2022年考研考博-考博英语-电子科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号35

1、住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-电子科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题My niece has been to Sumatra and Iran as well as all of Europe; by the time she is twenty,she（ ）almost everywhere.问题1选项A.will beB.would have beenC.will have beenD.would be【答案】C【解析】句意:我侄女曾经去过苏门答腊岛、伊朗及全欧洲，等到她二十岁吋，她将几乎

2、去过所有地方。语法题。考查将来完成时。分析句意可知空格处应使用将来完成时: shall/will have+过去分词,故选C。2.单选题In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this century, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing our housework. But as useful as computers are, theyr

3、e nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.A growing

4、 group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, o

5、n the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital computers and transistors, some want to work wi

6、th brain cells and proteins. The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.Imitating the brain s neural （祌经的）network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scienti

7、st and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence. “People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors”，he explains, “but its not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the

8、 brain cells themselves.” Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brains capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the sa

9、me sort of molecular skills.Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the onl

10、y game in town.1. The author says that the powerful computers of today（ ）.2. The new trend in artificial intelligence research steins from（ ）.3. Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to（ ）.4. Whats the authors opinion about the new AI movement?5. Which of the follo

11、wing is closest in meaning to the phrase “the only game in town” （Line 3, Para.4）?问题1选项A.are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an objectB.are close to exhibiting humanlike behaviorC.are not very different in their performance from those of the 50sD.still cannot communicate with people in

12、a human language问题2选项A.the shift of the focus of study to the recognition of the shapes of objectsB.the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programsC.the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old childD.the efforts made by s

13、cientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells问题3选项A.find a roundabout way to design powerful computersB.build a computer using a clever network of switchesC.find out how intelligence develop in natureD.separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought问题4选项A.It

14、 has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out.B.Its a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes.C.Its more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effortD.It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future pro

15、spects.问题5选项A.The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer.B.The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research.C.The only area worth studying in computer science.D.The only choice that people are offered with.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。A:能可靠

16、地识别物体的形状,B:接近展现似人类的行为,C:它们在性能上与50年代的那些电脑没有多大不同,D:仍然不能用人类语言与人类进行交流,第一段指出: But as useful as computers are, they re nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavior. Never mind something as complex as conversation: the most powerful computers strugg

17、le to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid (但是，如电脑一样有用的它们，却远不能取得任何丝毫类似这些早期对似人类行为的渴望。更谈不上复杂程度如交谈一样的事情：最强大的电脑尽力才能可靠地识别物体的形状，而这对一个10岁的小孩而言却是最基本的任务),由此可知A及B不正确,C项文章并未提及,D项正确。2.细节事实题。第二段指出: The problem, the scientists say, is that AI has been try

18、ing to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought, like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence (科学家们称，问题是人工智能一直都试

19、图去分开设最高级、最抽象的如语言和数学样的思维，且用有逻辑的一步一步的程序去辅助它们。另一方面，人工智能一个新发展却更关注自然想出智能的更迂回的方式),因此B项“相信人类智能不能用有逻辑的一步一步的程序去被复制”正确。3.判断推理题。第二段指出: A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which nature came up with intelligence (人工智能的一个新运动，不同方向，注重自然产生智力的更迂回的方式),第三段指出: Imita

20、ting the brain s neural （神经的）network is a huge step in the right direction, says computer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural intelligence(仿大脑的神经网络是迈向正确方向的巨大一步，计 算机科学家和生物物理学家迈克尔康纳德说，但它仍然漏掉了自然智能的一个重要方面), 以及后面指出:他（康纳德）称人们倾向于将大脑看成似乎它 是由颜色编码的晶休管，

21、但它不仅是一个聪明的交换器网络。大脑细胞本身的内部进行着很多重要的事情。康拉德特别地认为，大脑的很多能力来源于组成每个大脑细胞的单个分子的样式识别能力。由此推测选C: 研究出智力在自然中 如何形成。4.观点态度题。第三段指出:The results of these early efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field (这些早期努力的结果是独特的也是有希

22、望的，虽然这项新的基于自然的人工智能运动发展缓慢，但却将无疑地走在这个领域的最前沿),由此可见作者对于人工智能新趋势的态度是:认为它在复制人类思维过程中是一个突破。5.语义题。“the only game in town”出现在最后一段,前面一段指出: The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills (他（即康纳徳） 宣称，制作人工智能设备的最佳方法将是围绕这种同样的分子技能),由此

23、可知“ the only game in town”指代“制作人工智能电脑的唯一方式”,故选A。3.单选题The remarkable（ ）of life on the Galapagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin to establish his theory of evolution.问题1选项A.classificationB.variationC.varietyD.modification【答案】C【解析】句意:加拉帕戈斯群岛的不同寻常的生物多样性激发了达尔文创立进化论的灵感。考查名词辨析。classification归类，分级，类别；variat

24、ion （数量，水平等）变化，变更，变奏；variety 多样性，种类；modification 修改，改进，改变。故选C。4.单选题He has given（ ）excuses for being late; but none of them is true.问题1选项A.numberB.numeralC.numerableD.numerous【答案】D【解析】句意:他给出很多迟到的理由，但是没有一个是真的。考查形容词辨析。number 数字，号码；numeral 数字，数码;numerable 可数的，可计算的；numerous 很多的，许多的。根据后面句意“但是没有一个是真的”可知D符合

25、句意。5.单选题Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to（ ）, or at least weaken, the trends that emerged in the 1980s.问题1选项A.revoltB.revolveC.reverseD.revive【答案】C【解析】句意:90年代初期发生的若干国际事件，似乎有可能逆转或者至少能够缓解80年代出现的趋势。考查动词辨析。revolt 叛逆，反抗，不及物动词,故排除；revolve旋转，环绕，不及物动词,故排除。Reverse 颠倒，逆转。Revive （使

26、）苏醒，复兴，复活。根据句意“或者至少能够缓解”可知C正确。6.单选题The philosophy teacher was indeed amazed by the students（ ）in handing the computer.问题1选项A.availabilityB.probabilityC.variabilityD.versatility【答案】D【解析】句意:这位哲学老师的确为这些学生在操控计算机上的多才多艺感到惊讶。考查名词辨析。Availability 可利用，可用性，有用（效）性；probability可能性，机率；variability 可变性，变异性；versatili

27、ty 多功能性，多才多艺，用途广泛。因此D符合句意。7.单选题Fewer and fewer of todays workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field,（ ）the same company.问题1选项A.all elseB.much worseC.let aloneD.less likely【答案】C【解析】句意:如今越来越少的工人期望在工作生涯中都一直在同样的领域工作，更不必说一直在同样的公司工作。考查短语辨析。all else 其他所有;much worse 更糟糕的是;let alone 更不用说，听

28、任，不打扰；less likely 最不可能的是，较少可能。空格前后表示递进,故选C。8.单选题Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal or at least many parts of it have. In some ways, however, very little lias changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned. Ideas about social classwhether a person is working-class o

29、r middle-classis one area in which changes have been extremely slow.In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workersjobs were generally much less secure, distinct differences in life-st

30、yles and attitudes came into existence. The typical working man would collect his wages on Friday evening and then, it was widely believed, having given his wife her housekeeping, would go out and squander the rest on beer and betting.The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was

31、perhaps nearer the truth. He was and still is inclined to take a longer-term view. Not only did he regard buying a house as an important thing, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security. Only in very few cases

32、 did workers have the opportunity (or the education and training) to make such long-term plans.Nowadays, a great deal has changed. In a large number of cases factory workers earn as much, if not more, than their middle-class supervisors. Social security and laws, combined with a general rise in the

33、standard of living since the mid-fifties of the 20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about tomorrow. Working-class people seem slowly to be losing the feeling of inferiority they had in the past. In fact there has been a growing tendency in the past few years for the middle

34、-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position.The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people. They generally tend to share very similar tastes in music and clothes, they spend their money in having a good time, and save for holidays or longer

35、-term plans when necessary. There seems to be much less difference than in previous generations. Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid (whatever the type of job they may have) and the low-paid. As long as this gap exists, there will always be a possibility that new conflicts a

36、nd jealousies will emerge, or rather that the old conflicts will re-appear, but between different groups.1.Which of the following is seen as the cause of class differences in the past?2.The writer seems to suggest that the description of（ ）is closer to truth?3.According to the passage, which of the

37、following is not a typical feature of the middle class?4.Working-class peoples sense of security increased as a result of all the following factors except?5.Which of the following statements is incorrect?问题1选项A.life style and occupationB.Attitude and incomeC.income and job securityD.job security and

38、 hobbies问题2选项A.middle -class ways of spending moneyB.working-class ways of spending the weekendC.working-class drinking habitsD.middle-class attitudes问题3选项A.desiring for securityB.Making long term plansC.having priorities in lifeD.saving money问题4选项A.better social securityB.more job opportunitiesC.hi

39、gher living standardD.better legal protection.问题5选项A.Changes are slowly taking place in all sectors of the British society.B.The gap between working-class and middle-class young people is narrowing.C.difference in income will remain but those in occupation will disappear.D.middle-class people may so

40、metimes feel inferior to working-class people.【答案】第1题:C第2题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.细节事实题。第二段指出: In the past, the working-class tended to be paid less than middle-class people, such as teachers and doctors. As a result of this and also of the fact that workersjobs were generally much less secure, disti

41、nct differences in life-styles and attitudes came into existence (过去，工人阶级的工资往往低于中产阶级，如教师和医生。由于这一点，也由于工人的工作普遍不太稳定，生活方式和态度出现了明显的差异),因此选C “收入和工作稳定”。2.细节事实题。第三段指出: The stereotype of what a middle-class man did with his money was perhaps nearer the truth (中产阶级花钱的旧模式或许更接近真实),因此A项“中产阶级花钱的方式”正确。3.细节事实题。A: 渴

42、望安全,C: 在生活中有优先考虑的事情,第三段指出: Not only did he regard buying a house as an important thing, but he also considered the education of his children as extremely important. Both of these provided him and his family with security (他(中产阶级) 不仅将买房子看成是一件重要的事情，且他还认为自己孩子的教育非常重耍。这两个方而为他和自己的家庭提供了安全),因此A和C属于中产阶级的典型特点

43、。B: 制定长远的计划,由第三段“He was and still is inclined to take a longer-term view(他（即中产阶级）过去且现在仍然倾向于去采取更长远的观点)”可知B项属于中产阶级的典型特点。只有D项“攒钱”没提及,故选D。4.细节事实题。A:更好的社会保障,B: 更多的工作机会,C:更高的生活水平,D:更好的法律保护,第三段指出: Social security and laws, combined with a general rise in the standard of living since the mid-fifties of the

44、20th century, have made it less necessary than before to worry about tomorrow(社会保障和法律，以及 20 世纪以来生活水平的普遍提高，让大家相比以前更没有必要去担心明天),故A、C、D属于导致工人阶级安全感提升的因素。B项文章未提及。5.细节事实题。A:英国社会的各个方面都正在发生缓慢变化,第一段指出: Over the last 25 years, British society has changed a great deal or at least many parts of it have. In some

45、ways, however, very little has changed, particularly where attitudes are concerned (过去 25 年里，英国社会发生了很大变化或至少它的很多方而发生了很大的变化，但有些方而却没什么变化),因此A项与原文不符。B: 工人阶级和中产阶级年轻人之间的差距正在缩小,由最后一段“The changes in both life-styles and attitudes are probably most easily seen amongst younger people(（工人阶级与中产阶级）在生活方式和态度上的改变可能

46、最容易在年轻人身上被看到)”可知B与原文相符。C: 收人差异将仍然存在，但是在职业上的那些差异将会消失,最后一段指出: Nevertheless, we still have a wide gap between the well-paid （whatever the type of job they may have） and the low-paid(然而，我们在收入高的人（无论他们可能有的工作种类是什么）和收人差的人之间仍然将会有大的落差),因此C与原文相符。D: 中产阶级有时感觉不如工人阶级,第四段指出: In fact there has been a growing tendenc

47、y in the past few years for the middle-classes to feel slightly ashamed of their position (实际上，在过去数年里中产阶级为自己的位置感到有些羞愧的倾向在不断增加),因此D项与原文相符。故答案选A。9.单选题Please（ ）yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbids them.问题1选项A.restrainB.hinderC.restrictD.prohibit【答案】A【解析】句意:请不要在公共场所

48、吸烟以及随地吐痰！这可是违法的！考查动词辨析。restrain制止，阻止，管制，忍住，后可接反身代词和from,构成restrain oneself from.表示戒掉习惯，符合题意。hinder 妨碍，阻止，后不接from,故排除。restrict 限制，后接介词 to,构成restrict to表示仅限于，不符合句意，故排除。prohibit 禁止，可以直接接宾语，后面不接from，也排除。因此选A。10.单选题The company expanded its business into Europe, hoping to（ ）.问题1选项A.boostB.encourageC.urgeD

49、.accelerate【答案】A【解析】句意:这家公司把它的业务扩展到了欧洲,希望能够增加市场份额。考查动词辨析。Boost 使增长,使兴旺,偷窃; encourage鼓励,激励; urge催促,驱策; accelerate 加快,加速。空格的宾语为“its market share (市场份额)”,因此A符合句意。11.单选题A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should（ ）new operating procedures.问题1选项A

50、.result inB.match withC.subject toD.proceed with【答案】A【解析】句意:彻底调查这个事故的原因,应该会提高标准,而且带来新的操作程序。考查短语辨析。result in 导致，带来；match with使较量，与相配，使与一致;subject to 使服从，使遭受；受管制;proceed with 继续进行。因此A符合句意。12.单选题Fertilizer, natural substance or mixture is used to（ ）soil so as to promote plant growth.问题1选项A.enactB.enlar

51、geC.encloseD.enrich【答案】D【解析】句意:肥料、自然物质或混合物被用来使土地肥沃,以促进植物生长。考查动词辨析。Enact 通过(法律),扮演,担任角色; enlarge扩大,扩充,扩展; enclose围绕,放入封套; enrich使充实,使肥沃,使富足。故D符合句意。13.单选题（ ）your inquires, we regret to inform you that we cannot help you in this matter.问题1选项A.In relation toB.In request toC.In response toD.In answer to【

52、答案】C【解析】句意:对于你的询问，我们遗憾地告诉你我们在这件事情上帮不了你。考查短语辨析。in relation to 关于，涉及；in request to无此搭配；in response to 响应，回答，对 有反应（比较正式的表达方式）；in answer to 回答，应要求（不正式的口语表达方式）。因此C符合句意。14.翻译题A popular way of mustering innovative and fresh ideas is to hold a brainstorming sessionbut according to a paper published recently

53、 in Applied Cognitive Psychology, this may not be the best approach. The study, which was carried out by Nicholas Kohn of the University of Texas at Arlington and Steven Smith of Texas A&M University, suggests that instead of enhancing creativity. brainstoiTnin.u sessions may give rise to a “collabo

54、rative fixation” on certain ideas.(1)In keeping with previous studies, the authors first found that participants produced fewer ideas in total when taking part in a brainstorming session than if they had been working separately. The difference was as high as 44% in the first 5 minutes of a brainstor

55、ming session. The authors also found that when working separately particii)ants explored a greater variety of ideas, up to 55% more idea categories than dm.ing brainstomiing sessions. (2)In a second experiment, the researchers found that participants in a brainstorming session tended to conform to i

56、deas to which they were exposed, and the rate of conformity increased as the number of ideas exposed increased. (3) The authors wrote in their paper “Fixation to other peoples ideas can occur unconsciously and lead to you suggesting ideas that mimic your brainstoniiin partners. (4)Thus, you potentia

57、lly become less creative,” Kohn explains in an accompanying press release. This doesnt necessarily mean that you should ban brainstorming sessions from your lab meetings. You might just need to adjust the format. It seems odd, but, depending on what you want to achieve, the best approach might be to

58、 put everyone in a separate room. “Assuming it is desirable to have a wide variety of ideas or solutions to a problem.then one should split the brainstorming group into non-interacting individuals, avoiding a group session,” the authors write in their research paper. “On the other hand, if the goal

59、is to explore a few categories in depth, then interacting among the members should be encouraged. Also, taking a break might help alleviate fixation, leading to an improvement in ideation, especially in temis of the quantity and variety of ideas. (5)【答案】1.集体研讨会议不但没有提高创造性，反而可能在某些想法上会引起“合作的固定”。2.作者们也发

60、现，参与者独自工作吋会探讨出更多种类的想法，其数量比集体研讨会议上高出多达55%。3.集体研讨会议的参与者倾向于顺应自己所接触到的想法，而这种顺应的比率随着所接触的想法数量的增加而增加。4.“对其他人的想法的固执己见能不知不觉地发生，并且会导致你提出模仿你集体研讨会议伙伴的想法。”5.另外，休息一下可能帮助缓和固执己见，从而导致尤其是在想法数量和种类方面的思维能力的提高。15.单选题The men were full of（ ） because they thought their friends had been unjustly punished.问题1选项A.diagnosisB.ind