高考英语一轮讲义：D篇阅读长难句精读Day1

1、高考英语一轮讲义：D篇阅读长难句精读Day1注：以下拆解中，黄色蓝色标出是句子主干，黄色高亮部分是从句或其他成分。空行排版方便学生打印批注。长难句一To peoplewhoare used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets,itcan bequite an eye openerto seethe range of classical apples still in existence, such as Deciowhichwas grown by the

2、 Romans.句子分析别看这个句子长，其实成分并不复杂，其中包含一个形式主语、一个宾语前置和两个定语从句。先看句子主干。it是本句的形式主语，can be是谓语，句子真正的主语是to see the range of .。清楚了句子的主干，我们下面来看看其他成分。开头的to people.这一部分是宾语前置。一般来说，介词to引导的介宾结构出现在谓语之后，但有时也把宾语提前，表示强调。本句中的两个定语从句并不难找，分别由关系代词who和which引导，修饰先行词people和Decio。因此，本句的主要结构其实就相当于：To see（主）the range of .，such asDecio

3、which.,can be（谓）quite an eye openertopeople（宾）whoare usedto.整句翻译(宾)To peoplewho are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets,it (谓)can be quite an eye opener(主)to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Deciowhich was grown by

4、 the Romans.看到罗马人种植的Decio等经典苹果仍然存在，这对于那些见惯了超市里的金冠苹果和皇家嘎拉等有限品种的人来说，定是件大开眼界的事。语法讲解：it作形式主语的用法it 作形式主语时并无实际语义，只是为满足语法上的需要，代替句子的逻辑主语，也就是语义上真正的主语，常有三种情况：1.不定式作逻辑主语：It + is/was + adj./n. (形容词或名词）+to do sth.本句即属于这一情况，就不再重复举例。2.动名词作逻辑主语：It is considered no goodreciting without understanding.（不理解的背诵被认为是没有好处的

5、）3.从句作逻辑主语：It is +名词+从句：It is asurprisethat he passed the exam.（他通过考试是件惊人的事）It is +形容词+从句：It isimpossiblethat he has known everything.（他不可能已经知道一切了）It +动词+从句：Ithappenedthat the ferry service was canceled.（碰巧渡船服务取消了）可学表达be used to 习惯于.注意: to后面接名词或动名词such as 例如it is an eye opener to do . 做某事令人大开眼界长难句2S

6、hadbolt,whogave evidence to the committee,saysthe problem isthatwe dont knowhowcompanies will use our databecausetheir business models and uses of data are still evolving.句子分析本句主干部分很清晰，即：Shadbolt（主）says（谓）说话内容（宾），但复杂之处在于，主干之外还包含了五个从句。关系代词who引导非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词Shadbolt，也就是句子主语。从句补充说明了Shadbolt的行为。谓语says后

7、是说话的内容，即为句子的宾语。而这部分的主语是the problem，其中还包含了表语从句、宾语从句和原因状语从句。the problem is that是主系表结构，that后接表语从句，进一步说明problem的内容。we dont know how companies will use our data中，动词know之后接how引导的宾语从句，句子用陈述语序：companies will use。because引导原因状语从句，交代we dont know的原因。整句翻译Shadbolt,whogave evidence to the committee,saysthe problem

8、 isthatwe dont knowhowcompanies will use our databecausetheir business models and uses of data are still evolving.沙德博尔特向委员会提供了证据，他说，问题在于我们不知道公司将如何使用我们的数据，因为他们的商业模式和对数据的使用仍在演变。可学表达evidence /evdn/ v. 证实，证明; n. 证明；证词committee /kmti/ n. 委员会；监护人business model 商业模式evolve /vlv/ v. 进化，演化；逐步发展长难句3Thoughthe r

9、elationship may not be causal,helping divided communitiesto prepare for disasters would at least reducethe riskthatthose disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.句子分析这句话的主干一目了然，主语是动名词结构helping divided communities to prepare for.，谓语would reduce是过去将来时。句中含有两个从句，一个是主句前的让步状语从句；一个是that引导的同位语从

10、句。句首though引导让步状语从句，表示即使纵然，though也可以用although替换，但句子不能和but、yet等表示转折的词连用。the riskthat看结构像是定语从句，但我们可以从内容和结构两个方面确定其是同位语从句：内容上，“灾难之后造成人员伤亡”是风险的具体内容，是解释说明而非修饰；结构上，that在这不充当任何句子成分，只起提示作用。整句翻译Thoughthe relationship may not be causal,helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduceth

11、e riskthatthose disasters are followed by killing and wounding people.尽管这种关系可能不是因果性的，但帮助分裂的社区为灾难做准备，至少会降低灾难之后造成人员伤亡的风险。语法讲解：同位语从句与定语从句的区分有人说，这也太好区分了，同位语从句就是在句中同位语的从句，而定语从句就是在句中做定语的从句。同位语顾名思义就是同等地位，句子中用以说明某个名词A具体内容的成分，就是同位语B。可以理解为，B把A展开讲了讲。定语B则是对某个名词A起修饰限定作用的句子成分，也就是说，为了区别A和同类事物，B是A的某一特征。在句子中表现为以下三大区

12、别：1. 同位语从句说明前面名词的内容；定语从句限定前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况：同位语：I am glad to hear thenewsthatour teamhad won.(我很高兴听到我们队获胜的消息)定语：Thenewsthathe told to memade me really happy.(他告诉我的消息让我很开心)2. 引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除了起连接作用外，可充当主语、宾语或表语等成分：同位语：I heard the newsthatour team had won*that是连接(我听说了我们队获胜的

13、消息)定语：The newsthathe told to me made me really happy.*that充当宾语(他告诉我的消息让我很开心)3. 同位语从句常见引导词有：that、whether、when、how、who等；定语从句常见的关系代词有：that、which、who、whose等。正确区分这两种从句，可以帮助大家更清楚地判断句子成分，从而正确理解句意哦。可学表达causal /kz()l/ n. 因果关系的help . to . 帮助.做.prepare for 为.做准备at least 至少长难句4Ifa chimp is put in a cagewherehe

14、can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a platethatalso provides food for a neighbor to the next cage,hewill pullat random.句子分析本句的主干很简单：if引导的条件状语从句+主句（he will pull at random）。主语he在句中指黑猩猩chimp。If引导的条件状语从句中，还包含着两个定语从句。定语从句where he can.修饰先行词cage；定语从句that also provides food.修

15、饰先行词plate。此外还要关注定语，后置定语for himself和定语从句的对比关系，是理解句意的关键，句中出现了两个plate：一个是one plate of foodfor himself，也就是（专门）给他自己提供的一盘食物；另一个是a platethatalso provides foodfor a neighbor，给他的邻居提供食物的盘子。这两个盘子提供食物的对象不同，而黑猩猩却随机选择。只有读清楚这一层关系，才能明白这句话是想说明黑猩猩不关心邻居是否得到食物的自私本性。Ifa chimp is put in a cage wherehe can pull in one plate of foodfor himselfor, with no great effort, a plate thatalso provides food for a neighbor to the next cage,hewill pullat random.整句翻译Ifa chimp is put in a cagewherehe can pull in one plate of foodfor