FMEA-失效模式分析

1、1Ananalytical toolfor identifyingPotentialFailuresina productorprocesssothat correctiveaction canbetakenbeforethe failures canreachthecustomer.FMEA是一種識識別產品品或過程程的潛在失效效,以便在這些失失效影響響客戶之之前採取措施施的分析析工具2AnFMEA is aStructuredApproachto:FMEA是結構式式的方法法Identifyingthewaysinwhicha designorprocess canfail to meetth

2、e critical customer requirements識別設計計或過程程可能以以何種方方式失效效而不能能滿足客客戶重要要需求Estimating therisk of specific causeswith regardtothesefailures估計產生生這些失失效的特特殊原因因的風險險Evaluatingthe currentcontrolsfor preventingthesefailures評估現有有控制手手段對這這些失效效的預防防Prioritizingthe actionsthatmust be taken to improvethe designortheproces

3、s給那些用用以改進進設計和和過程的的措施排排序3FMEA History歷史Firstused in the1960sduring theApolloMoonMissions.最早被用用於上世世紀六十十年代的的阿波羅羅登月計計劃.In1974 MIL-STD-1629wasdeveloped by theNavy forusingFMEAs.1974年海軍為為FMEA的應用制制定了MIL-STD-1629.Inthelate1970,adapted by theauto industry in response to higherliabilitycostsand higherquality

4、demandsbycustomers.在二十世世紀七十十年代末末,為為滿足客客戶更高高的責任任成本和和質量需需求而被被用於自自動化工工業中.4FMEA is proactive,not reactive.Dontwaitforthe customer to complain if youcanavoidit!FMEA是預防性的，不是是反應性性的。應應當儘量量避免失失效，而而不是等等著顧客客提出申申訴！5FMEA reducesthe chancethat acustomerwillseeafailureFMEA通過以下下措施減減少顧客客遇到失失效的情情況:Bydefiningfailure i

5、n terms of whatthe customer wants andexpects.針對顧客客的要求求和期望望確定失失效Byshowing where measures needtobetakentopreventfailure.指出爲了了防止失失效，需需要在哪哪方面採採取措施施6TypesofFMEAs類型Designused to analyzeproductdesigns beforethey arereleasedtoproduction設計- 用於於在產品品投產前前對設計計的分析析Process usedtoanalyze manufacturingprocesses過程- 用

6、於於分析製製程Systemused to analyzesystemsintheearlyconceptanddesign stages系統 用於於分析早早期的概概念和設設計階段段的系統統7Summary概要Identifies known andpotentialfailuremodes;識別已知知和潛在在的失效效模式Identifies thecausesand effectsofeachfailure mode;識別每一一種失效效模式的的原因和和後果Prioritizesthefailuremodes(usingthe RPN);利用風險險序數（RPN）給失效模模式排序序Shouldin

7、itiatecorrective actionwhereneeded.必要時提提出糾正正措施8TimingofanFMEAFMEA的時機FMEAsshould be initiatedwhen preliminary drawings of thedesignorprocessareavailable當初步的的設計圖圖紙和工工藝被制制定出來來時應開開始做FMEAUpdated as identifiedissues areresolved當被發現現的問題題解決後後要更新新FMEACanbeusedonexistingproductstoimprove quality可用於現現有的產產品以提提高

8、質量量9System系統Wiringharness線束Electronic module電控模塊塊Assembly總成SystemFMEAtreatssystem as a“functional schematic”系統FMEA從“功能關係係圖”入手來考考慮SFMEA10An analyticaltoolused to identify system-levelfailure modes,andidentifycorrectiveactions to be taken.是一種分分析工具具用來識識別系統統失效模模式11Itissimilar to aDesign FMEA, butfocuses

9、 on thecircuit schematicinstead of physical failureofcomponents.同DFMEA相類似,系統FMEA側重於回回路設計計而不是是元件的的物理失失效。Take electrical systems as examples.以電氣系統為例。12Example:舉例：Failure modeatelectricalsystemlevel電氣系統統失效模模式OpencircuitatcktA回路A出現開路路Cause:原因：Terminalunseated端子脫出出Terminalunseatedbecomes afailuremode at

10、thecomponentlevel.端子脫出出是電氣元元件的失失效模式式。13RulesofDesignFMEA設計FMEA規則Tool fordesignengineers andproject teamtoimprovethedesign in apreemptivemanner(beforefailure occur)是設計工工程師和和項目小小組的工工具用來來提高設設計的前前瞻性(在問題題發生前前)Used to established Critical to Qualityfeaturesthateffectthe performance of theproduct用與那些些影響產產品

11、性能能的重要要質量特特性Used to establishCriticaltoLife features thateffect thelife of theproduct用於確定定影響產產品壽命命的重要要壽命特特性Used to establishCriticaltosafetyfeatures用於確定定重要安安全特性性14Purpose of DesignFMEA設計FMEA的用途Establishescriticalfeaturesthat mustbecontrolledinmanufacturing to satisfycustomerrequirements確定那些些必須在在生產中中

12、進行控控制的特特性以滿滿足客戶戶要求Identifies deficienciesintheproductdesignand associatedaction items找出產品品設計中中的不足足和相應應的措施施Helpsevaluatetheriskofdesignchanges幫助評價價設計變變更的風風險15Purpose of DesignFMEA設計FMEA的用途Identifies processdevelopmentneeds確定開發發工藝流流程的需需求Dynamic document documents designalternativesand associatedrisks動

13、態的文文件 記錄錄可選擇擇的設計計方案和和相應的的風險Establishesbasesformanufacturingandqualitycontrol plan建立製造造和品質質控制計計劃的基基礎16DesignFMEAInputsand Outputs設計FMEA的輸入和和輸出Product drawings產品圖紙紙Product models產品模型型Product specification產品規格格Identified Critical toQuality failures確定的重重要質量量特性Actions to preventthecausesoffailures防止失效效原因

14、的的措施Actions to detectfailure modes發現失效效模式的的措施History of actionsandResponsibilities措施和責責任人的的記錄17Design设计Components元件Elements设计要素素DesignFMEAlooksatphysicalfailuremodesofcomponents anddesignelements设计FMEA着眼于元件及设设计要素素的物理失失效模式式DFMEA18RulesofProcessFMEA過程FMEA規則Tool forprocess engineersandprojectteam to im

15、provethe manufacturingprocessina preemptivemanner是工藝工工程師和和項目小小組的工工具,用用來提高高製造工工藝的前前瞻性Used to prioritizeactionstoensureattention to critical processesthat effectcustomers用與區分分先後順順序以確確保那些些影響客客戶的重重要工藝藝Used to document processimprovements用於工藝藝改進Dynamic document forcontinuous improvement持續改進進的動態態文件19Purpo

16、se of ProcessFMEA過程FMEA的用途Assists in theanalysisofnewmanufacturingprocess幫助分析析新的製製造工藝藝Establishesthebasesfor manufacturingprocessinstructionsand controlsheets建立製造造工藝文文件和控控制文件件的基礎礎Identifies newmanufacturing processneeds確定新製製造工藝藝的需求求Helpsevaluatetheriskofprocess changes幫助評估估工藝更更改的風風險20Process过程Manufa

17、cturing制造Assembling装配Process FMEAlooksatproductfailurescausedbythe processfailingtomeet requirements过程FMEA着眼于因因加工過程不符合要要求所造造成的产品失效PFMEA21FMEA Team小組Team approach is necessary.需要團隊隊的方式式ResponsibleforDesign FMEADesignEngineer設計工程程師負責責設計FMEAResponsibleforProcessFMEA ManufacturingEngineer製造工程程師負責責過程FMEA

18、Recommendedrepresentatives:推薦人選選:Design/設計Manufacturing Engineers/製造工程程師Quality Engineers/質量工程程師Reliability/可靠性Materials/原材料Suppliers/供應商22Definition of Terms術語Failure Mode Thewayinwhichaspecificinputrequirementfailsandifnot detected,correctedorremovedwill cause an Effecttooccur.失效模式式 一個個特殊的的輸入要要求失敗

19、敗的方式式或者由由於未被被發覺,糾正或或消除而而帶來的的後果Effect Impactoncustomerrequirements後果 對客客戶要求求的影響響23Definition of Terms術語Cause Source(s)ofprocess variationthat causestheFailureMode to occur.原因 造成成失效模模式發生生的過程程變差的的起源Current Control(proposedcontrols)當前的控控制(建議的的控制)Designelementsthatensurefunction確保功能能的設計計要素Mistake proofin

20、g,automatedcontrols, setupinstructions, gauges防錯,自自動化控控制,機機器設定定指導書書,量具具Audits, checklists, inspections,PM,etc.稽核,檢檢查表,檢驗,設備維維護,等等24Linking FailureModestoEffects失效模式式和後果果之間的的聯繫Failure Mode1Failure Mode2Effect1Failure Mode1Effect2Effect1Failure Mode1Failure Mode2Effect1Note thatthe relationshipbetween

21、 theFailure ModeandEffectisnot always1-to-1請注意失失效模式式和後果果之間的的關係不不總是一一對一Effect225Risk Priority Number風險序數數Theoutput of aFMEAisthe“RiskofPriorityNumber”-RPN一個FMEA的輸出是是“風險序數數”-RPNTheRPN is acalculatednumberbasedoninformationprovidedregardingRPN是根據下下面的資資料計算算出來的的Thepotential failuremodes,潛在失效效模式Theeffects

22、,and後果Thecurrentorplanned abilitytodetect thefailure beforeitreaches thecustomer現有的和和已計劃劃的能力力可以在在影響客客戶前覺覺察失效效26Risk Priority Number風險序數數Itiscalculated as theproduct of three quantitativerating它是用三三個級數數計算出出來的RPN=Severity* Occurrence*Detection風險序數數 =嚴嚴重度度 *發發生頻頻度* 探測測度TheRPN is notsacredRPN不是神聖的的Scali

23、ng forSeverity,Occurrence,and Detectionarelocallydeveloped嚴重度,發生頻頻度,探探測度的的尺度由由自己制制定Othercategories maybeaddedtosuit need根據需要要可以加加上其他他類型High RiskPriorityNumbersaresignificanttothe successofthe productdesign -actionsmust be taken to preventfailures高風險序序數對產產品設計計的成功功來講很很重要-需需要採取取措施來來防止失失效27Definition of

24、RPNTermsRPN術語Severity(ofeffect)Importance to customer,mayinvolvefunction,safety,reliability,orlifeofproduct (1=notsevere,10= verysevere)嚴重度(後果的的)對客戶的的重要程程度,可可包括括功能,安全,可靠性性,產產品壽命命等方面面.(1=不不嚴重, 10=很嚴嚴重)Occurrence (ofcause)Frequencywithwhicha given Cause mayoccur(1=not likelytooccur,10= verylikely to o

25、ccur)發生頻度度(原因的的)一個特定定的原因因可能發發生的頻頻度(1=不不可能能發生, 10=很很可能發發生)Detection(Capabilityofcurrentorplanned Controls) Abilitytodetect thecause(1=likely to be detected,10=not likelytobedetected)探測度(現現有的或或已計劃劃的控制制能力)覺察原因因的能力力 (1=有有可能發發覺, 10=不可能發發覺)28RatingScales評分尺度度Rating得分 Degree of Severity/ 嚴重程度 1Customer wil

26、l not notice the adverse effect or it is insignificant/客戶不會注意到或該不利後果不重要 2Customer will probably experience slight annoyance/可能對客戶有輕微的影響3Customer will experience annoyance due to the slight degradation of performance/由於輕微的性能下降可能給客戶帶來麻煩 4Customer dissatisfaction due to reduced performance/由於性能下降使客戶不滿意

27、 5Customer is made uncomfortable or their productivity is reduced by the continued degradation of the effect/客戶不滿意或受持續降級的影響使他們的生產力降低 6Warranty repair or significant manufacturing or assembly complain/保修或者重大的製造或組裝的投訴 7High degree of customer dissatisfaction due to component failure without complete l

28、oss of function. Productivity impacted by high scrap or rework levels/零件雖未完全失去功能但引起客戶較大的不滿;由於高報廢,高返工率影響生產力 8Very high degree of customer dissatisfaction due to the loss of function without a negative impact on safety or government regulation/由於零件喪失功能而引起客戶極大不滿但尚未違反安全或國家規定 9Customer endangered due to

29、adverse effect on safe system performance with warning before failure or violation of governmental regulations/安全系統的不利影響使得客戶處於危險當中但在失效前有警告或違反國家規定 10Customer endangered due to adverse effect on safe system performance without warning before failure or violation of governmental regulations/安全系統的不利影響使得

30、客戶處於危險當中而且失效前沒有警告或違反國家規定 29RatingScales評分尺度度Rating得分 Likelihood of Occurrence/ 發生的可能性1Likelihood of occurrence is remote/ 發生的可能性極小2Low failure rate with support documentation/ 有書面證據證明發生的可能性很低3Low failure rate without support documentation/發生的可能性很低但沒有書面證據證明4Occasional failure/ 偶爾失效5Relatively Moderat

31、e failure rate with supporting documentation/有書面證據證明中等的失效可能性6Moderate failure rate without supporting documentation/沒有書面證據證明中等的失效可能性7Relatively high failure rate with supporting documentation/有書面證據證明高度的失效可能性8Relatively high failure rate without supporting documentation/沒有書面證據證明高度的失效可能性9Failure is al

32、most certain based on warranty data or significant testing/ 根據保修數據或重要試驗幾乎可以肯定失效會發生10Assure of Failure based on warranty data or significant testing/ 根據保修數據或重要試驗可以肯定失效會發生30RatingScales評分尺度度Rating得分 Ability of Detect/ 可探測度 1Sure that the potential failure will be found or prevented before reaching the

33、 next customer/確定潛在失效可以在到達下一個客戶前被發現或預防2Almost certain that the potential failure will be found or prevented before reaching the next customer/幾乎可以肯定潛在失效可以在到達下一個客戶前被發現或預防3Low likelihood that the potential failure will reach the next customer/潛在的失效到達下一個客戶的可能性很低4Controls may detect or prevent the poten

34、tial failure from reaching the next customer/控制手段可以防止潛在失效到達下一個客戶5Moderate likelihood that the potential failure will reach the next customer/潛在的失效到達下一個客戶的可能性中等6Controls are likely to detect or prevent the potential failure from reaching the next customer/控制手段不太可能防止潛在失效到達下一個客戶7Poor likelihood that th

35、e potential failure will be detected or prevented before reaching the next customer/在潛在失效到達下一個客戶前發現或預防的可能性較低8Very poor likelihood that the potential failure will be detected or prevented before reaching the next customer/在潛在失效到達下一個客戶前發現或預防的可能性非常低9Current controls probably will not detect the potenti

36、al failure/現有控制手段可能探測不到潛在失效10Absolute certainly that the current controls will not detect the potential failure/完全肯定現有的控制手段無法探測潛在失效31ExamplesofOccurrence scale發生率評評分的例例子Scale Value分值Occurrences perWeek週Day日Shift班Hour小時107001003349500712438350501727200291016100145157511445072325412711132ExamplesofDet

37、ectionscale探測度評評分的例例子Scale Value/分值Percent of potential failures prevented預防潛在失效的比率190%280%370%460%550%640%730%820%910%100%33ProcessStep/InputPotential Failure ModePotential Failure EffectsSEVPotential CausesOCCCurrent ControlsDETRPNActions Recommended0000000000000000What is theinput?輸入是甚麼?What cang

38、owrongwiththeinput?輸入會出出甚麼錯?What is theEffectontheoutput?輸出的後果是甚麼?What arethecauses?原因是甚麼?Howwell?程度如何何?Howcanthis befound?怎樣才可以發現?Howoften?頻繁程度度What canbedone?可以做甚甚麼?Howwell?程度如何何?34FMEA FAILURE MODE EFFECTS ANALYSISProduct:ProcessStep/InputPotential Failure ModePotential Failure EffectsSEVPotentia

39、l CausesOCCCurrent ControlsDETRPNActions RecommendedResponsibilityWhat is the step or input under investigation?In what way does the key input go wrong?What is the impact on the key output variable (customer requirement or internal requirement)How severe is the impact on the customer?What causes the

40、 key output to go wrong?How often does cause of failure mode happen?What are the existing controls and procedures (inspection and testing) that prevent either the cause or the failure mode? Include shop operating procedure number How well can the failure mode of cause be detected?RPN = SEV * OCC * D

41、ETWhat are the actions for reducing the occurrence of the cause or improving detection? Should have actions on all high RPN numbers.Who is responsible for implementing the recommended actions?000035FMEA Model模式Prevention/預防Prevention/預防Prevention/預防Cause/原因Effect/後果Failure Mode/失效模式式Controls/控制Mater

42、ialorprocess input/原料或過過程輸入入Process Step/工序Externalcustomerordownstream processstep/外部客戶戶或下一一工序36General Steps in theDFMEA/一般步驟驟Selectdesign FMEAteam組建設計計FMEA小組List customer requirements列出客戶戶的要求求Foreachcustomerrequirementlist thekeydesign elements thatsatisfythecustomerrequirements針對客戶戶的每一一個要求求列出滿滿足

43、該要要求的關關鍵設計計要素Foreachkeydesign elementlistways thatthe designelement could vary, PotentialFailure Modes列出每一一個關鍵鍵設計要要素的變變化,潛潛在的失失效模式式List EffectsofeachFailure modeonthe customer requirement列出每個個失效模模式的對對客戶要要求的影影響List Causesforeachfailure Mode列出失效效模式的的原因37General Steps in theDFMEA/一般步驟驟List currentcontr

44、olsfor eachcause列出每個個原因的的現有控控制手段段AssignSeverity, Occurrence, andDetectionratingstoeach cause給每個原原因的嚴嚴重度,頻度,可探測測度評分分CalculateRPNs計算風險險序數RecommendactionstoreducehighRPNs提出降低低風險序序數的措措施Take appropriate action採取適當當的措施施RecalculateRPNs重新計算算風險序序數38A schematicrepresentation,with一種圖示示法,其其中Components (orfeatur

45、es)shownasblocks,用方塊表表示各元元件(或或特性)Interactionsbetweencomponents shown as lines,用直線表表示各元元件之間間的關係係Attheappropriatelevelofdetail詳細到恰恰當的程程度Develop aFunctionalBlockDiagram of TheProduct繪制產品品功能結結構圖39Component元件Component元件Component元件Component元件Component元件Component元件BlockDiagram結構圖Examples例如40Dontforgetauxil

46、iary functionsaswell aprimaryfunctions主要功能能和輔助助功能都都要考慮慮Often,componentswork together to performafunction經常是幾幾個零件件共同實實現一個個功能Hint:Use theBlockDiagram!提示:利利用結結構圖ListTheFunction(s)ofEach Component列出每個個要素的的功能41Adefect, flaw, or other unsatisfactory conditionintheproductthat is causedbya designweakness由於設

47、計計缺陷造造成的產產品缺陷陷,瑕疵疵或其它它令人不不滿意的的情況Typical FailureModes:典型的失失效模式式-Breaks-Cracks破碎裂紋-Corrodes-Sticks腐蝕粘結-Deforms/melts變形/熔熔化42Startwith theprevioustwosteps:從前両個個步驟入入手:Functions功能Qualityrequirements質量要求求43Inyour owndescriptivewords,writedownthefollowing scenarios，用自己的的語言描描述下列列假設：Failure =Nofunction，失效= 無

48、功功能Failure =Not enoughfunction，失效=功能不足足Failure =Too muchfunction，失效=功能過強強Similarly,同樣：Failure =Noqualityrequirement失效=未達到質質量要求求44Aneffectcan be ，後果可能能是：Completeloss of function，功能完全全喪失Degradationofperformanceorquality性能或質質量下降降Many failuremodeshavemore thanone effect!許多失效效模式不不止有一一個後果果！Effects of fail

49、ureoftenshowupasa chain of events,fromimmediateeffect to theultimateeffectonthe customer失效模式式的後果果經常表表現為對對客戶的的一連串串的影響響,包括括直接的的後果和和最終的的後果45DeterminePotentialCause(s)ofEach FailureMode確定每種種失效模模式的潛潛在原因因A cause of failureisadesignweaknessthat leads to thefailure mode造成失效效的原因因是由於於設計缺陷陷引起Inherentintheway t

50、heproduct wasdesigned是產品設設計所固固有的Relativetotheusageofthe product與產品的的使用方方法有關關Many failuremodeshavemultiplecauses!許多失效效模式有有多個起起因！46Ifthedesign as-is weretogointoproduction.如果依據據現有設設計進行行生產的的話Usehistoricaldata，利用歷史史資料Take improvementsinto account，參考已有有的改進進Considerthelifespanofthe product，考慮產品品的壽命命Userel

51、iabilitymodels andcomparison withsimilarproducts，利用可靠靠性模型型並與類類似產品比較較AssessThe LikelihoodofOccurrenceofEach Cause評估每種種原因發發生的可可能性47Therearethreetypesofdesign controls:設計控制制有三種種類型：(1)Thosethat preventthe cause of failure;預防產生生失效的的原因；(2)Thosethat detectthecause(s)offailure;覺察產生生失效的的原因；(3)Those thatdetec

52、t thefailure mode(s)檢測失效效模式48DetectionRating (D):探測度評評分9-10Remotechanceofdetecting failure察明失效效的可能能性極小小7-8Very lowchance，可能性很很小5-6Lowtomoderatechance，可能性不不大2-4Good chance，可能性較較大1Will almostcertainlydetect failure(Ifitpasses this, it willnot fail)失效幾乎乎都可以以被査到到(如果果通過這這樣的檢檢查查就不會會有失效效)49Toreduceseverity

53、-design changetocontrol theeffect降低嚴重重度 通過過設計更更改來控控制後果果Toreduceoccurrence-designchange to controlthe cause減少發生生頻度-通通過設計計更改來來控制原原因Toimprove detection-improvedtesting or simulationmethods增強探測測度 改進進測試和和模擬方方法SpecialAttentionifSeverity=9 or 10當嚴重度度為9或或10時時要特別別注意50General Steps in thePFMEA/一般步驟驟Selectproc

54、essFMEA team組建過程程FMEA小組Develop aProcessMapand identify allprocess steps做一個流流程圖確確定過程程的所有有步驟List alltheKey ProcessOutputstosatisfy internal andexternalcustomerrequirement列出所有有的滿足足內部和和外部客客戶要求求的關鍵鍵過程輸輸出Foreachprocess step, listKey ProcessInputVariables列出每一一步的關關鍵過程程輸入變變量Forthe ProcessDefine C&Ematrixrela

55、tingKey OutputstoKey ProcessInputVariable用因果圖圖分析關關鍵過程程輸入和和關鍵輸輸出的聯聯繫Rank theKPIVsaccordingtoimportance根據重要要程度給給關鍵過過程輸入入變量分分級StarttheprocessFMEA開始做過過程FMEA51General Steps in thePFMEA/一般步驟驟Foreachprocess input,list waysthatitcanvary(failureModes)and identify associatedeffects對每一個個過程的的輸入,列出其其可能的的變化和和相應的的

56、後果List allCausesfor eachFailureMode列出失效效模式的的所有原原因List thecurrent Controls foreach cause列出每個個原因的的現有控控制手段段AssignSeverity, Occurrence, andDetectionratingstoeach cause給每個原原因的嚴嚴重度,頻度,可探測測度評分分Calculatethe RPNforeachpotentialFailureMode scenario計算每個個潛在失失效模式式的風險險序數DeterminerecommendedactionstoreduceHighRPNs

57、提出降低低風險序序數的措措施Take appropriate actions採取適當當的措施施RecalculateRPNs重新計算算風險序序數52Usethe ProcessFlowDiagram format適用流程程圖的格格式Identifiesfabricate, move, store andinspect operations識別四種種作業類類型,製製造,移移動,儲儲存,檢檢驗IdentifiesKeyCharacteristics識別關鍵鍵特性A function is whatthe operationdoes功能系指指該操作作所起的的作用Statethefunctionas/

58、说明功能能为：Verb +Object +Qualifier动词+宾宾语+修修饰词Moldpart/成型零件件Crimpterminalonto cable/電線上壓壓接端子子Formbend in part/零件彎曲曲成形53A customer wantordesire顧客的希希望或要要求Couldseriouslyaffect customer perception有可能嚴嚴重影響響顧客的的看法Couldlead to acustomercomplaint有可能導導致顧客客投訴Adefect, flaw, or other unsatisfactory conditioninthepro

59、ductthat occurswhen theprocess fails to meetthe processrequirements由於過程程未達到到要求而而導致的的産品缺缺陷、瑕瑕疵等不不良狀態態Failure modes shouldbewritten in terms of theconditionofthe product失效模式式體現在在産品上上54Typical FailureModes/幾種典型型失效模模式Diameteroutofspec. /直径超差差Missing seal/漏裝密封封墊Cutstrands/切破線皮皮Miss-oriented part/部件方向向錯In

60、sufficientsolder /焊劑不足足Toomuchsolder/焊劑過量量NFO, Flash/未充滿,飛邊Theramificationsoffailure/後果是失失效模式式的衍生生事件Theeffect canbeon/可能影響響Theultimatecustomer/最終用戶戶Orintermediatecustomer(OEM,etc.)/中間用戶戶A governmentregulation/政府法規規Thenextprocess step/下工序55Customercomplaints area usefulsourceofinformation顧客抱怨怨是非常常有用的