医学双语绪论课件

1、Human anatomylengshuilongAnatomy department of guangzhou medical colleghuilonglengIntroductionDefinition and Division of Human Anatomy The role of human anatomy in medicine Methods to study human anatomy A brief History of the development of human anatomy （Omitted ）The terminology of h

2、uman anatomy human anatomy is the science which deals with the gross morphology and spatial interrelations of the structures of the body. For medial students, human anatomy is the basic course of preclinical and clinical curriculum.Definition of Human AnatomyNormal structure of human body (anatomy)N

3、ormal function of human body (physiology)abnormal structure and function (pathology)Generation and development of disease diagnosistreatmentThe role of human anatomy in medicineThe structure of the body can be studied at different levels of organization Systematic anatomy系统解剖学 Regional anatomy局部解剖学

4、Surgical anatomy外科解剖学 X-ray anatomy线解剖学 Sectional anatomy断层解剖学 Locomotive anatomy运动解剖学 Art anatomy艺术解剖学 Macroanatomy: Systematic Anatomy , Regional Anatomy The classification of Human Anatomy (owing to different methods and purposes of study, human anatomy is generally classified several branch) Hum

5、an Anatomy is a course for demanding a high-volume of information in a short time. However, there are studying methods to assist students in learning efficiently and effectively. The following are study strategies from past honor students of Human Anatomy.It is NOT enough to simply read, re-read, an

6、d re-type up the notes. . Knowing the relationships is key. Make charts to study and memorize the structure. Memorize the boundaries and contents of specific compartments of the human body.Study and understand the terminology. Study clinical cases. Free Anatomy Study Resources at Homeschool Central

7、/study/anatomy.htm How to Study Human AnatomyThe terminology of human anatomyThe Anatomical PositionThe Terms of DirectionThe Axis and Plane of Human Body1.The Anatomical Position (for purpose of description of the various parts and their location, the human body is assumed to be in erect position:T

8、he face and toes directed forwardThe heels and toes togetherUpper limbs hanging by the side of the body With the palms of the hands facing forwardWhats the different between attention position and anatomical position of the human body ?2.The Terms of Directionsuperiorproximaldistalmediallateralinfer

9、ioranteriorposteriorrelational planes面sagittal planecoronal planehorizontal planeLocomotor System运动系统The locomotor system includes bones, joints, muscles. The individual bones of the body are linked together by joints to form skeleton(骨骼). The skeleton not only provides framework for the body, but h

10、as other important functions: movement, protection, storage of minerals, and formation of blood cells.The bones act as the levers of movement, joins as the axis, and the skeletal muscles as the motive.the Bone SystemBones in adult are 206 in number, with the exception of six auditory ossicles听小骨 the

11、 bones can be divided into : skull , bones of trunk, the appendicular bones.The former two form the axial bone中轴骨.)The Shape and Classification of Bones (a)long bones长骨 (b)short bones短骨(c)flat bones 扁骨 (d)irregular bones不规则骨1.long bones: Located in the extremities, it consists of a body and two ends

12、. Medullary cavity骨髓腔 Nutrient foramen滋养孔Epiphysis骺Articular surfaceMetaphysis干骺端Epiphysial cartilage骺软骨Epiphysial line骺线Epiphysial cartilageEpiphysial lineThe Development of Bonee.g. long bone 3.flat bones: they distribute in skull and chest. 4.irregular bones:the shape of irregular bone is differe

13、nt, carry out different function, and cant be classified in the preceding group, such as cranial bones and vertebrae.1.bony substance：(1)compact bone: forms the shaft of the long bone and external layer of the epiphyses and out casing of other kinds of bone.(2)spongy bone：consists of a lot of trabec

14、ulae, like spongy.X-ray photographDiploe(板障): compact bone also forms the outer and the inner plates of the flat cranial bones. spongy bone in the cranial bones is known as diploe2.periosteum:it covers the surface of the bone and contains a lot of blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels, the inn

15、er layer has a lot of bone forming cells.Red marrowYellow marrow 3.bone marrow: Bone marrow is found in the medullary cavities of long bones and within spaces in cancellous bone Under 5 years old, there are all red marrow in the medullary cavity, but after 5 years old the red marrow can turn into ye

16、llow marrow. )the Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Bone Living bone are plastic tissues with organic and inorganic components, the organic material gives the bones resilience, the inorganic salts give them hardness and make them opaque to X rayfracture.Articulation or Joint)the kind o

17、f articulation 1.directed connection直接连结 2.indirected connection间接连结synovial joints 滑膜关节1.Directed Connection (close contact with one another. No active movement takes place) 1）the fibrous joints纤维连结Suture缝Syndesmosis韧带连结2）the cartilaginous joins软骨连结Synchondrosis 透明软骨结合Symphysis 纤维软骨联合3）synosteoses骨

18、性结合Synovial joints 滑膜关节Basic structuresArticular surface关节面 covered by articular cartilage 关节软骨Articular capsule 关节囊Fibrous membrane纤维膜Synovial membrane 滑膜Articular cavity关节腔 containing a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric pressure in it 2)accessory structure of joins:1.the ligaments（韧带Lig. ）Ex

19、tracapsular ligament囊外韧带Intracapsular ligament内韧带2.the articular disc关节盘Semilunar cartilages半月板3)Articular labrum关节唇:Articular lip4)synovial fold滑膜襞 and bursae滑膜囊关节囊囊内韧带囊内韧带滑膜襞又称滑膜脂垫滑膜囊膝关节3.the Movement of Articulation (the following terms are used to describe various movements) 1)Flexion屈and extens

20、ion伸Coronal axis冠状轴Flexion曲Sagittal axis矢状轴Abduction外展2)Adduction内收 and abduction外展3)Rotation旋转运动Vertical axis垂直轴Medialrotation旋内Medial rotation旋内Lateral rotation旋外Pronation旋前supination旋后 inversion内翻eversion外翻 4) circumduction环转运动 it is a movement in which the distal end of a bone move in a circular

21、 path while the position of proximal end remains relatively stable. Good luck！.Skeletal Musclethe shape of skeletal muscle:1.long muscle2.broad muslce3.short muscle 4.orbicularis muscleshort musclelong musclebroad muscleorbicularis muscleThe Structure of Skeletal Muscle 1. the belly of muscle 2.the

22、tendon of muscletendonbellyaponeurosisthe origin and insertion of the muscle the origin：the fixed attachment insertion：the movable oneThe origininsertionAgonists AntagonistsSynergist Fixation muscle 原动肌、拮抗肌、协同肌、固定肌agonistsantagonistsagonistsantagonistsAccessory Structure of the Muscle include：fascia synovial bursa tendon sheath function：minimize friction facilitate movement protection1.fascia cover almost th