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1、Text1(2010)OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qual
2、ityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulatio
3、ndailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecritic
4、sofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“
5、Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,”Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefinejournalismasatermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.”Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshor
6、tlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEnglandforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowi
7、nprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCarduscriticismwillenjoyarevivalTheprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtr
8、aditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that_.artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.Newspaperrevi
9、ewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby_.Afreethemes.Bcasualstyle.Celaboratelayout.Dradicalviewpoints.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeonItiswritersdutytofulfilljournalisticgoals.Itiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.Writersarelikelytobetemptedintojournalism.Notallwr
10、itersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphsHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthe
11、textNewspapersoftheGoodOldDaysTheLostHorizoninNewspapersMournfulDeclineofJournalismProminentCriticsinMemoryText2(2010)Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystemMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetall
12、ocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlyingabox.Nowthenationtopspatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalcircuits
13、aiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal,”saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefeder
14、alcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepintstospecifictypesofonlinetransactio
15、ns.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvest
16、mentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourtsjudges,ratherthanatypicalpan
17、elofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestrruling.TheFederalCircuitsactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“
18、inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitaretheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysdC.HarolWegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof_.theirlimitedvaluetobusinesstheirconnectionwithassetallocationthepossi
19、blerestrictionontheirgrantingthecontroversyoverauthorizationWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicaseItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisionsItinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransactionIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuitItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans_.
20、AlossofgoodwillBincreaseofhostilityCchangeofattitudeDenhancementofdisunityWelearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents_.areimmunetolegalchallengesareoftenunnecessarilyissuedlowertheesteemforpatentholdersincreasetheincidenceofrisksWhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetextAloomingthre
21、attobusiness-methodpatentsProtectionforbusiness-methodpatentholdersAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatentsAprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatentsText3(2010)InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmAladuellarguesthat“socialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oft
22、encalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwellconnected.The”ideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesntexplainhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“two-stepflowofcommunication:”Informationflowsfromthemedi
23、atotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchc
24、ases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinflue
25、ntialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydontbseemrequiredtoatall.Theresearchersargumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfreywhoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influenceeventhe
26、mostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydontinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffectedmusttheni
27、nfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,thecascadeofchangewontpropagateveryfaroraffectma
28、nypeople.Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeoplesabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Theyfoundthattheprincipalrequirem
29、entforwhatiscalled“globalcascades”thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworksisthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.BycitingthebookTheTippingPointtheauthorintendsto_.analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemicsdiscussinfluentialsfunctioninspreadingidea
30、sexemplifypeoplesintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemicsdescribetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe-step-flow“twotheory”.servesasasolutiontomarketingproblemshashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrendshaswonsupportfrominfluentialsrequiressolidevidenceforitsvalidityWhattheresear
31、chershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat_.thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractionsinterpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemediainfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublicmostcelebritieaenjoywidemediaattentionTheunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheoneswho_.Astayoutsidethenetworkofsoc
32、ialinfluenceBhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluenceCareinfluencedandtheninfluenceothersDareinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential35.WhatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluenceATheeagernesstobeacceptedBTheimpulsetoinfluenceothersCThereadinesstobeinfluencedDTheinclinationtorelyonothersText4(
33、2010)Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelsetheaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,anditnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanager
34、sandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunately,bankslobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbed
35、ifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,AmericasFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong0termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASBschairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“
36、questionourmotives.”Yetbanksharesroseandthechangenhanceswhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.”EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesi
37、treconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrongCharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealworld”andtheEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheyLargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbanksharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses
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