The Bataan Death March巴丹死亡行军

1、PAGE PAGE - 7 -TheBataanDeathMarch巴丹死亡行军珍妮弗罗森堡聂雅真周知非PreludeTheBataanDeathMarchwasJapansbrutalforcedmarchofAmericanandFilipinoprisonersofwarduringWorldWarII.The63-milemarchbeganonApril9，1942，withatleast72，000POWsfromthesouthernendoftheBataanPeninsulainthePhilippines.Somesourcessay75，000soldierswereta

2、kenprisonerafterthesurrenderatBataan，whichbrokedownto12，000Americansand63，000Filipinos.ThehorribleconditionsandharshtreatmentoftheprisonersduringtheBataanDeathMarchresultedinanestimated7，000to10，000deaths.SurrenderinBataanOnlyhoursaftertheJapaneseattackonPearlHarboronDecember7，1941，theJapanesestruck

3、airbasesintheAmerican-heldPhilippines.InasurpriseairattackaroundnoononDecember8，mostofthemilitaryaircraftonthearchipelagoweredestroyed.UnlikeinHawaii，theJapanesefollowedtheirairstrikeinthePhilippineswithagroundinvasion.AsJapanesegroundtroopsheadedtowardthecap-italofManila，U.S.andFilipinotroopsretrea

4、tedonDecember22totheBataanPeninsulaonthewesternsideofthelargePhilippineislandofLuzon.CutofffromfoodandothersuppliesbyaJapaneseblockade，theU.S.andFilipinosoldiersslowlyuseduptheirsupplies，goingfromhalfrationstothirdrationsandthenquarterrations.ByApril，theyhadbeenholdingoutintheBataanjunglesforthreemo

5、nths.Theywerestarvingandsufferingfromdiseases.Therewasnooptionotherthantosurrender.OnApril9，1942，U.S.Gen.EdwardP.Kingsignedthesurrenderdocument，endingtheBattleofBataan.TheremainingAmericanandFilipinosoldiersweretakenbytheJapaneseasPOWs.Almostimmediately，theBataanDeathMarchbegan.MarchBeginsThepurpose

6、ofthemarchwastoget72，000POWsfromMarivelesinthesouthernendoftheBataanPeninsulatoCampODonnellinthenorth.Theprisonersweretomarch55milestoSanFernando，thentravelbytraintoCapasbeforemarchingthelasteightmilestoCampODonnell.Theprisonerswereseparatedintogroupsofapproximately100，assignedJapaneseguards，andsent

7、marching.Itwouldtakeeachgroupaboutfivedaystomakethejourney.Themarchwouldhavebeenarduousforanyone，butthestarvingprisonersenduredcrueltreatmentthroughouttheirlongjourney，makingthemarchdeadly.JapaneseSenseofBushidoJapanesesoldiersbelievedstronglyinbushido，acodeorsetofmoralprinciplesestablishedbythesamu

8、rai.Accordingtothecode，honorisbroughttoapersonwhofightstothedeath;anyonewhosurrendersisconsideredcontemptible.ToJapanesesoldiers，thecapturedAmericanandFilipinoPOWswereunworthyofrespect.Toshowtheirdisgust，theJapaneseguardstorturedtheirprisonersthroughoutthemarch.Thecapturedsoldiersweregivennowaterand

9、littlefood.Althoughartesianwellswithcleanwaterwerescatteredalongtheway，Japaneseguardsshotprisonerswhobrokerankandtriedtodrinkfromthem.Afewprisonersscoopedupstagnantwaterastheywalked，whichmademanysick.Theprisonersweregivenacoupleofriceballsduringtheirlongmarch.Filipinocivilianstriedtothrowfoodtothema

10、rchingprisoners，butJapanesesoldierskilledthosewhotriedtohelp.HeatandRandomBrutalityTheintenseheatduringthemarchwasmiserable.TheJapaneseexacerbatedthepainbymakingprisonerssitinthesunforseveralhourswithoutshade，aformoftorturecalled“thesuntreatment.”Withoutfoodandwater，theprisonerswereextremelyweakasth

11、eymarchedinthehotsun.Manywereseriouslyillfrommalnutrition;othershadbeenwoundedorweresufferingfromdiseasestheyhadpickedupinthejungle.TheJapanesedidntcare：Ifanyoneslowedorfellbehindduringthemarch，theywereshotorbayoneted.AJapanese“buzzardsquad”followedeachgroupofmarchingprisonerstokillthosewhocouldntke

12、epup.Randombrutalitywascommon.Japanesesoldiersfrequentlyhitprisonerswiththebuttoftheirrifles.Bayonetingwascommon.Beheadingswereprevalent.Simpledignitiesalsoweredeniedtheprisoners.TheJapaneseofferedneitherlatrinesnorbathroombreaksalongthelongmarch.Prisonerswhohadtodefecatedidsowhilewalking.CampODonne

13、llWhentheprisonersreachedSanFernando，theywereherdedintoboxcars.TheJapaneseforcedsomanyprisonersintoeachboxcarthattherewasstandingroomonly.Heatandotherconditionsinsidecausedmoredeaths.UponarrivalinCapas，theremainingprisonersmarchedanothereightmiles.WhentheyreachedCampODonnell，itwasdiscoveredthatonly5

14、4，000prisonersmadeitthere.Anestimated7，000to10，000haddied，whileothermissingsoldierspresumablyescapedintothejungleandjoinedguerrillagroups.ConditionsatCampODonnellalsowerebrutal，leadingtothousandsmorePOWdeathsinthefirstfewweeksthere.TheManResponsibleAfterthewar，aU.S.militarytribunalchargedLt.Gen.Homm

15、aMasaharufortheatrocitiesduringtheBataanDeathMarch.HommawasinchargeofthePhilippinesinvasionandorderedtheevacuationofthePOWsfromBataan.Hommaacceptedresponsibilityforhistroopsactionsbutclaimedheneverorderedsuchcruelty.Thetribunalfoundhimguilty.OnApril3，1946，HommawasexecutedbyfiringsquadinthetownofLosB

16、anosinthePhilippines.前言巴丹死亡行军是二战中日本强迫美国和菲律宾战俘进行的一次残忍行军。这次63英里的行军开始于1942年4月9日，至少7.2万名来自菲律宾巴丹半岛南端的战俘被迫参加。也有消息说，在巴丹投降被俘的有7.5万人，其中美军1.2万人、菲军队6.3万人。行军条件恶劣，战俘受尽折磨，估计导致7000至1万人死亡。巴丹投降1941年12月7日，日本偷袭了珍珠港;仅几个小时后，又袭击了美控菲律宾的空军基地。12月8日中午前后，日本出其不意发动空袭，菲律宾的美军机大多被毁。和在夏威夷不同，日本在对菲律宾空袭后立即发动了地面进攻。日本陆军进军首都马尼拉时，美军和菲军于12

17、月22日撤退到菲律宾大岛吕宋岛西侧的巴丹半岛。由于日军实施封锁，切断了食物等物资的供应，美国和菲律宾部队的儲备逐渐耗尽，口粮配给从一半减少到三分之一再到四分之一。到4月，他们已在巴丹丛林中坚持了3个月。他们忍饥挨饿，又遭疾病折磨。除了投降，无路可走。1942年4月9日，美国爱德华P.金将军签署了投降书，结束了巴丹半岛之战。剩下的美国和菲律宾士兵成了日军战俘。巴丹死亡行军几乎立即就开始了。行军开始这一行军是为了把7.2万名战俘从巴丹半岛南端的马里韦莱斯押送到北部的奥唐奈战俘营。战俘们要行军55英里至圣费尔南多，然后乘火车到卡帕斯，再从卡帕斯行军最后8英里至奥唐奈战俘营。战俘们被分成若干队，每队约

18、100人，指派日军卫兵监管，之后便出发了。每队都需要约5天完成行军。行军对任何人来说都是艰苦的，但忍饥挨饿的战俘在漫长的行程中还要遭受残酷折磨，这次行军对他们来说就是一次死亡之旅。日本武士道日军士兵极其崇尚武士道精神，武士道是日本武士阶层确立的一套道德准则。根据武士道，死战者光荣，投降者皆可耻。对日军卫兵来说，被俘的美菲战俘都不值得尊重。为表鄙视，日军在整个行军途中对战俘百般折磨。他们不给战俘喝水，也不给什么吃的。虽然沿途有自流井可以喝到清水，但离队去井边喝水的战俘全被日军枪杀了。有些战俘沿途舀污水喝，许多人因此病倒了。长途行军中，战俘分到了几个饭团。菲律宾的老百姓试图给行军中的战俘扔点儿食物，但日本兵把那些想施以援手的人都杀了。炎热和暴行肆