2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号68

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-华东政法大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Doctorswarnedagainstchewingtobaccoasa___forsmoking.

问题1选项

A.succession

B.substitute

C.revival

D.relief

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项succession“连续；继位；继承权；（生态）演替”；B选项substitute“代用品；代替者”；C选项revival“复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神；再生效”；D选项relief“救济；减轻，解除；安慰；浮雕”。句意：医生警告不要用咀嚼烟草___吸烟。本句表达“不要用咀嚼烟草代替吸烟”，因此B选项正确。

2.单选题

Let’sspeedupthelesson.Ifwe___toolongongrammar,we___enoughtimefororalactivities.

问题1选项

A.spent...wouldget

B.spent...wouldnotget

C.hadspent...wouldhavegot

D.hadspent…wouldnothavegot

【答案】B

【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：让我们加快上课速度。如果我们___太多在语法上，我们___足够的时间进行口语活动。根据句意可知提出对于现在的条件，主句：主语would/should/might/could＋动词原形；从句：动词过去式。因此B选项正确。

3.单选题

We___theradiosignalsforhelpfromtheplane.

问题1选项

A.pickedout

B.pickedoff

C.pickedat

D.pickedup

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。A选项pickedout“挑选出”；B选项pickedoff“摘掉；拔去；截取；传感器”；C选项pickedat“吃得很少；挑毛病；指责”；D选项pickedup“捡起；获得，收到；收拾；（汽车；飞机）乘载；不费力地学会”。句意：我们___飞机发出求救的无线电信号。本句表达“收到飞机发出的信号”，因此选D项正确。

4.单选题

IX.ForensicAppraisal

Asacategoricalmatter,thescienceofShakenBabySyndrome(SBS)cannolongersupportafindingofproofbeyondareasonabledoubtintriad-only(三联征)cases—caseswhichrepresentasignificantnumberofSBSprosecutions.Putsimply,herechangehasraisedtherealpossibilityofpasterror.

Inthepast,themerepresenceofretinalhemorrhaging,(视网膜出血)subduralhematoma(硬膜下血肿),andcerebraledema(脑水肿)wastakentomeanthatababyhadbeenshakenhardenoughtoproducewhatwereconceptualizedaswhiplashforces.AccordingtotheconventionalunderstandingofSBS,theapplicationofrotationalaccelerationanddecelerationforcestotheinfant’sheadcausesthebraintorotateintheskull.Abruptdecelerationallowscontinuingbrainrotationuntilbridgingveinsarestretchedandruptured,causingathinlayerofsubduralhaemorrhageonthesurfaceofthebrain.Retinalhemorrhageswerethoughttoresultfromasimilarcausalmechanism.Mostsignificantly,thetriadofsymptomswasbelievedtobedistinctlycharacteristicofviolentshaking.

Despiteitslingeringpresenceinthepopularimagination,thescientificunderpinningsofSBShavecrumbledoverthepastdecadeasthemedicalestablishmenthasdeliberatelydiscardedadiagnosisdefinedbyshaking.Althoughnosinglenomenclaturehasemergedinitsplace,doctorsarenowinwidespreadagreementthatSBSisanunhelpfulcharacterization,andthatthepresenceofretinalhemorrhagesandsubduralhematomacannotconclusivelyprovethatinjurywasinflicted.

Althoughitmaybetemptingtoconcludesimplythatscienceevolves,andleavetheinquirythere,thestoryismorecomplex;anobjectlessoninscientificoverreachingandthechallengeofcorrection.

AnumberofforcescoalescedtotransformSBSfromacertaindiagnosisintoitscurrentstateofflux.Mostimportantly,inthemid-tolate-1990s,medicalresearch,includingtheSBSliterature,becamesubjecttoaheightenedlevelofscrutiny.Thenewevidence-basedmedicinestandardsrequireddoctorstoderivetheirresearchfrommethodsthatarescientificandstatisticallyrigorous.Thechangetriggeredareviewoftheevidencesupportinganumberofareasofmedicine,andincludedacomprehensiveefforttoexaminethescienceunderlyingSBS.

Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination:themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS.

83.OnelearnsfromtheparagraphsthatSBSis___.

84.Thepresenceofthefollowingsyndromesmakesthedoctorsbelievethatababywasshakenhard,except___.

85.Accordingtothelastparagraph,thefollowingstatementisNOTcorrect___.

86.Onecanforeseethataftertherecentresearchresultbasedonevidence,___.

问题1选项

A.adiseasethatcanbecaughtbyababy

B.asyndromethatcourtsusetochargeadefendantforababy’sdeath

C.asyndromethatdoctorslookattodeterminethecauseofababy’sdeath

D.anewdiscovery

问题2选项

A.thebabywaslessthanoneyearold

B.retinalhemorrhaging

C.subduralhematoma

D.cerebraledema

问题3选项

A.themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

B.thepreviousconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBSwasnotcorrect

C.theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinadifferentresult

D.themedicalliteraturepublishedafter1998containedadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusion

问题4选项

A.theprosecutionofSBSdefendantwillnolongerexist

B.thepastconvictionofSBSwilldefinitelybeannouncedtobeerror

C.therewillprobablybechallengetopastconvictionforcorrection

D.doctorsaregoingtoabandonthetermSBS

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:C

【解析】83.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第一段第一句Asacategoricalmatter,thescienceofShakenBabySyndrome(SBS)cannolongersupportafindingofproofbeyondareasonabledoubtintriad-only(三联征)cases—caseswhichrepresentasignificantnumberofSBSprosecutions.（作为一个绝对的问题，婴儿摇晃综合征的科学不再支持在三联征案件中无可置疑地找到证据——这些案件代表了大量SBS起诉）以及最后一段Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination:themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS.（将循证框架应用于SBS文献导致了一个显著的决定：1998年之前出版的医学文献包含了不充分的科学证据，无法就与SBS有关的因果关系、诊断、治疗或任何其他问题的大多数方面得出坚定的结论）可知SBS是用来控诉被告造成婴儿死亡的一种综合征，选B选项“法庭用来指控被告造成婴儿死亡的一种综合症”；A选项“一种可以被婴儿传染的疾病”，B选项“医生通过观察确定婴儿死亡原因的一种综合症”和D选项“一项新发现”原文未涉及，排除。因此B选项符合题意。

84.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第二段第一句Inthepast,themerepresenceofretinalhemorrhaging,(视网膜出血)subduralhematoma(硬膜下血肿),andcerebraledema(脑水肿)wastakentomeanthatababyhadbeenshakenhardenoughtoproducewhatwereconceptualizedaswhiplashforces.（在过去，仅仅存在视网膜出血、硬膜下血肿和脑水肿就被认为是婴儿受到了足够大的震动，产生了所谓的鞭打力）可知B选项“视网膜出血”，C选项“硬膜下血肿”以及D选项“脑水肿”这些症状的存在使医生相信婴儿被用力摇晃，不符合题意，排除；A选项“婴儿不到一岁”原文未涉及，符合题意。因此A选项正确。

85.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文最后一段themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS（1998年之前出版的医学文献包含了不充分的科学证据，无法就与SBS有关的因果关系、诊断、治疗或任何其他问题的大多数方面得出坚定的结论）可知A选项“1998年以前出版的医学文献包含不充分的科学证据，无法得出确定的结论”和B选项“先前关于与SBS有关的因果关系、诊断、治疗或任何其他问题的大多数方面的结论是不正确的”描述正确，最后一段开头Theapplicationoftheevidence-basedframeworktotheSBSliteratureresultedinaremarkabledetermination（将循证框架应用于SBS文献导致了一个显著的决定），结合下文可知这个显著的决定和以往的内容不同，因此C选项“将循证框架应用于SBS文献产生了不同的结果”描述正确；D选项“1998年之后出版的医学文献包含了足够的科学证据来得出坚定的结论”在最后一段未提及，属于过度推断。因此D选项符合题意。

86.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据原文第一段最后一句Putsimply,herechangehasraisedtherealpossibilityofpasterror.（简单地说，这里的变化增加了过去错误的真正可能性）以及最后一段最后一句themedicalliteraturepublishedpriorto1998containedinadequatescientificevidencetocometoafirmconclusiononmostaspectsofcausation,diagnosis,treatment,oranyothermatterspertainingtoSBS（1998年之前出版的医学文献包含了不充分的科学证据，无法就与SBS有关的因果关系、诊断、治疗或任何其他问题的大多数方面得出坚定的结论）可知最近的研究结果可能会让过去的定罪产生质疑，选C选项“可能会对过去的定罪提出质疑”，A选项“SBS被告的起诉将不复存在”和B选项“SBS过去的定罪肯定会被宣布为错误”属于过度推断，排除；第三段Althoughnosinglenomenclaturehasemergedinitsplace...（虽然没有一个单独的术语来代替它……）只能推断出没有另外的术语来代替SBS，无法得知SBS是否会被医生放弃，D选项“医生们将放弃术语SBS”不符合原文，排除。因此C选项正确。

5.单选题

IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1995,thehousingproblemsnowinsomepartsofthecountry___soserious.

问题1选项

A.wouldn’tbe

B.wouldn’thavebeen

C.willnotbe

D.wouldhavenotbeen

【答案】A

【解析】考查错综时间虚拟条件句。第一句是虚拟过去时IftheUnitedStateshadbuiltmorehomesforpoorpeoplein1995(had=过去时)，但第二句thehousingproblemsnow，关键是now，表示现在，时态发生改变。变为错综虚拟条件句，即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致，如从句指过去，而主句即指的是现在或将来，此时应根据具体的语境情调整。句意：如果美国在1995年为穷人建造更多的住房，现在美国一些地区的住房问题就不会那么严重。本句表示如果以前怎样，那现在的问题就不会那么严重，主句时态用情态动词+现在时。因此A选项正确。

6.单选题

II.LastTerm,theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Halper,unanimouslycreatedaruleoflawthatwilldisruptfederal,state,andlocalgovernments’abilitytoenforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes,includingenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection.ThislikelydisruptionflowsfromtheCourt’srecognitionthatcertainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areattimesequallyaccessibletocivildefendantsfromwhomgovernmentisattemptingtocollectcivilpenaltiesforproscribedactivity.WhiletheCourt’sdecisioninHalperfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings,itsreasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.Theseadditionalconstitutionalprotectionscouldincludetheeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendment.

TurninginitiallytothemorenarrowdoublejeopardyissueaddressedinHalper,theCourt’sapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceedingwasaremarkablechangeinthelaw.Byextendingthereachofthedoublejeopardyclause,JusticeBlackmun’sopinionignoredaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.LookingatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle,however,itistheCourt’sreasoning,apartfromitsholdingondoublejeopardythatformsthecoreofthedisruptioncreatedforgovernmentregulatoryprograms.

Forexample,intheprocessofjustifyingitsruling,theCourtfounditnecessary:(1)toblurthelinebetweencivilandcriminalpunishmentandtodefinepunishmentforconstitutionalpurposestoincludecivilpenalties;(2)todiscardastatutoryconstructiontestusedforoverfiftyyearsindecidingwhetheralegislatureintendedacriminalorcivilpenalty;(3)torejecttheconceptofdeterrenceasalegitimateobjectiveofacivilstatute;(4)toreducetheconceptofgovernmentdamagetoamonetaryformulawhileignoringsubstantialprecedentwhichrecognizedthepossibilityofnonmeasurableharmtogovernment;(5)tocreateanaccountingprocedurefordecidingwhenthelineiscrossedbetweenremedyandpunishmentforconstitutionalpurposes;and(6)toallowindividualtrialcourtstoreplacethewilloflegislaturesindecidingtherationallevelofindemnitytogovernmentforitsloss.

1.ThenewrulecreatedbytheCourtinHalpercasewilldisruptdifferentlevelsofgovernments’abilityto___.

2.AccordingtoHalper,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

3.Whatistheremarkablechangeinthelawaccordingtothesecondparagraph?

4.Readingtheparagraphsgiven,onecanfeelthatauthor___theHalpercase.

问题1选项

A.enforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes

B.enforcealltheimportantregulatoryschemes

C.enforcetheimportantregulatoryschemesofenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection

D.enforcetheimportantregulatoryschemesotherthanenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection

问题2选项

A.Certainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areequallyaccessibletocivildefendants.

B.Thereasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.

C.Theeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendmentareavailabletocivildefendants.

D.TheCourt’sreasoninganddecisionfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings.

问题3选项

A.Tonarrowdoublejeopardyissue.

B.Toignoreaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.

C.Theapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceeding.

D.TolookatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle.

问题4选项

A.disagreeswith

B.hasnegativefeelingwith

C.whollysupports

D.likes

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:A

第3题:C

第4题:B

【解析】1.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段第一句LastTerm,theSupremeCourtinUnitedStatesv.Halper,unanimouslycreatedaruleoflawthatwilldisruptfederal,state,andlocalgovernments’abilitytoenforceavastarrayofimportantregulatoryschemes,includingenvironmentalprotection,securitiesregulation,andtaxcollection.（上一届，最高法院在美国诉Halper案中一致制定了一项法律规则，该规则将破坏联邦、州和地方政府执行一系列重要监管计划的能力，包括环境保护、证券监管和税收征收）可知选A选项“执行一系列重要的监管计划”；B选项“执行所有重要的规管计划”，C选项“执行环境保护、证券监管、税收征管等重要监管方案”以及D选项“执行除环境保护、证券监管和税收征管外的重要监管计划”都不符合原文。因此A选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据第一段ThislikelydisruptionflowsfromtheCourt’srecognitionthatcertainconstitutionalprotections,previouslythoughtonlyavailabletocriminaldefendants,areattimesequallyaccessibletocivildefendantsfromwhomgovernmentisattemptingtocollectcivilpenaltiesforproscribedactivity.（这种可能造成的干扰是由于最高法院认识到，某些宪法保护以前被认为只适用于刑事被告，但有时也适用于民事被告，政府正试图对被禁止的活动收取民事处罚）可知A选项“某些宪法保护以前被认为只适用于刑事被告，现在对民事被告也同样适用”和原文不符；第一段WhiletheCourt’sdecisioninHalperfocusedonlyontheextensionofthedoublejeopardyclausetocivilpenaltyproceedings,itsreasoningandholdingaresufficientlybroadtoallowtheapplicationofotherconstitutionalprotectionstogovernment-initiatedcivilpenaltycases.Theseadditionalconstitutionalprotectionscouldincludetheeighthamendment,theself-incriminationclauseoftheFifthAmendment,andthetrialguaranteesoftheSixthAmendment.（虽然法院在Halper案中的裁决只侧重于将双重危险条款扩展到民事处罚程序，但其推理和裁定的范围足够广泛，允许将其他宪法保护适用于政府发起的民事处罚案件。这些附加的宪法保护包括第八修正案、第五修正案的自证其罪条款和第六修正案的审判保障）可知B选项“推理和裁定的范围足够广泛，允许对政府发起的民事处罚案件适用其他宪法保护”，C选项“第八修正案、第五修正案的自证其罪条款和第六修正案的审判保证对民事被告适用”以及D选项“法院的推理和裁决只集中于将双重危险条款扩大到民事处罚程序”符合原文。因此A选项符合题意。

3.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第二段第一句TurninginitiallytothemorenarrowdoublejeopardyissueaddressedinHalper,theCourt’sapplicationofdoublejeopardyprotectiontoacivilpenaltyproceedingwasaremarkablechangeinthelaw.（最初转向Halpe案中涉及的更狭义的双重危险问题，法院对民事处罚程序的双重危险保护的适用是法律上的一个显著变化）可知选C选项“双重危险保护在民事处罚程序中的适用”；A选项“缩小双重危险问题”，B选项“忽视一系列只有在刑事诉讼中才承认双重危险保护的案件”以及D选项“从一个更全景的角度看Halper案”皆不是原文提到的法律上的一个显著变化。因此C选项正确。

4.观点态度题。定位到第二段Byextendingthereachofthedoublejeopardyclause,JusticeBlackmun’sopinionignoredaconsistentlineofcasesrecognizingdoublejeopardyprotectiononlyinthecontextofacriminalproceeding.LookingatHalperfromamorepanoramicangle,however,itistheCourt’sreasoning,apartfromitsholdingondoublejeopardythatformsthecoreofthedisruptioncreatedforgovernmentregulatoryprograms.（通过扩大双重危险条款的范围，布莱克门法官的意见忽视了一系列只有在刑事诉讼中才承认双重危险保护的案件。然而，从更全面的角度来看，除了对双重危险的认定外，法院的推理构成了对政府监管项目造成破坏的核心）可知作者认为Halper案的处理方式导致了对政府监管项目造成破坏的核心，可以推测作者对Halper案有负面感觉，选B选项“对Halper案有负面的感觉”；A选项“不同意”太过严重；C选项“完全支持”和D选项“喜欢”都不符合原文的表达。因此B选项正确。

7.单选题

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Furthermore,althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.Expressiveleaderarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpectexpressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupandprovidesupporttoindividualmembers.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyadistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT___.

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphabout“naturalleaders”?

4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromParagraph2?

5.Paragraphs3and4organizethediscussionofleadershipprimarilyintermof___.

问题1选项

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

问题2选项

A.recruitment

B.formalelectionprocess

C.specificleadershiptraining

D.traditionalculturalpatterns

问题3选项

A.Fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders”.

B.Thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist.

C.“Naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup.

D.“Naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.

问题4选项

A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

问题5选项

A.examplesthatillustrateaproblem

B.causeandeffectanalysis

C.narrationofevents

D.comparisonandcontrast

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章第一段提出有几种不同的方法可以使人成为某个社会群体公认的领导者，第二段只要具有适合某个特别群体所需要的品质，几乎任何人都可以成为其领导，第三段表明不同的人会充当两种不同的领导角色，最后一段说明不同类型的领导角色发挥的不同作用。本篇主要讨论不同的领导者——例如instrumentalleaders以及expressiveleaders——在不同的社会群体中所充当的角色和发挥的功能。选D选项“领导在社会群体中的作用”；A选项“领导者面临的问题”，B选项“领导能力在小群体和大群体中的区别”以及C选项“社会群体如何决定谁将领导他们”不符合原文主旨。因此D选项正确。

2.事实细节题。根据题干定位到第一段Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents…Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.（在家庭中，传统的文化模式赋予父母一方或双方领导地位……在较大的群体中，领导人通常是通过选举或招聘正式选出的）可知A选项“招聘”，B选项“正式选举程序”以及D选项“传统文化模式”符合原文；C选项“具体的领导力培训”原文未提及。因此C选项符合题意。

3.推理判断题。根据题干关键词“naturalleaders”定位到第二段decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.（数十年的研究未能找出可靠的证据来证明那些人是“天生的领导者”。看起来似乎没有所有的领导都具有的固定的个人品格；相反，只要具有适合某个特别群体所需要的品质，几乎任何人都可以成为其领导）可知选B选项“没有证据表明‘天生的领导者’存在”；A选项“很少有人称得上是‘天生的领导者’”，C选项“‘天生的领导者’很容易被一个社会群体的成员所接受”未在第二段提及；D选项“‘天生的领导者’有一组相似的特征”和原文相悖。因此B选项正确。

4.推理判断题。根据题干定位到第二段Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.（看起来似乎没有所有的领导都具有的固定的个人品格；相反，只要具有适合某个特别群体所需要的品质，几乎任何人都可以成为其领导）可知适合某个特别群体所需要的品质的领导不一定会适合另外某个群体，选A选项“看起来似乎没有所有的领导都具有的固定的个人品格；相反，只要具有适合某个特别群体所需要的品质，几乎任何人都可以成为其领导”；B选项“很少有人成功地与他人分享领导角色”，C选项“一个人可以通过研究领导力最好地学习如何成为一个有效的领导者”以及D选项“大多数人都想成为领导，但很少能拿出证据证明他们的资格”未在第二段提及。因此A选项正确。

5.推理判断题。根据题干定位到第三段therearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup…Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smember.（通常情况下，不同的个体拥有两种不同的领导角色。工具性领导是一种强调社会群体完成任务的领导方式……另一方面，表现型领导强调社会群体成员的集体福祉）以及第四段Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers…Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup…Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyadistantrespect.（工具型领导者与其他群体成员的关系可能是次要的……表现型领导者会与团队中的其他人建立一种更私人或更重要的关系……正如这两种不同角色所表明的那样：表现型领导一般会从群体成员那里获得更多的个人感情；而指导型领导，如果他们能成功地实现群体的目标，可能会获得更广泛的尊重）可知这两段是通过对比来表达不同群体会拥有两种不同的领导角色，选D选项“对比”；A选项“举例说明一个问题”，B选项“原因和影响分析”以及C选项“事件的叙述”都不符合原文。因此D选项正确。

8.单选题

Every___hasbeentakentoevacuatethestrandedsailorsfromHurricaneBetty.

问题1选项

A.pleasure

B.measure

C.pressure

D.leisure

【答案】B

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项pleasure“快乐；希望；娱乐；令人高兴的事”；B选项measure“测量；措施；程度；尺寸”；C选项pressure“压力；压迫，[物]压强”；D选项leisure“闲暇；空闲；安逸”。句意：已采取一切___疏散贝蒂飓风中搁浅的水手。本句表达“采取措施疏散水手”。因此B选项正确。

9.单选题

Forthepurposesoflimitingtheunauthorizeddistributionofintellectualproperty,theDMCA’sstatutoryimmunityforISPsiscarefullystructuredtoblockonlyactionsfordamages.AnothersectionoftheActprovidesforaprocessbywhichacourt,undercertainconditions,cangrantinjunctiverelief.InthecaseofasourceISP,theremaybeanorderrequiringaterminationoftheoffendingsource’saccountwiththeISPoraterminationoftherestoftheworld’saccesstotheuser’sassignedInternetdestination,iftheinfringingmaterialresidesthere.ForanOSP,aninjunctionmaybeframedasanorderrequiringterminationoftheOSPuser’saccountorremovalorblockedaccesstothematerialontheOSP’sservers.

ItmaybethisprospectofinjunctivereliefthathasledtoapracticebypublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.Forexample,theMotionPictureAssociationofAmericasentalettertoHarvardUniversitycomplainingofallegedlyinfringingmaterialhostedbysomeoneontheHarvardnetwork.Harvard,inturn,discoveredthatthematerialinquestionwashostedbyanundergraduateonhisowncomputerattachedtotheHarvarddormitorynetwork.Harvardsentalettertothestudentalertinghimthatsuchhostingwasinviolationofitsnetworkpolicies,andthreateningsanctionsshouldthestudentcontinuetohostsuchmaterial.NoticesbypublisherstoISPsseekingactionbytheISPsagainstindividualusershavebecomeroutine,withfirmsspringinguptoaccepttheoutsourcedtaskofidentifyingpointsofinfringementwithinanetworkandgeneratingcomplaintletterstotherelevantISPs.SomepublishershaveevenattemptedtogetsourceISPs—universities,inparticular—tochangenetworkarchitecturetopreventtheuseofpeer-to-peernetworkingcompletely.Whilemosthavedeclinedtodoso,atleastoneuniversity,inthesameweekitsentalettertoapublisherrefusingtotakeaction,announcedanetworkbandwidthconservationpolicythatclampedmostout-goingInternettrafficfromstudentdormitories,effectivelydampeningtheuniversity’scontributiontoworldwidefilesharing/piracy.

Forenforcementpurposes,itmaybeeasiertofindandengageanISPregardingitslegalresponsibilitiesthanasinglesubscriberofthatISP.Butifarevelationofsubscriberidentityissought,successmerelypushestheenforcementproblembacktodealingwithapotentiallyunreachablesource.Moreover,whentheISPinquestionislocatedoverseascooperationofanysortisfraughtwithasmanybarriersasthoseforfarawayindividualsourcesofillicitmaterial.

JonathanZittrain:InternetPointsofControl

83.Accordingtothe1stparagraph,whichofthefollowingisNOTaremedyregardingISP’sliability?

84.Thesentencewhichisclosestinmeaningwiththeunderlinedsentenceofthe2ndparagraphis___.

85.TheHarvardstudentstoryinthe2ndparagraphisusedtoillustrate___.

86.Theunderlinedword“revelation”inthe3rdparagraphmeans___.

问题1选项

A.damages

B.injunctiverelief

C.anorderrequiringaterminationoftheoffendingsource’saccount

D.anorderrequiringaterminationoftheaccesstotheuser’sassignedInternetdestination

问题2选项

A.TheprospectofinjunctivereliefmayhaveledtheISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.

B.TheprospectofinjunctivereliefmayhaveledthepublisherstoaskISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.

C.TheprospectofinjunctivereliefmayhaveledthepublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytakingplaceontheirnetworks.

D.ItistheprospectofinjunctivereliefthathasledtoapracticebypublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpolicewhathappensontheirnetworks.

问题3选项

A.therelationshipbetweenauniversityanditsstudents

B.theliabilityofanetworkuser

C.actionstakenbyISPsinresponsetopublishers’requests

D.theuniversitypolicytowardsinfringement

问题4选项

A.repetition

B.revolution

C.surprise

D.disclosure

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

【解析】83.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文第一段AnothersectionoftheActprovidesforaprocessbywhichacourt,undercertainconditions,cangrantinjunctiverelief.（该法的另一节规定了法院在某些条件下可以批准禁令救济的程序）可知B选项“禁令救济”符合是针对ISP的赔偿责任的救济；第一段ForanOSP,aninjunctionmaybeframedasanorderrequiringterminationoftheOSPuser’saccountorremovalorblockedaccesstothematerialontheOSP’sservers.（对于一个OSP，禁令可能是一个命令，要求终止OSP用户的账户或删除或阻止访问OSP服务器上的材料）可知C选项“要求终止违规来源账户的命令”和D选项“要求终止对用户指定的因特网目的地的访问的一种命令”符合是针对ISP的赔偿责任的救济；A选项“损害赔偿”第一段未涉及。因此A选项符合题意。

84.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】推理判断题。根据题干定位到原文第二段划线句子ItmaybethisprospectofinjunctivereliefthathasledtoapracticebypublishersofaskingISPstomonitorandpoliceactivitytaki