Chapter-9-English-Dictionary-英语词汇学-教学课件

1、Chapter Nine English DictionaryChapter Nine English DictionarIntroduction Dictionary for English-speaking people is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling, pronunciation , meaning usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology.I

2、t is closely related to lexicology, which deals with the same problems: the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units. different types of English dictionaries, their contents and characteristics and use of dictionaries. Introduction Dictionary for EnTypes of Dictionaries Monolingual Dicti

3、onariesBilingual DictionariesLinguistic Dictionaries Encyclopedic DictionariesUnabridged Dictionaries Desk DictionariesPocket DictionariesSpecialized DictionariesTypes of Dictionaries MonolingChapter-9-English-Dictionary-英语词汇学-教学课件Chapter-9-English-Dictionary-英语词汇学-教学课件Monolingual dictionaries Monol

4、ingual dictionaries are written in one language. That is the headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language. The monolingual dictionary is rather a late development because the earliest dictionaries were all bilingual. The target population of monolingual dictionaries are gener

5、al native speakers or second language and foreign learners who have reached the intermediate and advanced stages. LDCE and CCELD published in Britain are both monolingual dictionaries. Monolingual dictionaries MonolBilingual dictionaries Bilingual dictionaries involve two languages. The main entries

6、 are generally defined or explained in the same language with translations as Oxford Advanced learners Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation, Or rather the headwords are defined in another language or given their foreign equivalents. A good example is A New English-Chinese Dictionar

7、y and the like. Another kind of bilingual dictionary is A Chinese-English Dictionary (1995), in which the Chinese words and expressions are translated into English. Bilingual dictionaries BilinguLinguistic dictionaries Linguistic dictionaries aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the

8、language. They usually cover such areas as spelling, pronunciation , meaning, grammatical function, usage and etymology , etc. These dictionaries can be monolingual and bilingual. Linguistic dictionaries LinguiEncyclopedic dictionaries Encyclopedic dictionaries can be further divided into encycloped

9、ia and encyclopedic dictionaries. An encyclopedia is not concerned with the language per se but provides encyclopedic information concerning each headword. There the reader cannot find pronunciation or meanings or usages but other information. The well-known ones are The Encyclopedia Britannica in 2

10、0 volumes and The Encyclopedia Americana in 30 volumes. Encyclopedic dictionaries EncyEncyclopedic dictionaries Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristics of both linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedia. In such dictionaries one can fine the general information as in a linguistic dictionary

11、 and limited encyclopedic information as well. the entries have a wider coverage including names, histories events and the like. Chambers Encyclopedic English Dictionary Encyclopedic dictionaries EncyUnabridged dictionaries As the name indicates, an unabridged dictionary is an unshortened one. Theor

12、etically, it is a complete record of all the words in use.such a dictionary is the most complete description of words available to us. It provides a great quantity of basic information about a word The best-known unabridged dictionary is Websters Third New International Dictionary and The Word Book

13、Dictionary Unabridged dictionaries As theThe Word Book Dictionary It contains 220,000 entries in two volumes. Its definitions are simple and clear, most with quotations and their sources. In addition, it includes synonym study sections which differentiate synonyms and discuss their usages. The suppl

14、ementary matter which provides useful information concerning different respects of use of language make up over 100 pages. The Word Book Dictionary It cDesk dictionaries Desk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000. British dictionaries: The Concise Oxford

15、Dictionary, Ninth Edition (1996),Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 3rd Edition (1980), Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, New Edition ( 1987) American desk dictionaries: Websters New World Dictionary , 2nd college Edition ( 1980), and Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary ( 1983). Des

16、k dictionaries Desk dictionPocket dictionaries These dictionaries have about 50,000 entries or fewer. Such a dictionary provides only the spelling and pronunciation of each word with a few most common meanings. They contain only a few or no examples. Their advantages are being inexpensive and easy t

17、o carry. For someone who needs a dictionary by their side to check spelling, or the meaning of an occasional word from his/her reading , a pocket dictionary can be good. Pocket dictionaries These dictSpecialized Dictionaries Special dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language or knowle

18、dge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usages in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, yet each contains much more detailed information on the subject than you can f

19、ind in a general unabridged one. Specialized Dictionaries SpeciSpecialized Dictionaries Among the well-known specialized dictionaries: The Oxford Dictionary of English EtymologyPractical English UsageCollins COBUILD English UsageLongman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs, by Rosemary CourtneyOxford Diction

20、ary of Current Idiomatic English Websters New Dictionary of SynonymsLongman Lexicon of Contemporary EnglishSpecialized Dictionaries AmongSpelling It gives the accepted spelling for all words, including any alternate spellings in bigger dictionaries with the standard first followed by their variants.

21、 In a British dictionary, the first spelling form is naturally British followed by the American (if any) one can find the different forms of irregular verbs; various forms of irregular adjectives; forms of compounds; and syllabication of wordsThis will guide the user in correct spelling and style. S

22、pelling It gives the acceptedPronunciation British and American dictionaries present their respective standard pronunciation. In some, one can find the British followed by American or vice versa. Some dictionaries provide variants, with the first preferable. But the systems of marking differ conside

23、rably. British dictionaries generally use IPA, American ones employ Websters systems. Whatever systems the editors use, there will be guides or pronunciation keys given before the main body of the dictionary or at the foot of the page. To get correct pronunciation, one should refer to the guides and

24、 keys. Pronunciation British and AmerDefinition The main body of a dictionary is its definitions of words.Some dictionaries list meanings chronologically; Most desk dictionaries probably arrange literal uses before figurative, general uses before figurative, general uses before special, common uses

25、before rare, and easily understandable uses before difficult. The approach to definition differs too from one to another. Definition The main body of a DefinitionGenerally, words are defined in phrasal explanations, synonyms, illustrative sentences, and even with pictures to make meanings clear. We

26、also find definition given in full sentences Some use a controlled vocabulary to make definitions easy to understand Most contemporary medium-sized dictionaries give context to illustrate the meaning and usageDefinitionGenerally, words areUsage Most desk dictionaries provide usage information for ex

27、ample: (1) usage level: standard, substandard, non-standard, illiterate; ( 2) style: formal, informal, colloquial, slang, biblical, poetic; (3) currency: old-fashioned, archaic, obsolete; (4) register: law, chemistry, medicine, BrE, AmE ;(5) coloring: appreciative, derogatory, euphemism, humor, pomp

28、ous, and others. These will serve as a guide for learners of English in language use and help learners to use words correctly and appropriately. Usage Most desk dictionaries pGrammar Apart from the usual coverage of word classes and inflections, dictionaries include various amounts of grammar inform

29、ation. ALD, CCELD and LDCE are all good examples. They supply a good system of verb patterns which are arranged as supplementary material before the main body (ALD) or located properly in the main text (LDCE) or in an extra column alongside each sense of word in the main body (CCELD). This will also

30、 be of great help to users. Grammar Apart from the usual cUsage notes and language notes Usage notes explain the slight differences between words of similar meanings; difficult points of grammar and style; important British and American differences; pragmatic use of words such as the suggestive meaning or attitude that cannot be known simply by understanding the literal meaning of the words, all these are difficult areas of vocabulary learning. Usage notes and language notesUsage notes and language notes On top of this are language notes, which give an extensive treatment