Divalent anion 2-10二价阴离子Water molecular水分子Op. pressure操作压力0.7 bar (10psi)1 to 7 bar (15-100 psi)3.5 to 16 bar(50-225 psi)14

6、 to 69 bar(200-1000 psi)Application应用Bacteria细菌TSS悬浮物Flocculate material絮凝物Pre-treatment前处理Post-treatment后处理Separation of organic from inorganics从无机物中分离有机物Sea water海水Brackish苦咸水Semiconductor半导体, etcSeminar(1)Spiral Wound (Unfold The Element) 卷式膜解剖图Seminar(1)Selectivity Membrane Element 选择膜元件Water So

7、urce水源Types类型Concentration(ppm)浓度Membrane膜Remark备注Tap water自来水Below 500TE/TLBrackish water苦咸水Normal 普通Fouling resistant抗污染Below 5,000BEFE/FL节能Low energySea water海水High rej高脱盐Low rej低脱盐5,000-50,000SRSNUPW超纯水UESeminar(1)STORAGE 膜的保存 Storage condition-保存条件 Storage Temp : -4 to 45 deg C-保存温度：-445 Storag

8、e period : below 6 months-保存时间：6个月 Inspect The Biological Every 3 Months-每3个月检查 Stop The System-系统停止运行 Short Period (Below 1week) -短期（1周内） - Flush The Ro System With Feed Water-用原水冲洗系统 Long Period (Above 1month) -长期（1个月以上） - Clean In Place-就地清洗（CIP) - Fill The Solution-充满保护液 - Change The Solution Ev

9、ery 30 Days-每30天更换保护液 - Prevent to freeze, fill with PG 10% (Room Temp:5 deg C) 防止结冰，用10%丙二醇溶液浸泡，室温5 (propylene glycol)Seminar(1)P* Index 标示 T: Temperature温度, P: Pressure压力, C: Feed concentration浓度 , R: Recovery回收率FluxRej.PTTFluxRej.CFluxRej.CRRFluxRej.Performance Tendency According To The Factor性能曲

10、线 General RO Performance流量脱盐率Seminar(1)Consideration Of Operation 操作注意事项 Water analysis水分析 Predict the scalants 预测难溶盐结垢 Selection cleaning chemical选择清洗药剂 Pretreatment equipment-预处理设备 Feed pressure进水压力, Temperature温度, Flow 流量 Anti-scalants 阻垢, Residual chlorine 余氯, conductivity电导率 NTU浊度,SDI污染指数,ORP氧化

11、还原电位, pH Record Data- Log Sheet 记录数据 Date日期, performance data运行数据, CIP清洗Seminar(1)Typical Water Analysis Concerns典型水分析关系 Surfactants, Anionic Polymers, Cationic PolymersMajor Cations主要阳离子Major Anions主要阴离子Other Metals其他金属离子Other Tests其它检测Calcium (Ca)Carbonate(CO3)Barium (Ba)SDI污染指数Magnesium (Mg)Chlor

12、ide (Cl)Strontium (Sr)Turbidity浊度Potassium (K)Nitrate (NO3)Iron (Fe)TOC总有机碳Sodium (Na)Sulfate (SO4)Aluminum (Al)Silica (SiO2)Fluoride (F)Copper (Cu)Carbon DioxideCO2Zinc (Zn)pHTDS含盐量Seminar(1)Design Limit-设计极限Feed SourceSDIMax. Flux (GFD)Max. % RecoveryRO PermeateRO水13840UF PermeateUF水13525Well/Soft

13、ened井水/软化32812Surface/Softened地表水/软化3-51811Surface地表水3-5159.5Sea water-海水5108最大水通量最大回收率污染指数水 源Seminar(1)MaximumFeedFlowMinimumConcentrantonFlowEelment2.54.08.02.54.08.0Unitgpm(m3/hr)gpm(m3/hr)gpm(m3/hr)gpm(m3/hr)gpm(m3/hr)gpm(m3/hr)RO/UFPermeate6(1.3)18(4.1)70(16)0.5(0.11)2(0.5)8(1.8)WellWater/Softe

14、nedSupply6(1.3)18(4.1)62(14)1(0.22)4(0.9)16(3.6)SoftenedSurfaceSupply6(1.3)18(4.1)60(14)1(0.22)4(0.9)16(3.6)SurfaceSupply6(1.3)18(4.1)55(12)1(0.22)4(0.9)16(3.6)FilteredTertiaryEffluent6(1.3)18(4.1)50(11)1(0.22)4(0.9)16(3.6)Del P/ Design Limit 设计极限 Maximum Pressure Drop per Element -15 psig/ Element单

15、只膜压降15psi Maximum Pressure Drop per Vessel - 60 psig / 6E,Vessel单只膜管压降60psi Maximum Feed Flow/Minimum Concentrate Flow per Vessel -最大进水量/最小浓排量（单只膜管）最大进水流量最小浓水排放量元件单位Seminar(1)Installation 安装 Cleaning the Vessel, Piping, Tank (If need, Sanitary ) -清洗膜壳、管路、水箱 Shimming Spacer : 2-3mm thickness调整垫：2-3毫米

16、 Insert spacers to adapters at feed end O-ring & Brine Seal Check检查O形环和浓水密封圈 Thrust ring at Tail-end Side-在一端装上O形环Seminar(1)Initial Start-Up 开始安装 Check List 检查清单 Multi-media filter and cartridge filter. 多介质过滤器和保安过滤器 Chemical dozing line and valves. 化学加药管线和阀门 Installation & Calibration instrumentatio

17、n. 安装和校准仪表 Pressure relief protection. 减压保护 Initial Feed Flow is limited to less than 50% of operating feed flow. -初始流量为工作流量的50%Seminar(1)Start-Up Sequence 调试顺序 The pretreatment section should thoroughly rinsed前处理充分冲洗 Correct the all valve setting 调整所有阀门位置 Expel the air out of the vessel (leak check

18、)排空膜壳内气体（查漏) Valve Control (Feed, Concentrate)阀门位置调整（进水、浓水）Seminar(1)System Start-Up 系统调试 Alarms or shut downs报警和停机 Low inlet pressure 进水压力过低 High feed pressure 进水压力过高 High feed temperature 进水温度过高 High permeate pressure 渗透压过高 High TDS or SDI 高TDS或 高SDI High ORP (oxidation-reduction potential) 氧化还原电位

19、高 Low concentrate flow 浓水流量过小Seminar(1)System Operation 系统操作 Data log 数据的记录 Pretreatment systems 预处理系统 RO operating data RO系统数据 Maintenance log 维护保养记录 Data normalization 数据标准化 Real performance vs. reference performance 实际运行和参考数据 Permeate flow, differential pressure, salt rejection-纯水流量、压力降、 脱盐率 Foul

20、ing, chemical damage, mechanical failure Hydraulic plugging -污染、化学损害、机械故障、水力阻塞Seminar(1)System Operation 系统操作 Biological activity check points生物活性控制点 Intake 入口 After clarifier 澄清池后 After filtration 过滤后 After de-chlorination 还原余氯后 Concentrate 浓水 Permeate 纯水Seminar(1)Typical RO System Process 典型反渗透流程x

21、xxxxxX :Check point 控制点xNaOCl杀菌剂SBS亚硫酸氢钠 H2SO4硫酸Antiscalant澄清池多介质过滤器软化活性炭过滤器脱气塔精密过滤器阻垢剂高压泵反渗透脱气塔储存罐抛光管路树脂阱初步去离子可选Seminar(1)Boundary Layer 分离边界层Transmission Mechanism 过滤机理简图ROMEMBRANEPERMEATEWATERBOUNDARYLAYERFEED渗透水RO膜Seminar(1)MEMBRANE膜MEMBRANE 膜层FEED进水CONC浓水Where Scaling & Fouling Occur 污染和结垢发生地方S

22、caling 结垢Seminar(1)Where Scaling & Fouling Occur结垢和污染产生的地方MEMBRANE膜MEMBRANE膜FEED进水CONC浓水Bio-fouling 生物污染Seminar(1)FEED进水Where Scaling & Fouling Occur结垢和污染产生的地方MEMBRANE膜MEMBRANE膜CONC浓水Colloidal Fouling 胶体污染Seminar(1)Scaling Symptoms/Removal 结垢的特征和清除 Scaling Symptoms 结垢特征 Decreased salt rejection, esp

23、. last stage脱盐率下降，如最后一段 Increase pressure drop, esp. last stage 压降增加，如最后一段 Decreased Norm. Permeate flow 正常产水量下降 Removal 去除 Low pH , and/ or chelate 低pH值、螯合性的 Warm temperature较高温度 Carbonate, Bicarbonate Removal去除碳酸盐和重碳酸盐Seminar(1)Bio fouling Symptoms/Removal生物污染特征和清除 Living or Once-Living Particles

24、活性和非活性粒子 Bacteria, Fungi, Algae 细菌、真菌、海藻 Bio-fouling symptoms生物污染特征 Increased salt rejection initially 脱盐率降低 Increase pressure drop 压降增加 Decreased Norm. Permeate flow 流量降低 Removal 去除方法 High pH (11 - 12)高pH值 Hot temperature较高温度 High flow rate 大流量 Detergent 清洗剂Seminar(1)Colloidal Fouling Symptoms/Remo

25、val污染症状/清除 Non-living Particles非活性粒子 Bacteria, Fungi, Algae 细菌、真菌、藻类 Colloidal fouling symptoms 污染症状 Slightly Decreased salt rejection initially, much greater later -脱盐率最初稍微降低，然后很快下降 Increase pressure drop-压力降增加 Decreased Norm. Permeate flow-产品水流量减少 Removal 清除 High pH (11 - 12)高Ph值 Hot temperature 较

26、高的温度 High flow rate 大流量 Detergent 清洗剂Seminar(1)Iron ,ZincMetallic金属性的Chloride ,Sulfate氯化物、硫酸盐like saltTastes味觉Ironred/orangeAluminum AlgreyManganese Mndark brown/blackColor ,Iron Febrown/redCopper Cublue/greenStrains菌株Fluoride氟化物spotting and motting of teethCaCO3my clothesCaCO3, TDSGlassware ,dishes

27、 ,flatwareSpots污点MTBElike sweet solvent芳香剂Selenium(+6)硒like sewage下水道Odor臭味like rotten eggs臭鸡蛋Barium, Cadmium钡、镉like fish类似鱼腥Chlorine Cllike bleach类似漂白粉Smells气味CaCO3whitish scale白垢CaCO3soap scum, bathtub ringsDeposit沉淀Iron Fereddish/orange红橙Manganese Mndark brown/black黑褐Copper Cublue/green青绿Color颜色R

28、esults起因Symptoms症状Scaling Symptoms/Removal结垢特征和清除Seminar(1)Trouble shooting matrix故障排除表Cause原因Location位置Norm. del P压降Norm. Perm Flow产水量Norm. Salt Rej脱盐率Metal Oxide金属氧化物1st stage 1段Colloidal fouling胶体1st stageScaling 结垢Last stage 末段Biological Fouling生物污染Any stage任意Organic Fouling有机物All stages-Oxidant

29、(Cl2)氧化剂Esp. 1st stageAbrasion (Carbon, silt)磨损（碳、沙）Esp. 1st stage-O-ring or glue leakO型环/胶水开裂Random随机High Recovery 回收率过高All stagesIncrease Decrease Normal -Seminar(1)CIP (Cleaning in Place) Diagram清洗流程图MFDPFIPITank容器 pump泵Recirculation 循 环TIpHPerm water 纯水PIHeater加热器精密过滤器Seminar(1)CIP (Cleaning in

30、Place)现场清洗 Timing for CIP 安排时间进行清洗 Loss of 10 to 15% in normalized permeate flow -正常产品水量下降10-15% Increase of 10 to 15% in normalized differential pressure -压降增加10-15% Decrease of 1 to 2% in salt rejection脱盐率下降1-2% Volume of CIP solution 清洗溶液的容积 Volume of pressure vessels and return pipes -压力容器和回水管路的

31、容积Seminar(1)CIP (Cleaning in Place)现场清洗 Important factors for efficient CIP 高效CIP的重要因素 Flow rate (9 m3/hr, 8” vessel) 流量 Feed pressure (lowest pressure possible)进水压力（可能低的压力） Temperature 温度 Chemical concentration化学药品浓度 CIP method 清洗方法 Choosing cleaning chemicals 选择清洗药剂 Performance data analysis 运行数据分

32、析 Feed water analysis原水分析 CIP history check以往清洗记录检查 Analysis of foulant filtered by SDI membrane SDI值分析污染指数 Cartridge deposit analysis 容器沉淀物分析 Inspection feed end of element & inner surface of feed line tubing 检查元件进水末端和进水管路内表面Seminar(1)CIP (Cleaning in Place )现场清洗 CIP (cleaning in place) procedure清洗

33、程序 Chemical preparation (concentration, pH, temperature)药剂的准备 Low flow pumping(4 m3/hr, 8” vessel) 低流量泵 (drain water until chemical is found in concentrate)排放直至浓水中有药剂 Recycle concentrate to cleaning tank (9 m3/hr, 8” vessel)浓水循环清洗水箱 Soaking 浸泡 High flow pumping : Circulation(9 m3/hr, 8” vessel)大流量泵循环 Rinse 冲洗 Order of use for cleaning solutions 清洗方法的顺序 Acid cleaning : inorganic fouling 酸洗：无机物污染 Alkaline cleaning : organic & biological fouling碱洗：有机物和