主旨大意题解题技巧词义猜测

1、阅读理解解题技巧Guidance on Reading Comprehension12 文章体裁/类别 2012 2013 2014A 应用文： 生活B 议论文： 社会经济C 说明文： 科普D 夹叙夹议：文学23 文章词汇量/题目数201220132014A304/3262/2266/2B392/4382/3405/3C390/3413/4354/4D541/5655/6696/6Average407428430Totol16271712172134 文章易读度201220132014A容易标准标准B较难标准较难C标准标准难D较易标准标准Average标准标准较难45 三年高考阅读题型（1）细

2、节信息推理判断语义猜测主旨大意201284212013651320145811汇总191745比例42.2%37.8%8.9%11.1%56 三年高考阅读题型（2）细节信息推理判断语义猜测主旨大意特点原词复现同义转换文章暗提合理推断代词/生词/生义/短语及句子段落篇章概括提炼技巧 找关键 找位置 找关系结合语境借助代入关注首末67Suggestions : MaterialVocabularySpeedTechniquesConfidence + Caution7有关阅读理解题目主要有以下几种:命 题 类主旨大意事实细节 词 义 猜 测 推 理 判 断 作 者 的 态 度 意 图8考例分析20

3、13辽宁 Going green seems to be fad(时尚)for a lot of people these days. Whether that is good or bad, we cant really say, but for the tow of us, going green is not a fad but a lifestyle.On April22, 2011, we decided to go green every single day for an entire year. This meant doing 365 different green thin

4、gs, and it also meant challenging ourselves to go green beyond easy things. Rather than recycle and reduce our energy, we had to think of 365 different green things to do and this was no easy task.60. What might be the best title for the passage?A. Going Green B. Protecting the Planet. C. Keeping Op

5、en-MindedD. Celebrating Our Green Year.A. Going Green 9主旨大意型 考查学生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题,标题或目的设题。10一、设题方式1) 主题型主旨大意题的题干表现形式The main idea of the passage is The passage is mainly about What is the passage mainly about?Which of the following statements best expresses the ma

6、in idea of the passage?2) 目的类主旨大意题The passage is meant to The purpose of this article is to The author intends to.3) 标题类主旨大意题The best title for the passage might be 11How to solve this kind of questions?Student A:Student B:Student C:12二、如何做主旨大意题1) 主旨大意题属于归纳概括题。如有标题，标题中蕴含的信息往往是关键信息。2) 找准文章的主题句是关键。“主题

7、句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。在答题时，我们可以： 读首句抓大意 读尾句抓大意 读首尾段抓大意3.) 无明显主题句时高频信息词 任一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。13Sample 1People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish

8、 and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. （1）主题句在段首 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头，其后的句子则是论证性细节。在论说文，

9、科技文献和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。 14Sample 2Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. （2）主题句也会出现在段尾。

10、 作者先摆出事实依据，层层推理论证，最后自然得出结论，即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现，它是此段内容的结论。 15Sample 3 Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “ It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.” Shu said. “The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitt

11、en by snakes.” Shu said.（3）首尾呼应为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见. 通常, 前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味.16Sample 4Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashligh

12、t brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.（4）在短文中间当主题句被安排在段中间时, 通常前面只提出问题， 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出, 而后又作进一步的解释, 支撑或发展.171)关注一些表征强转折关系的连词“but,yet,however

13、,infact,indeed,”等，这些词后面连接的通常都是一段话的主题句。 2)关注一些表征总结性，结论性的词：“inbrief/short,above/in/after/allinall,conclusion,in a word”等，这些词后面连接的通常也都是一段话的主题句。 3)如果主题句含有show, indicate和suggest等词，重点看其后的宾语从句。主题句在短文中间18 Sample 5 A new eight-kilometer road is under construction that links the port area with motorway system

14、 As part of the project, two four-kilometer road tunnels are being built below the central area of the city, The two tunnels are about 20 meters below the surface and are 12 meters wide, providing for two lanes of traffic in each direction. In the upper part of the tunnel two air-conditioning pipes

15、remove the waste gas of trucks and cars and keep the quality of air inside the tunnel. The lighting is at the top of the tunnel, The wall is made up of four main elements, which include a waterproofing covering and, on the inside of the tunnel, a concrete lining. Each tunnel is roughly round and the

16、 lower part of the tunnel is somewhat flat. along the length of the tunnel. The fire main is at the side of the tunnel and at the level of the road surface. Other systems in the tunnel will include emergency phones. 19 (5) 从段落中寻找高频率词任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词 Sample 5

17、 The passage is mainly about _. A. the construction of a road B. the design of a road C. the construction of two railways D. the design of two tunnels 20 1.Lung cancer is the worst cancer killer in America . About 160,440 Americans die each year from it. More than 87 percent of lung cancers are smok

18、ing related, according to the Lung Cancer Organization.Lung cancer is the No.1 cancer killer Smoking is a bad habitLCO advises people to stop smokingWhy did people die of Lung cancer?The main idea of the passage is _.Apractice212.Many people write to newspapers and magazines to express their opinion

19、s. Name or no name ? The answer is very personal and lies in how much we want to. We all have a name. It is a matter of responsibility to use it when we make a statement, a claim or an accusation. We all want to honor our own name, and it is only by stamping our expression of an opinion with our nam

20、e that we honor what we say.The passage is mainly about_.A. honor and writers B. identity and signatureC. signature(签名) and responsibility D. anonymity and signature223.Forget Twitter and Facebook, Google and the Kindle. Television is still the most influential medium around. Indeed ,for many of the

21、 poorest regions(地区)of the world, it remains the next big thingfinally becomes globally available. And that is a good thing, because the TV revolution is changing lives for the better Too much TV has been associated with violence, overweight and loneliness. However, TV is having a positive influence

22、 on the lives of billions worldwideThe author intends to . A. stress the advantages of TV to peoples lives B. persuade women to become more independent C. encourage people to improve their reading skills D. introduce the readers some websites such as Google234 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your h

23、ealth. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to cat

24、ch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? What is the main idea ?Smoking can cause cancer. Smoking is a terrible killer Smoking is harmful to our health. An experiment on smoking. .245.Often no one looks more guilty than the innocen

25、t. On the other hand, nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal. And the man who knows “everything” may really only be trying to hide his own weakness. So, it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his appearance. What is the main idea of the passage? A professional criminal lo

26、oks more innocent than others. Dont judge others by appearance. So, it is foolish to judge a person only by his appearance Try to judge a person only by his appearance25 Step Two: How to Dealing with the Problems on Reading Comprehension一、主旨大意题 （做题要领）1. 干扰项 可能属文中某个具体事实或细节。2. 干扰项 可能属从文中某些 (不完全的) 事实或细

27、节片面推出的错误结论。3. 干扰项 可能属非文章事实的主观臆断。(正确答案) 是根据文章意思全面理解而归纳概括出来的；但不能太笼统、言过其实或以偏概全。264 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health proble

28、ms. For example, it can give one a “smokers cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it? What is the main idea ?Smoking can cause cancer. Smoking is a terrible

29、killer Smoking is harmful to our health. An experiment on smoking. .某个具体事实或细节片面推出的错误结论某个具体事实或细节27如何推测词语意思一，利用构词法推测词义二，根据定义或解释推测词义三，根据内在逻辑关系推测词义四，根据上下文的暗示推测词义五，外部相关因素推测词义28一，利用构词法推测词义 常见的构词法有加前缀、后缀及合成。在推测词义的时候，可以注意目标词的某个部分是否是熟悉的词语，再结合相应词缀的含义确定生词的词义。292.Im illiterate about such things.点拨本句的词根literate意

30、为“有文化修养的，通晓的”，前缀il-表示否定，因此illiterate指“一窍不通的、不知道的”。3.Car rentals are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to roads.点拨本句中的inexpensive一词没有在教材中出现，但其词根expensive却是我们所熟悉的单词。由此，我们可以根据构此法，推测出其词义为“not expensive”.30根据后缀猜测词义1.Insecticide is applied where it is needed.点拨这个单词中的后缀-cide表示“

31、杀者、杀灭剂”，结合大家熟悉的词根insect(昆虫)，不难猜出其意为“杀虫剂”2.Then the vapor may change into droplets.点拨这个词的后缀-let表示“小的”，词根drop指“滴、滴状物”。将两个意思合起来，便可推出其意为“小滴、微滴”。313.The first car rental firm opened in Shanghai in 1992 and now 12car rental players are in the game,with more than 11,500cars in their books.点拨这一句中出现了生词rental

32、，但我们对rent(出租)一词非常熟悉。再根据rental一词在句中的位置关系，我们可以确定，rental一词在句中应是形容词做定语，修饰后面的名词firm.据此，我们可以推断出其词义应是“出租的”。32二，根据定义或解释推测词义 在阅读理解的文章中，有些词语对于我们来说可能是陌生的。这时，文章可能会对这类词语进行解释。33根据定义猜测词义 在对生词进行定义的时候，定义句 的谓语动词多为：be,mean,deal with,be considered,to be,refer to,be called,be known as,define,represent,signify,constitute

33、等。通过定 义，我们便可知道生词的词义。 例如： 34点拨1.Anthropology is the scientific study of man.由定义可知，此词的意思是“研究人类的科学”。2.In slang,the term “jam”constitutes a state of being in which a person finds himself or herself in a diffi- cult situation.点拨同样，从上下文的定义可知，jam一词在俚语中的意思是“困境”。35根据复述猜测词义 虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细，但是 提供的信息足以使我们猜出生词词义

34、。复述形式多样，具体的复述方式有：同位语、插入语、定语 从句、举例等。36同位语 根据生词的同位语，可以猜测出生词的词 义。在复述中构成同位关系的两个部分之间多 用逗号连接，有时候也用破折号、冒号、分号、引 号和括号等。这些标点符号的后面的内容可能是对 前面的词语进行解释，或后面的内容对前面 的词语解释或说明。如：371.It will be competing for the PalmedOr,the festivals top prize.点拨2.Modern medicine began with the stethoscope,a me- dical tool used for lis

35、tening to the movements of a persons lungs and his heartbeats.点拨本句中的PalmedOr是个外来词，当然是我们 不能理解的词语。但它后面的解释清楚地告 诉我们，它就是这个节日的最高奖项的名称对绝大多数同学来说这个词是个生词，但后面的解释会使我们一目了然，很快就可以推测出它的意思是“听诊器”。383.The largest playerShanghai Bashi Tourist Car Rental Center offers a wide variety of choicesdeluxe sedans,minivans,stat

36、ion wagons,coaches. 56.The words “deluxe sedans”, “minivans”and “station wagons” used in the text refer to_ A.cars in the making B.car rental firms C.cars for rent D.car makers点拨本句的两个破折号都是起解释作用的。第二个破折号后面对choices进行解释。从解释中我们可以推测出，破折号后面的内容是汽车出租公司所提供的汽车种类。由此本题的答案是C。394.The harbor is protected by a jetty

37、a wall built out into the water.点拨在本句中，破折号后面的内容解释了jetty的词义。据此，我们知道，jetty就是建立在水中的墙，即“防洪堤”。40插入语 插入语“That is”,”That is to say”及并列 连词or也可以对前面的内容进行解释，意为“也就是说”。这些插入语的的后面也是对 前面的词语进行解释。如：411.Jane is indecisive,that is,she cant make up her mind easily.点 拨本句的indecisive是一个生词，但我们通过“that is”后面的解释可以知道，该词意为“犹豫不决的

38、”。2.Capacitance,or the ability to store electric charge,is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits(电器装置).点 拨由同位语我们很快猜出生词capacitance的词义电容量。需要注意的是：同位语还常有or,similarly,that is to say,in other words,namely,or other,say,等副词或短语出现。42定语从句定语从句也可以帮助我们理解生词的含义。如：1.Krabacber suffers from SAD

39、,which is short for seasonal affective disorder,a syndrome characterized by severe seasonal mood swings.点 拨根据生词SAD后面的定语从句和同位语，我们可以推断出其含义，即“季节性情绪紊乱症“43举 例 根据举例也可以推测生词的词义。恰当的举例也能够提供猜测词义的 重要线索。如：The result of epochal events such as wars and great scientific discoveries are not confined to a small geogr

40、aphical area as they were in the past.点 拨句中“战争”和“重大科学发现”是生词的实例，通过它们我们就可以猜出该词的大致词义“重要的”，这与其确切含义“划时代的”十分接近。44三，根据内在逻辑关系推测词义根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义或大致义域。45根据对比关系猜测词义 在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事 物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词或难词的反义词猜测词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有though,unlike,not,but,however,despite,inspi

41、te of,in contrast,while等引导或连接的句子。 例如： 461.Though Toms face has been washed quite clean,his neck still remains grubby.点 拨本句的grubby是不熟悉的单词。但本句前面一句中的Though和clean暗示了该词的意思是“dirty(肮脏的)”2.Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I know. His brother,in contrast,is quite humble and modest.点 拨该例中superciliou

42、s对许多同学来说是生词但句中短语in contrast可以提示我们和后面词组humble and modest(谦卑又谦虚)是对比关系。分析出这种关系后，我们便能猜出其意为“目空一切，傲慢的”。473.A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.点 拨该句中并未出现上面提到的表示对比关系的词语或短语，但是通过上下文可以判断出句子前后是对比关系，即把熟练工人与非熟练工人区分开。这时我们也能够推断出生词adept的词义是“熟练的”。48根据比较关系猜测词义 同对比关系相反，比

43、较关系表示 意义上的相似关系。例如： Green loves to talk,and his brothers are similarly loquacious.点 拨该句中副词similarly表明短语loves to talk与生词loquacious之间的比较关系。以此可以推断出其词义为“健谈的”。表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly,like,just as,also等。49根据因果关系猜测词义 在句子或段落中，若两个事物、现象 之间构成因果关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关 系推知生词词义。例如：501.Tom is considered an autocratic admini

44、strator because he makes decisions without seeking the opinions of others.点 拨根据原因状语从句的内容，我们可以推断出生词autocratic是指“独断专横的”。2.There were so many demonstrators in the Red Square that he had to elbow his way through the crowd.点 拨此句为结果状语从句，根据从句的描述“许多示威者“，我们可推知elbow的意思是“挤、挤过”。51根据同义词的替代关系猜测词义在句子或段落中，我们也可以利用熟悉

45、的词语，根据语言环境推断生词的词义。 如：521.Although he often had the opportunity,Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a customer.This would have endangered his position at the bank,and he did not want to jeopardize his future.点 拨作者为避免重复使用endanger一词，用其同一词jeopardize来替代它，由此推知其词义为“使陷入危险，危及、危害”。2.Doctors believe t

46、hat smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health.They also regard drinking as harmful.点 拨句中detrimental 是个生词，但判断出harmful替代这个词后，不难推断出其词义为“不利的，有害的”。53利用上下文的暗示猜测词义 Holidaymakers who are bored with baking beaches and overheated hotel rooms head for a big igloo.Swedish businessman Nil Bergqvist is delighted with his new hotel, the worlds first igloo hotel.Built in a small town in Lap- land,it has been attracting lots