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住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-西安建筑科技大学考试名师押题精选卷I(带答案详解)(图片可根据实际调整大小)题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.不定项选择题

PsychologistsagreethatI.Q.contributeonlyabout20percentofthefactorsthatdeterminesuccess.Afull80percentcomesfromotherfactors,includingwhatIcallemotionalintelligence.Followingaretwoofthemajorqualitiesthatmakeupemotionalintelligence,andhowtheycanbedeveloped:

1.Self-awareness.Theabilitytorecognizeafeelingasithappensisthekeystoneofemotionalintelligence.Peoplewithgreatercertaintyabouttheiremotionsarebetterpilotsoftheirlives.

Developingself-awarenessrequirestuningintowhatneurologistAntonioDamasiocalls“gutfeelings.”Gutfeelingscanoccurwithoutapersonbeingconsciouslyawareofthem.Forexample,whenpeoplewhofearsnakesareshownapictureofasnake,sensorsontheirskinwilldetectsweat,asignofanxiety,eventhoughthepeoplesaytheydonotfeelfear.Thesweatshowsupevenapictureispresentedsorapidlythatthesubjecthasnoconsciousawarenessofseeingit.

Throughdeliberateeffortwecanbecomemoreawareofourgutfeelings.Takesomeonewhoisannoyedbyarudeencounterforhoursafteritoccurred.Hemaybeawareofhisirritabilityandsurprisedwhensomeonecallsattentiontoit.Butifheevaluateshisfeelings,hecanchangethem.

Emotionalself-awarenessisthebuildingblockofthenextfundamentalofemotionintelligence:beingabletoshakeoffbadmood.

2.MoodManagement.Badaswellasgoodmoodsspicelifeandbuildcharacter.Thekeyisbalance.

Weoftenhavelittlecontroloverwhenwearesweptbyemotion.Butwecanhavesomesayinhowlongthatemotionwilllast.PsychologistDianneTiceaskedmorethan400menandwomenabouttheirstrategiesforescapingfoulmoods.Herresearch,alongwiththatofotherpsychologists,providesvaluableinformationonhowtochangeabadmood.

Ofallthemoodsthatpeoplewanttoescape,rageseemstobethehardesttodealwith.Whensomeoneinanothercarcutsyouoffonthehighway,yourreflexivethoughtmaybe:Thatjerk!Hecouldhavehitme!Ican’tlethimgetawaywiththat!Themoreyoustew,theangrieryouget.Suchisthestuffofhypertensionandrecklessdriving.

Whatshouldyoudotorelieverage?Onemythisthatventilatingwillmakeyoufeelbetter.Infact,researchershavefoundthat’soneoftheworststrategies.Amoreeffectivetechniqueis“refraining”,whichmeansconsciouslyreinterpretingasituationinamorepositivelight.Inthecaseofthedriverwhocutsyouoff,youmighttellyourself:Maybehehadsomeemergency.Thisisoneofthemostpotentways,Ticefound,toputangertorest.

Goingoffalonetocoolclownisalsoaneffectivewaytorefuseanger,especiallyifyoucan’tthinkclearly.Ticefoundthatalargeproportionofmencooldownbygoingforadrive—afindingthatinspiredhertodrivemoredefensively.Asaferalternativeisexercise,suchastakingalongwalk.Whateveryoudo,don’twastethetimepursuingyourtrainofangerthoughts.Youraimshouldbetodistractyourself.

Thetechniquesofreframinganddistractioncanalleviatedepressionandanxietyaswellasanger.Addtothemsuchrelaxationtechniquesasdeepbreathingandmeditationandyouhaveanarsenalofweaponsagainstbadmoods.

1.Whataregutfeelings?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,theimportanceofknowingone’sgutfeelingsisthat().

3.Theword“spice”inParagraph6isclosedinmeaningto().

4.Theessenceof“refraining”inParagraph9is().

5.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyarefeelingoneisbornwith.

B.Theyarefeelingsonemaybeunawareof.

C.Theyarefeelingsoffearandanxiety.

D.Theyarefeelingsfeltbysensiblepeople.

问题2选项

A.onecandevelopthem

B.onecancallother’sattentiontothem

C.onemaygetridofthem

D.onemaycontrolthem

问题3选项

A.addinterestto

B.lengthen

C.makedull

D.bringintoexistence

问题4选项

A.toforgettheunpleasantsituation

B.toadoptapositiveattitude

C.toprotectoneselfproperly

D.toavoidroadaccidents

问题5选项

A.WhatisEmotionalIntelligence?

B.HowtoDevelopEmotionalIntelligence.

C.StrategiesforGettingRidofFoulMoods.

D.HowtoControlone’sGutFeelings.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干关键词“gutfeelings”定位到第三段第二句话“Gutfeelingscanoccurwithoutapersonbeingconsciouslyawareofthem”(直觉可能在一个人没有意识到的情况下发生)可知,直觉是人们可能没有意识到的感觉。A选项“它们是天生的”没有原文依据;C选项“它们是恐惧和焦虑的感觉”错误,直觉包括很多种感觉;D选项“它们是理智的人所感受到的感情”错误,人都会有直觉,没有理性和感性之分。因此B选项正确。

第2题:判断推理题。由题干定位到第四段倒数一、二句话“Hemaybeawareofhisirritabilityandsurprisedwhensomeonecallsattentiontoit.Butifheevaluateshisfeelings,hecanchangethem”(他可能意识到了自己的易怒,当有人提醒他时,他会感到惊讶。但如果他评估自己的感受,他就能改变。)可知既然可以改变,那就是可以控制的。A选项“可以开发它们”、B选项“一个人可以引起别人的注意”、C选项“人们可以摆脱它们”均说法错误,文中没有相关表述。因此D选项正确。

第3题:语义推测题。由题干关键词“spice”定位到第六段“MoodManagement.Badaswellasgoodmoodsspicelifeandbuildcharacter.Thekeyisbalance”(情绪管理。好心情和坏心情可以丰富生活,塑造性格。关键是平衡)可知spice是丰富的意思,即给生活增加乐趣。A选项“增加乐趣”;B选项“延长”、C选项“乏味”、D选项“产生”三项与该处语义不符。因此A选项正确。

第4题:判断推理题。由题干关键词“refraining”定位到第九段“Amoreeffectivetechniqueis‘refraining’,whichmeansconsciouslyreinterpretingasituationinamorepositivelight.Inthecaseofthedriverwhocutsyouoff,youmighttellyourself:Maybehehadsomeemergency”(一种更有效的方法是“克制”,这意味着有意识地以一种更积极的态度重新解释当前的情况。对于插队的司机,你可以告诉自己:也许他遇到了紧急情况)可知遇到问题时要克制自己,当遇到插队的司机时的想法告诉我们要用积极的态度去思考这些问题。A选项“忘记不愉快的处境”;C选项“妥善保护自己”、D选项“避免交通意外”三项不是本质,而是具体可以怎么去让自己的处境变得舒缓一点的方法,所以排除。因此B选项正确。

第5题:主旨大意题。由题干定位到第一段最后一句话“Followingaretwoofthemajorqualitiesthatmakeupemotionalintelligence,andhowtheycanbedeveloped…”(以下是构成情商的两个主要品质,以及如何开发它们……)可知本文主要围绕如何开发情商所展开。A选项“什么是情商”概括不全面,文章不是主要讲了情商的定义,有简单的提及;C选项“摆脱坏心情的策略”、D选项“如何控制自己的直觉”两项都是如何开发情商的不同的两个方法,不能概括整个文章的主旨大意,所以排除。因此B选项正确。

2.不定项选择题

Whydoyoulistentomusic?Ifyoushouldputthisquestiontoanumberofpeople,youmightreceiveanswerslikethese:“Ilikethebeatofmusic”,“Ilookforattractivetunefulness”,“Iammovedbythesoundofchoralsinging”,“IlistentomusicformanyreasonsbutIcouldnotbegintodescribethemtoyouclearly”.Answerstothisquestionwouldbemanyanddiverse,yetalmostnoonewouldreply“Musicmeansnothingtome.”Tomostofus,musicmeanssomething;itevokessomeresponse.Weobtainsomesatisfactioninlisteningtomusic.

Formany,theenjoymentofmusicdoesnotremainatastandstill.Wefeelthatwecangetmoresatisfactionfromthemusicalexperience.Wewanttomakeclosercontactmusicinordertolearnmoreofitsnature;thuswecanrangemorebroadlyandfreelyintheareaofmusicalstyle,form,andexpression.Thisbookexploreswaysofachievingtheseobjectives.Itdeals,ofcourse,withthetechniquesofmusic,butonlyinordertoshowhowtechniqueisdirectedtowardexpressiveaimsinmusicandtowardthelistener’smusicalexperience.Inthisway,wemaygetanideaofthecomposer’sintentions,forindeed,thecomposeruseseverymusicaldeviceforitspowertocommunicateandforitscontributiontothemusicalexperience.

Althougheveryonehearsmusicdifferently,thereisacommongroundfromwhichallmusicalexperiencesgrow.Thatsourceissounditself.Soundistherawmaterialofmusic.Itmakesupthebodyandsubstanceofallmusicalactivity.Itisthepointofdepartureinthemusicalexperience.

Thekindsofsoundthatcanbeusedformusicalpurposesareamazinglyvaried.Throughouttheculturesoftheworld,EastandWest;avirtuallylimitlessarrayofsoundshasbeenemployedintheserviceofmusicalexpression.ListentoOrientaltheatremusic,thentoanexcerptfromaWagnerwork.Thesetwoareworldsapartintheirqualitiesofsoundaswellasinalmosteveryotherfeature,yeteachsayssomethingimportanttosomelisteners.Eachcanstiralistenerandevokearesponseinhim.Allmusic,whetheritisthepulsationofprimitivetribaldrumsorthecomplexcoordinationofvoicesandinstrumentsinanopera,hasthisfeature:Itisbaseduponthepowerofsoundtostiroutsenseandfeelings.

Yetsoundaloneisnotmusic.Somethinghashappenedtothesound.Itmustmoveforwardintime.Everythingthattakesplacemusicallyinvolvesthemovementofsound.Ifwehearaseriesofdrumbeats,wereceiveanimpressionofmovementfromonestroketothenext.Whensoundsfolloweachotherinapatternofmelody,wereceiveanimpressionofmovementfromonetonetothenext.Allmusicmoves;andbecauseitmoves,itisassociatedwithafundamentaltruthofexistenceandexperience.Wearestirredbyimpressionsofmovementbecauseourverylivesareconstantlyinmovement.Breathing,theactionofthepulse,growth,decay,thechangeofdayandnight,aswellastheconstantflowofphysicalaction―thesealltestifytothefundamentalrolethatmovementplaysinourlife.Musicappealstoourdesireandourneedformovement.

1.Theauthorindicatesatthebeginningofthepassagethat().

2.Wecaninferfromthesecondparagraphthatthebookfromwhichthisexcerptistakenismainlymeantfor().

3.Accordingtothepassage,enjoyingmusicisnotanendinitselfbecausepeoplehopeto()throughlistening.

4.Whatisthecommongroundformusicalexperiencetodevelop?

5.Theimportanceofmovementinmusicisexplainedbycomparingitto().

问题1选项

A.peoplelistentomusicforsimilarreason

B.reasonsforlisteningtomusicarevaried

C.somepeopledon’tunderstandmusicatall

D.purposesforlisteningtomusiccanbespecified

问题2选项

A.listeners

B.composers

C.musicians

D.directors

问题3选项

A.learnmoremusicaldevices

B.knowmoreaboutcomposers

C.communicatemoreeffectively

D.understandmusicbetter

问题4选项

A.Material

B.Listening

C.Sound

D.Activity

问题5选项

A.apatternofmelody

B.aseriesofdrumbeats

C.physicalmovement

D.existenceandexperience

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到本文第一段第三句话“Answerstothisquestionwouldbemanyanddiverse”(这个问题的答案是多种多样的)可知,人们听音乐的原因是各种各样的。A选项“人们听音乐也是出于类似的原因”说法错误,人们听音乐的原因不一样;C选项“有些人根本不懂音乐”没有原文依据;D选项“可以指定收听音乐的目的”说法错误,听音乐也是随机的,目的是不能够指定的。因此B选项正确。

第2题:判断推理题。由题干定位到本文第二段第二句话“Wefeelthatwecangetmoresatisfactionfromthemusicalexperience”(我们觉得我们可以从音乐体验中获得更多的满足感)可知,这里的“我们”指的是听音乐的人,即听众。B选项“作曲家”、C选项“音乐家”、D选项“导演”均为干扰项,这些都是与音乐有关的人,但是与本段的语义不符。因此A选项正确。

第3题:细节事实题。由题干定位到本文第二段第三句话“Wewanttomakeclosercontactmusicinordertolearnmoreofitsnature;thuswecanrangemorebroadlyandfreelyintheareaofmusicalstyle,form,andexpression”(我们想要更密切地接触音乐,以便更多地了解它的本质;因此,我们可以在音乐风格、形式和表达方面有更广泛和自由的范围)可知,我们听音乐是为了了解音乐的本质。A选项“学习更多音乐设备”、B选项“多了解作曲家”、C选项“更有效的沟通”也是我们听音乐可以获得的,但不是终极目的。因此D选项正确。

第4题:细节事实题。由题干关键词“commonground”定位到本文第三段第一句话“Althougheveryonehearsmusicdifferently,thereisacommongroundfromwhichallmusicalexperiencesgrow.Thatsourceissounditself”(虽然每个人听音乐的方式都不一样,但所有音乐体验都有一个共同的基础,那就是声音本身)可知音乐的基础是声音本身。A选项“素材”、B选项“倾听”、D选项“活动”均为干扰项,不是音乐的基础,而是制作成音乐后的内容。因此C选项正确。

第5题:细节事实题。由题干关键词“movement”定位到最后一段第八、九句话“Wearestirredbyimpressionsofmovementbecauseourverylivesareconstantlyinmovement.Breathing,theactionofthepulse,growth,decay,thechangeofdayandnight,aswellastheconstantflowofphysicalaction―thesealltestifytothefundamentalrolethatmovementplaysinourlife”(我们被运动的印象所触动,因为我们的生活一直都在运动。呼吸、脉搏的活动、成长、衰退、昼夜的变化,以及不断的身体动作——这些都证明了运动在我们生活中所扮演的基本角色。)可知这里的运动对应的是physicalmovement。A选项“一种旋律模式”,当声音以一种旋律的模式彼此跟随时,我们会得到一种从一个音调到另一个音调的移动印象;B选项“一连串的鼓声”,如果我们听到一系列的鼓声,我们会得到一个动作的印象;D选项“存在和经验”,存在和经验的基本真理相联系。这三项均为干扰项,不是movement所指代的意义。因此C选项正确。

3.单选题

Presumably,excessiveconsumptionoffriedfoodshasseriousconsequencesashasbeenproved.

问题1选项

A.Theoretically

B.Practically

C.Incredibly

D.Probably

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词辨析。presumably“大概;推测起来;可假定”;A选项theoretically“理论地;理论上”;B选项practically“实际地;几乎;事实上”;C选项incredibly“难以置信地;非常地”;D选项probably“大概;或许;很可能”。句意:据推测,过量食用油炸食品会产生严重的后果,这已被证明。根据句中“excessiveconsumptionoffriedfoods吃油炸食品过多”可知presumably在这里应表示一种推测,因此D选项正确。

4.单选题

Thecontinuousrainwas()fortheexceptionalpoorharvest.

问题1选项

A.blamed

B.condemned

C.accused

D.charged

【答案】A

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项beblamedfor“因……被责备;归咎于”;B选项becondemnedfor“因……受到谴责或被追究责任”;C选项beaccusedfor“因……被指控”;D选项bechargedfor“因……被指控或收费”。句意:罕见的歉收归咎于持续的下雨。根据句中“continuousrain持续的下雨”与“poorharvest歉收”可知“归咎于”符合语境,因此A选项正确。

5.不定项选择题

ManyAmericansharboragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.FergusClydesdale,headofthedepartmentoffoodscienceandnutritionattheUniversityofMassachusetts-Amherst,saysbluntlythatifthedangersfrombacteriallycontaminatedchickenwereasgreatassomepeoplebelieve,“thestreetswouldbelitteredwithpeoplelyinghereandthere”.

Thoughthepublicincreasinglydemandsno-riskfood,thereisnosuchthing.BruceAmes,chairmanofthebiochemistrydepartmentattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,pointsoutthatupto10%ofaplant’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides.Sayshe,“Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves,theyemploychemicalwarfare.”Andmanynaturallyproducedchemicals,thoughoccurringintinyamounts,proveinlaboratoryteststobestrongcarcinogens—asubstancewhichcancausecancer.Mushroomsmightbebannediftheywerejudgedbythesamestandardsthatapplytofoodadditives.DeclaresChristinaStark,anutritionistatCornellUniversity:“We’regotfarworsenaturalchemicalsinthefoodsupplythananythingman-made.”

Yettheissuesarenotthatsimple.WhileAmericanshavenoreasontobeterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertable,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.Theyunconsciouslyandunwillinglytakeintoomuchoftoomanydangerouschemicals.Iffoodalreadycontainsnaturalcarcinogens,itdoesnotmakemuchsensetoadddozensofnewman-madeones.Thoughmostpeoplewillwithstandthesmallamountsofcontaminantsgenerallyfoundinfoodandwater,atleastafewindividualswillprobablygetcanceronedaybecauseofwhattheyeatanddrink.Tomakegoodfoodandwatersuppliesevenbetter,theGovernmentneedstotightenitsregulatorystandards,stiffenitsinspectionprogramandstrengthenitsenforcementpolicies.Thefoodindustryshouldmodifysomelong-acceptedpracticesorturntolesshazardousalternatives.Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.Theproblemsthatneedtobetackledexistallalongthefood-supplychainfromfieldstoprocessingplantstokitchens.

1.WhatdoestheauthorthinkoftheAmerican’sviewoftheirfood?

2.Theauthorconsidersitimpossibletoobtainno-riskfoodbecause().

3.Bysaying“theyemploychemicalwarfare”(Paragraph2,Line4),BruceAmesmeans().

4.Thereductionofthepossiblehazardsinfoodultimatelydependson().

5.Whatisthemessagetheauthorwantstoconveyinthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyoverstatethegovernment’sinterferencewiththefoodindustry.

B.Theyareoveroptimisticaboutthesafetyoftheirfood.

C.Theyoverestimatethehazardsoftheirfood.

D.Theyoverlooktherisksofthefoodtheyeat.

问题2选项

A.nofoodisfreefrompollutionintheenvironment

B.pesticidesarewidelyusedinagriculture

C.manyvegetablescontaindangerousnaturalchemicals

D.almostallfoodshaveadditives

问题3选项

A.plantsproducecertainchemicalstocombatpestsanddiseases

B.plantsabsorbusefulchemicalstopromotetheirgrowth

C.farmersuseman-madechemicalstodissolvethenaturalchemicalsinplants

D.farmersusechemicalstoprotectplantsagainstpestsanddiseases

问题4选项

A.thegovernment

B.theprocessor

C.theconsumer

D.thegrower

问题5选项

A.Eatinganddrinkinghavebecomemorehazardousthanbefore.

B.Immediatemeasuresmustbetakentoimprovefoodproductionandprocessing.

C.Healthfoodisnotadreaminmodernsociety.

D.Thereisreasonforcautionbutnocauseforalarmwithregardtofoodconsumption.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段第一句“ManyAmericansharboragrosslydistortedandexaggeratedviewofmostoftheriskssurroundingfood.许多美国人对围绕食品的大多数风险持有严重扭曲和夸大的看法。”可知C项“他们高估了食物的危害。”与原文相符;A项“他们夸大了政府对食品工业的干预”,原文并没有相关表达;B项“他们对食品的安全性过于乐观。”,原文并没有相关表达;D项“他们忽略了他们所吃食物的风险。”,原文并没有相关表达。因此C选项正确。

第2题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第二段第二句“…upto10%ofaplant’sweightismadeupofnaturalpesticides.……高达植物重量10%的成分是天然杀虫剂。”可知A项“没有一种食物是不受环境污染的”与原文相符。B项“农药在农业中被广泛使用”,原文并没有相关表达;C项“许多蔬菜包含危险的天然化学物质”,原文并没有相关表达;D项“几乎所有的食品都含有添加剂”,原文并没有相关表达。因此A选项正确。

第3题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段第三句“Sinceplantsdonothavejawsorteethtoprotectthemselves...因为植物没有颌或牙齿来保护自己……”可知这里的“theyemploychemicalwarfare它们使用化学武器”代指“植物产生某些化学物质来对抗虫害和疾病”,由此知A项“植物产生某种化学物质来对抗病虫害”与原文相符。B项“植物吸收有用的化学物质来促进它们的生长”,原文并没有相关表达;C项“农民使用人造化学物质溶解植物中的天然化学物质”,原文并没有相关表达;D项“农民使用化学药品保护植物免受病虫害”,原文并没有相关表达。因此A选项正确。

第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章最后一段倒数第二句“Perhapsmostimportant,consumerswillhavetodoabetterjoboflearninghowtohandleandcookfoodproperly.也许最重要的是,消费者将不得不更好地学习如何正确处理和烹饪食物。”可知C项“消费者”正确。A项“政府”;B项“加工者”;D项“种植者”。因此C选项正确。

第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章最后一段第二句“WhileAmericanshavenoreasontobeterrifiedtositdownatthedinnertable,theyhaveeveryreasontodemandsignificantimprovementsinfoodandwatersafety.虽然美国人没有理由害怕坐在餐桌前吃饭,但他们完全有理由要求显著改善食品和水安全。”可知D项“关于食物消费,有理由谨慎,但没有理由惊慌。”与原文相符。A项“饮食变得比以前更危险。”,原文并没有相关表达;B项“必须立即采取措施改善食品生产和加工。”,原文并没有相关表达;C项“健康食品在现代社会不再是一个梦。”,原文并没有相关表达。因此D选项正确。

6.不定项选择题

TheAmericansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbooks,DoingOurOwnThing,TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLike,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960s’counter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing”,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.

Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,WhyWeShouldLike,Care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.

Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onepaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.

1.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish().

2.Theword“talking”(paragraph1)denotes().

3.TowhichofthefollowingstatementsisMcWhortermostlikelytoagree?

4.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s().

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as().

问题1选项

A.isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms

B.isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment

C.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture

D.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s

问题2选项

A.modesty

B.personality

C.liveliness

D.informality

问题3选项

A.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.

B.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.

C.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.

D.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.

问题4选项

A.interestintheirlanguage

B.appreciationoftheirefforts

C.admirationfortheirmemory

D.contemptfortheirold-fashionedness

问题5选项

A.“temporary”isto“permanent”

B.“radical”isto“conservative”

C.“functional”isto“artistic”

D.“humble”isto“noble”

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由本文最后一段的最后一句话“Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone”(也许这是一种遗憾,但也许是不可避免的)可知,在语言发展过程中,正式英语的衰落是非常正常的,这段介绍了正式英语的衰落,最后一句话是对这个衰落过程的总结。A选项“在激进的教育改革中是不可避免的”没有原文依据、C选项“引发了反主流文化的争议”、D选项“在20世纪60年代改变了公众的态度”均说法错误,20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利是正式英语衰落的原因。因此B选项正确。

第2题:语义推测题。由题干关键词“talking”定位到第一段第四句话“Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,‘doingourownthing’,hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic”(但是,“做我们自己的事”这种对真实和个人的狂热已经宣告了正式演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐的死亡)再联系本段最后一句话“InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft”(在英语口语和书面语中,说胜于演讲,自发性胜于技巧)可以推测talking对应的是非正式的意思。A选项“谦逊”、B选项“个性”、C选项“活力”均为干扰项,与语义不符。因此D选项正确。

第3题:判断推理题。由题干定位到第二段最后一句话“Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper”(他并不像许多人那样,认为我们不能再正确地思考,因为我们说话不恰当)可知McWhorter认为逻辑思维不一定与我们说话的方式有关。B选项“黑人英语可能比标准英语更有表现力”说法错误,文中提到黑人这样的非官方语言具有强大的表现力,但没有与标准英语作比较;C选项“各种非标准的人类语言也同样有趣”;D选项“在所有的变体中,标准英语最能传达复杂的思想”均为干扰项,没有原文依据。因此A选项正确。

第4题:判断推理题。由题干关键词“loveofmemorizingpoetry”定位到最后一段第二句话“Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful”(麦克沃特先生承认正式语言并不是绝对必要的,也没有提出激进的教育改革——他实际上是在为那些美好而不是有用的东西的丧失而悲伤)可知是表示了对他们努力的欣赏,所以才会对这些事物的丧失感到悲伤。A选项“对他们语言的兴趣”说法过于表面,且文中没有详细描述;C选项“对他们记忆的钦佩”没有原文依据;D选项“蔑视他们的守旧”说法错误,没有体现出蔑视的感情。因此B选项正确。

第5题:判断推理题。由题干关键词“paperplates”和“china”定位到最后一段第二、三句话“Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish‘onepaperplatesinsteadofchina’.”(麦克沃特先生承认正式语言并不是绝对必要的,也没有提出激进的教育改革——他实际上是在为那些美好而不是有用的东西的丧失而悲伤。我们现在用我们的英语是“一个纸盘子,而不是瓷器”)可知纸盘子是功能型的,而瓷器是艺术型的,所以是功能与艺术之间的比较。A选项“暂时的和永久的”;B选项“激进的和保守的”;D选项“谦虚的与高尚的”为干扰项,不符合语义。因此C选项正确。

7.单选题

Weaponsofmassdestructionmustbestrictlyforbidden.Otherwise,ifanuclearwarstarted,itwouldbethecataclysmforallhumankind.

问题1选项

A.termination

B.destruction

C.devastation

D.calamity

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。横线单词cataclysm意为“灾难;大洪水,地震;(社会政治的)大变动”;A选项“termination”意为“结束,终止”;B选项“destruction”意为“破坏,毁灭;摧毁”;C选项“devastation”意为“毁坏,荒废”;D选项“calamity”意为“灾难;不幸事件”。句意:必须严格禁止大规模毁灭性武器。否则,一旦核战争爆发,将是全人类的大灾难。由题干可知,ifanuclearwarstarted(一旦核战争爆发)对全人类而言肯定是一场灾难。由此可知,cataclysm在此处最可能是“灾难”的意思。因此D选项符合题意。

8.单选题

Thesetwofirmsaresobigandpowerfulthattheymonopolizebetweenthemtheproductionandsaleofcigarettesinthiscountry.

问题1选项

A.govern

B.influence

C.supervise

D.dominate

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词辨析。横线单词monopolize意为“垄断;独占;拥有……的专卖权”;A选项“govern”意为“管理;支配;统治;控制”;B选项“influence”意为“影响;改变;支配”;C选项“supervise”意为“监督;管理;指导;主管”;D选项“dominate”意为“控制;支配;占优势;在……中占主要地位”。句意:这两家公司势力巨大,垄断了这个国家香烟的生产和销售。由题干可知,Thesetwofirmsaresobigandpowerful(两家公司势力巨大)所以可推测出这两家公司在这个国家的香烟生产和销售中占据主导地位。由此可知,monopolize在此处最可能是“垄断”的意思,四个选项中dominate具有“在……中占主要地位”的意思,与此相近。因此D选项符合题意。

9.单选题

One()neededwhenmakingacakeisflour,anotherissugar.

问题1选项

A.container

B.ingredient

C.content

D.equivalent

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项container“集装箱;容器”;B选项ingredient“原料;要素;组成部分”;C选项content“内容,目录;满足;容量”;D选项equivalent“等价物,相等物”。句意:制作蛋糕所需的一种原料是面粉,另一种原料是糖。根据句中“makingacake制作蛋糕”可知“原料”符合语境,因此B选项正确。

10.翻译题

Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseandwriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheetII.

Thehypothesisofnaturalselectionmaynotbeacompleteexplanation,butitledtoagreaterthingthanitself—anacceptanceofthetheoryoforganicevolution,whichtheyearshavebutconfined.Yetatfirstsomenaturalistsjoinedtheopposition.Tothemany,whowereunabletojudgethebiologicalevidence,theeffectofthetheoryofevolutionseemedincredibleaswellasdevastating,toruncountertocommonsenseandtooverwhelmallphilosophicandreligiouslandmarks.Eveneducatedman,choosingbetweentheBookofGenesisandtheOriginofSpecies,proclaimedwithDisraelithathewas“onthesideoftheAngels”.

【答案】自然选择的假说可能不是一个完整的解释,但它引出了一个比它本身更伟大的东西——对有机进化理论的接受,这一理论多年来一直受到限制。然而,起初有些博物学家加入了反对阵营。对许多无法判断生物学证据的人来说,进化论的影响似乎难以置信,而且是毁灭性的,它与常识背道而驰,压倒了所有哲学和宗教的里程碑。即使是受过教育的人,在《创世纪》和《物种起源》中做出选择时,也会和迪斯雷利一起宣称自己“站在天使一边”。

11.单选题

Substanceswhichallowlighttopassthroughthemwithoutobjectsontheothersidebeingclearlyseenaresaidtobe().

问题1选项

A.transparent

B.translucent

C.luminous

D.opaque

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项transparent“透明的;显然的;坦率的”;B选项translucent“半透明的”;C选项luminous“发光的;明亮的;清楚的”;D选项opaque“不透明的;不传热的;迟钝的”。句意:那些允许光通过而另一边的物体看不清楚的物质被称为半透明。因此B选项正确。

12.单选题

Theseveranceofchurchandstateisabasicprincipleofourgovernment.

问题1选项

A.integration

B.discrimination

C.separation

D.exposition

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。severance“分离;断绝;隔离”;A选项integration“集成;整合”;B选项discrimination“歧视;区别,辨别”;C选项separations“分开;间隔”;D选项exposition“博览会;阐述;展览会”。句意:政教分离是我国政府的一项基本原则。severance在这里是“分离”的意思,因此C选项正确。

13.单选题

Excellentelementaryschools,openattitudestowardnewtechnology,premiumsforinventions,andageniusforcreativethinkinginteractwitheachotherontheUSmainlandandproducetheAmericancharacteristic,().

问题1选项

A.emanation

B.emulsion

C.emulation

D.emancipation

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项emanation“发出,散发”;B选项emulsion“乳剂;乳液”;C选项emulation“仿真;效仿;竞争”;D选项emancipation“解放;释放”。句意:在美国本土,优秀的小学教育、对新技术的开放态度、对发明的奖励,以及空间思维天赋相互作用,造就了美国人的特征——竞争。因此C选项正确。

14.单选题

Whatyouhavedoneis()thedoctor’sorders.

问题1选项

A.attachedto

B.resistantto

C.responsibleto

D.contraryto

【答案】D

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项beattachedto“喜爱;附属于;B选项beresistantto“抵抗……的;对……有反抗作用的”;C选项beresponsibleto“对……负责”;D选项becontraryto“相反;与……相反”。句意:你所做的事情违反了医生的嘱咐。根据句中“thedoctor’sorders医生的嘱咐”可知“违反”符合语境,因此D选项正确。

15.单选题

Insomesocieties,whenpeopleexchangegifts,thegiverwillsayhisgiftisoflessvalue,whilethereceiver_______itsvalue.

问题1选项

A.magnifies

B.manipulates

C.abandon

D.abbreviate

【答案】A

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项“magnifies”意为“放大;赞美;夸大”;B选项“manipulates”意为“操纵;操作;巧妙地处理;篡改”;C选项“abandon”意为“遗弃;离开;放弃;终止;陷入”;D选项“abbreviate”意为“缩写,使省

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