贡献撞击和物种灭绝milankovitch周期冰川时代加场整套重复词句

1、 Impacts and Mass ExtinctionsWords & PhrasesMeteorites and impact craters bear witness to the fact that large impacts occasionally occur on Earth.Meteorite：n. 陨石impact craters：撞击形成的陨石坑crater：n. 陨石坑bear witness to：作证，见证impactor roughly 50 meters across：直径大约50米的撞击物across：某物的宽，直径=diameterradius: n. 半径a

2、 major impact coincided with the death of the dinosaurs：一个大的撞击和恐龙的灭绝恰巧同时发生coincide with: 与恰巧同时发生instantly melt bedrock and propel it far from its origin：立即熔化基底岩石并且推出基底岩石远离它的最初位置bedrock：n. 基底岩石propel：v. 向前推出far from its origin：远离它的最初位置wiped out：被一扫而空，灭绝ignited wildfires：点燃野火effects propagated through

3、out the food chain：影响蔓延下去贯穿整个食物链propagate: v. 原义是“繁殖”，引申为“扩展蔓延”=spread表示繁殖的词总结如下：Propagate=proliferate=reproduce=multiplythe most astonishing fact：最令人吃惊的事实rodent-like mammals：像啮齿类的哺乳动物they lived in underground burrows and managed to store enough food to outlast the long spell of cold, dark daysunder

4、ground burrows：地下的洞穴outlast：v. 比时间持续的久spell: n. 一段时间SyntaxAlthough the crater is only slightly more than one kilometer across, an area covering hundreds of square kilometers was probably battered by the blast and ejectathe debris ejected or displaced during the formation of an impact crater.名词后面+doi

5、ng，doing是对名词的修饰所以，“an area covering hundreds of square kilometers”的意思是：覆盖着成百上千平方千米的一个区域Batter：v. 连续猛击Blast：n. 爆炸ejecta：n. 喷出物debris：n. 碎屑残骸After a decade-long search, scientists identified what appears to be the impact crater from the event.What引出的整句话做identify的宾语，what任何情况下翻译成“什么”即可impact crater：撞击坑L

6、ocated off the coast of Mexicos Yucatan peninsula, it is 200 kilometers across, which is close to what one would expect for a 10-kilometer impactor, and dates to 65 million years ago.1）主语出现前的所有东西都是对主语的铺垫修饰，所以“Located off”是对后文it的铺垫修饰；2）What引出的整句话做close to的宾语，what任何情况下翻译成“什么”即可；3）one 做主语指“任何一个人”，以“任何一

7、个人”代替整体；4）and dates 并列对象的寻找，应该是和前面的第三人称单数的谓语动词并列，所以和前文的“is 200”并列，指的仍是主语it “dates to 65 million years ago”Further evidence that the Yucatan crater is the right one comes from the distribution of small glassy spheres that formed when the molten impact ejecta solidified as it rained back to Earth.主谓分离

8、，comes from 动作的发出者（主语）在很远的句子开头glassy spheres：玻璃球molten impact ejecta：融化的撞击喷射物solidified：v. 变成固体，固化The impact almost immediately sent a shower of debris raining across much of North and South America and generated huge waves that may have sloshed more than 1,000 kilometers inland.“and generated” 并列对象

9、的寻找，应该是和谓语-ed并列，所以找到前文的sent，这两个动作的发出者都是主语the impact整句话意为：这次撞击几乎立即发射出一片碎屑雨，降落覆盖大片的北美和南美地区，并且这次撞击还产生巨大的冲击波(waves)，这个冲击波向内陆地区泼溅了超过1000千米的距离。shower of debris: 碎屑雨Slosh：v. 溅，泼Inland：adv. 向内地地；n. 内地Milankovitch Cycles and GlaciationWords & PhrasesGlaciations: n. 冰川形成，冰川作用；冰川期In geology,glaciationis the pr

10、ocess by which the land is covered by glaciers.Glaciationsare periods when this happens. Glacier: n. 冰川（陆地上的大块冰体，达到一定厚度后缓慢滑动）Iceberg：n. 冰山（是冰川坠入海中形成）elaborated the theory with calculations：用计算详细发展了该理论elaborate：v. 精心制作;详细计划;进一步完善If youelaboratea plan or theory, you develop it by making it more compli

11、cated and more effectiveThe inclination, or tilt, of Earths axis also varies periodically, moving between 22 degrees and 24.5 degrees.Inclination：n. 倾向性；倾角Tilt：v. 倾斜；n. 倾斜度，倾角Earths axis：地轴Also, Earth wobbles as it spins, like a slightly unsteady top.Wobble：v. 摇摆;摇晃If something or someonewobbles, th

12、ey make small movements from side to side, for example because they are unsteadyUnsteady: adj. 不稳定的=unstablehow evenly or unevenly this radiation is distributed over the course of a year：一年当中这种辐射被多大程度均匀还是不均匀地分布evenly or unevenly：均匀还是不均匀地distribute: v. 分布区别：contribute：v. 贡献于；attribute: v. 归因于（to）A co

13、rrespondence between Milankovitch cycles and climate fluctuationsM周期和气候变化之间的对应相符Correspondence：n. 对应，相符，关联climate fluctuations：气候变化波动联想：flutter：v. 鸟上下扇动翅膀arise from: 来自于= stem from=result from=spring from glacial epochs with a fixed regularity：伴随有固定规律性的冰川纪元epoch：n. 纪元，时代fixed：adj. 固定的account for the

14、 ice ages：解释冰川时代account for = explain （考过词汇题）Suns luminosity：太阳的光亮度Luminosity: n. 光亮度Lumin：n. 流明，光亮Illuminate：v. 照亮，阐明，说明shield Earth from the Suns rays：遮挡地球不能收到太阳的射线shield: n. 盾牌；v. 遮挡shieldfrom: 遮挡使不能ray: n. 光束，光线eg. HYPERLINK /cosmic_rays cosmic rays宇宙射线; HYPERLINK /X-ray X-ray：X射线Recent studies

15、of the carbon dioxide content of gas bubbles preserved in the Greenland ice cap do in fact show that high carbon dioxide levels are associated with warm interglacial periods, and low levels with cold glacial periodsgas bubbles: 气泡ice cap：冰盖are associated with：和有关interglacial periods：间冰期SyntaxOne cha

16、racteristic of Earths orbit is its eccentricity, the degree to which the orbit is an ellipse rather than a circle.介词+which， which指代介词前面的名词，对该名词作展开修饰Eccentricity：n. 离心率（ec-+centri+city，即远离中心的意思）Ellipse：n. 椭圆区别：eclipse：n.日/月食；v. 黯然失色The tilt of Earths axis, toward the Sun at some times of the year and

17、 away from the Sun at other times, is responsible for the annual cycle of seasons.主语之后加逗号，是对主语的插入解释，后面必有另一逗号，标志着插入解释的结束，然后返回句子主干继续阅读整句话意思为：地轴的倾角，（一年当中有些时间朝向太阳并且有些时间远离太阳），对季节的年周期变化负责。is responsible for：对负责annual：adj. 每年的According to the Milankovitch theory, about every 40,000 years the three separate

18、 cycles combine in such a way that the difference between summer and winter temperatures is at a minimum.固定搭配的识别，so/suchthat如此以致于Separate: adj. 分别的，各自的=respectiveCombine：v. 结合at a minimum：处于最小值Milankovitch worked out the ideas of climatic cycles in the 1920s and 1930s, but it was not until the 1970s

19、 that a detailed chronology of the Pleistocene temperature changes was determined that could test the predictions of this theory.that修饰对象的确定，此处that跳过谓语向前指代“a detailed chronology”,因为谓语部分是被动语态，动词determine只和主语有关而不能向下延伸句子chronology：n. 编年史，年代表Achronologyis an account or record of the times and the order in which a series of past events took place.Test：v.