卫星通信的信道测量和建模

1、卫星通信信道的建模和测量一、 通信卫星分类卫星可以分类的方式有很多种，这里只列出常见的分类。轨位卫星可以根据轨道的高度分为以下几种。其中，近地轨道卫星( Land mobile satellite-LMS )为当前研究的热点。因为在高轨位上，卫星信道更加趋近于高斯信 道。而在低轨位工作的卫星，由于其运动性，会存在遮挡、时变、多径效应和多 普勒效应。LEO (low earth orbit): 1602000kmMEO (medium earth orbit): 200036000kmHEO (high earth orbit)：36000kmGEO (geostationary orbit)：

2、36000km频段按照卫星工作的频段，一般可以分为以下几类。其中，在卫星信道测量上，要特 别考虑高频段所带来的阴影衰落，以及天气状况。工作在 ka 波段的卫星，雨衰 严重。L-band: 0.33GS-band: 2-4GC-band: 48GX-band: 812GKu-band: 1218GKa-band: 2740G服务区域根据卫星服务的区域不同，又可以把卫星分为以下几类。如果卫星服务的区域在 城区，则遮挡会更加严重。而在空旷的郊区，则遮挡会相应变少。另外，最近有 些工作是测量热带区域的卫星信道，主要是因为热带区域天气多变，因此，有必 要单独考虑。RuralSuburbanUrbanTr

3、opical area极化方式根据卫星的极化方式不同，又可以把卫星分为多极化和双极化卫星。1. Single-polarized2. Dual-polarized目前，大部分信道建模或者测量都是选择其中的一个子集，作为研究对象。比如， 研究近地轨道卫星在 Ka 波段下城区的信道的测量和建模。就调研的结果来看， 现在大部分文献都集中在低轨卫星条件下，研究卫星信道的测量和建模。主要是 由于低轨卫星高度低，卫星运动速度快，当最小通信仰角为 10， 卫星轨道高度 为 1300km 时，用户看到卫星升起到卫星落下的持续时间在 10 分钟左右。因此 在用户的一次呼叫过程中，用户与卫星之间的仰角变化很快且变

4、化范围大。因而， 在研究信道模型时，必须研究通信全仰角下的信道模型。多数研究都是假设在大部分时间内卫星和移动台之间存在直射分量；由于建筑物 和树木等物体的遮蔽，存在阴影效应；由于信号的反射、散射和绕射造成的多径 效应；由于卫星和移动台间的相对运动形成的多普勒效应。所以，移动卫星通信 信道的特点可以归纳为：时变、多径效应、阴影效应和多普勒效应。在卫星信道建模和测量中比较有代表性的研究是C.Loo1和Lutz2等人的工作。Loo模型假设信道由直射分量和散射分量组成。其中直射分量(LOS component)服从 log-normal 分布，而多径分量服从瑞利分布。 Lutz 通过对信道处在不同状态

5、的概率的研究，提出了基于markov链的信道模型。大部分论文都是针对不同的卫星、不同的地理环境，通过测量或者改进他人的信道模型，得到不同的有针对性的卫星信道模型。比如，很多论文都是应用 C.Loo的基本模型，但是采用其他概率分布来满足不同场景下的信道特性。或者，通过状态细分，扩展Lutz模型，建立更加准确的反映实际卫星信道的模型。2.0 综述类文献Karaliopoulos, M. S. and F.-N. Pavlidou (1999). Modelling the land mobile satellite channel: areview. Electronics & Communica

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