2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号32

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-昆明理工大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

The（

）physicisthasbeenchallengedbyothersinhisfield.

问题1选项

A.respectable

B.respectful

C.respective

D.respecting

【答案】A

【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项respectable“可敬的，值得尊敬的”；B选项respectful“尊敬的，有礼貌的”；C选项respective“各自的，分别的”；D选项respecting“尊敬，尊重”。根据选项的意思，可知A选项最符合句意。句意：这位受人尊敬的物理学家在他的领域受到了其他人的挑战。

2.单选题

Manyofthelocalresidentslefthomesto（

）thedangerofflooding.

问题1选项

A.encounter

B.enclose

C.shakeoff

D.wardoff

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项encounter“遭遇，遇到”；B选项enclose“围住，随函(或包裹等)附上”；C选项shakeoff“甩掉，摆脱”；D选项wardoff“避开，躲开，防止（危险、疾病等）”。由目的状语“to_____thedangerofflooding（为了_____洪水的危险）”可知D选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：许多当地居民离开家，以避开洪水的危险。

3.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese

Deathisasubjectthatisevaded,ignored,anddeniedbyouryouth-worshiping,process-orient.edsociety.Itisalmostaswehavetakenondeathasjustanotherdiseasetobeconquered.Butthefactisthatdeathisinevitable.Wewillalldie;itisonlyamatteroftime.Deathisasmuchapartofhumanexistence,ofhumangrowthanddevelopment,asbeingborn.Itisoneofthefewthingsinlifewecancounton,thatwecanbeassuredwilloccur.Deathisnotanenemytobeconqueredoraprisontobeescaped.Itisanintegralpartofourlivesthatgivesmeaningtohumanexistence.Itsetsalimitonourtimeinthislife,urgingustodosomethingproductivewiththattimeaslongasitisourstouse.

【答案】在一个崇尚年轻和发展的进步的社会里，死亡是一个被逃避、忽略和否认的话题。就像我们把死亡当作另一种需要征服的疾病一样。但事实是死亡是不可避免的。我们都会死去，这只是时间问题。死亡和出生一样，是人类生存、成长和发展的一部分。它是我们生活中可以确定将会发生的为数不多的几件事之一。死亡不是要征服的敌人，也不是要逃跑的监狱。它是我们生活中不可分割的一部分，赋予了人类生存的意义。

它限制了我们这一生的时间，敦促我们利用这段时间做一些富有成效的事情，只要它是我们可以使用的。

4.单选题

Althoughnotaneconomisthimself,Dr.Smithhaslongbeenaseverecriticofthegovernment’s—（

）policies.

问题1选项

A.economical

B.economic

C.economy

D.economics

【答案】B

【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项economical“经济的，实惠的，节俭的”；B选项economic“经济上的，经济学的，有利可图的”；C选项economy“经济，经济情况”；D选项economics“经济学”。空格处为形容词作定语修饰名词policies，B选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：史密斯博士本人虽然不是经济学家，但长期以来一直严厉批评政府的经济政策。

5.单选题

Onecanunderstandothersmuchbetterbynotingtheimmediateandfleetingreactionsoftheireyesand（

）toexpressedthoughts.

问题1选项

A.countenances

B.dilemmas

C.concessions

D.junctions

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项countenance“面容，面部表情”；B选项dilemma“（进退两难的）窘境，困境”；C选项concession“让步，迁就”；D选项junction“连接，接合”。由eyes可知A选项符合语境，指眼睛和面部表情的反应。句意：通过注意他们的眼睛和面部表情表达思想的即时和短暂的反应，我们可以更好地理解他人。

6.单选题

Incourtherepeatedhis（

）thathewasnotguiltyinfrontofthejury.

问题1选项

A.impression

B.alliteration

C.clauses

D.assertions

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项impression“感想，印象，影响”；B选项alliteration“头韵，头韵法”；C选项clause“从句，分句，（法律文件等的）条款”；D选项assertion“断言，声称，主张”。由Incourt（在法庭上）与hewasnotguilt（他是无罪的）可知D选项符合逻辑搭配。句意：在法庭上，他在陪审团面前重申了他是无罪的声明。

7.单选题

Theforemanreadthe（

）ofguiltyfourteentimes,oneforeachdefendant.

问题1选项

A.prejudice

B.verification

C.verdict

D.punishment

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项prejudice“偏见，成见”；B选项verification“检验，检查，审核”；C选项verdict“（陪审团的）裁定，裁决，（经过检验或认真考虑后的）决定，结论”；D选项punishment“刑罚，惩罚”。由句中的guilty（有罪的）和defendant（被告）可知选C。句意：陪审团主席宣读了14遍有罪判决书，每个被告一份。

8.单选题

Overthepastcentury,allkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Buttheoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamebeginningwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

IthaslongbeenknownthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarhasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoeZysman.Englishnamesarefairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK.

ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush’spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChrtienandKoizumi).Theworld’sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayami)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld’sfiverichestmen(Gates,Buffett,Alien,EllisonandAlbrecht).

Canthismerelybycoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslessconfidenceinspeakingpublicly.

Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.

1.WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?

2.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?

3.Thefourthparagraphsuggeststhat（

）.

4.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Para.5)?

5.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

问题1选项

A.Akindofoverlookinequality.

B.Atypeofconspicuousbias.

C.Atypeofpersonalprejudice.

D.Akindofbranddiscrimination.

问题2选项

A.InbothEastandWest,namesareessentialtosuccess.

B.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.

C.Customersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompanies’names.

D.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.

问题3选项

A.questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents

B.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass

C.teachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents

D.studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight

问题4选项

A.Theyaregettingimpatient.

B.Theyarenoisilydozingoff.

C.Theyarefeelinghumiliated.

D.Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.

问题5选项

A.PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZareoftenill-treated.

B.VIPsinthewesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.

C.Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabtismstillhasalongwaytogo.

D.Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。由文章第一段中的This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamebeginningwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.（对于那些尚未意识到这一劣势的人来说，这是指对那些姓氏以字母表下半部分的字母开头的人的歧视）可知A选项“一种被忽视的不公平”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。文章第一段提出字母排序是一种隐藏的歧视；第二三段举例说明字母排序的歧视，因此D选项“某种形式的歧视太微妙以至于无法识别”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。文章第四段介绍了从入学开始，老师们就按姓氏首字母排序安排学生的座位，很少关注那些由于姓氏首字母靠后而经常被安排在教室的后面，也很少向他们提问，因此C选项“老师们应该关注所有的学生”符合题意。

4.词义题。由文章最后一段中的Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygettheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ.（羞辱还在继续。在大学毕业典礼上，ABC们自豪地获得了他们的奖项；等轮到Zysman们的时候，大多数人实际上已经ZZZ了）可在推测等轮到Zysman们领奖时，其他人由于等的时间太长，差不多都会睡着了。ZZZ表示“（拟声）打鼾声”，dozingoff表示“打瞌睡”，因此选B。

5.推理判断题。文章主要介绍了字母排序所带来的歧视，这种歧视是隐蔽的，是无意中导致的，因此D选项“按字母顺序排列可能会导致无意的偏见”符合题意。

9.单选题

Asweareonthepointofsomeimportantbusinesswiththem,weshouldliketoknowexactlyabouttheircredit（

）.

问题1选项

A.transmitting

B.transferring

C.transacting

D.transporting

【答案】C

【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项transmit“传送，输送，发射”；B选项transfer“转移，搬迁，调动”；C选项transact“（与人或组织

）做业务，做交易”；D选项transport“运送，运输”。由credit（信用）可知C选项符合语境，credittransacting表示“信用交易”。句意：由于我们正与他们进行一些重要的交易，我们想确切地了解他们的信用交易情况。

10.单选题

Housewiveswhodonotgoouttoworkoftenfeeltheyarenotworkingtotheirfull（

）.

问题1选项

A.capacity

B.strength

C.length

D.possibility

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项capacity“容量，能力，才能”；B选项strength“力量，毅力”；C选项length“长度，篇幅”；D选项possibility“可能，可能性”。worktoone'scapacity表示“充分发挥才能”。句意：没有外出工作的家庭主妇们总感觉她们没充分发挥自己的全部才能。

11.单选题

Heisverytired.Heneeds（

）.

问题1选项

A.agoodnightrest

B.goodrestofanight

C.agoodrestnight

D.agoodnight’srest

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词所有格。表示有生命的东西的名词及某些表示时间、距离、星球、世界、国家等无生命的东西的名词后加“’s”来表示所有关系，此处表示他需要一个晚上的休息，night为名词，后面加“’s”表示与rest的所有关系，因此选D。句意：他非常累，他需要一个晚上的休息。

12.单选题

Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshalling（按次序排列成形）ofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth（怠惰）;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.

Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruning（修剪）bystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.

Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.

Readnottocontradictandconfute（驳斥）；nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.

Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilled（蒸溜的）booksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.

Readingmakesafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit:andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedoesnot.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtile（敏锐的）；naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend（争论）.

Nay（不），thereisnostoodorimpediment（妨碍）inthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies,likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins（肾脏）;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.Soifaman’switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolman;fortheyarecyminisectors[splittersofhairs].Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyers’cases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.

1.Accordingtothepassage,studiesareusefulonallthefollowingoccasionsEXCEPTwhen（

）.

2.AllofthefollowingstatementsaboutstudiesistrueEXCEPTthat

（

）.

3.Theauthorsuggeststhatwhenyoureadabook,youshould

（

）.

4.Ifapersonwantstoexpresshisideaswithgreateloquence,heshouldreadabookon

（

）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatschoolmanprobablyisa（

）.

问题1选项

A.onegivesaspeech

B.onemakesajudgment

C.oneclassisover

D.oneretiresfromthecrowd

问题2选项

A.scholarsmakejudgmentbasedontheknowledgeobtainedthroughstudies

B.sensiblemencanmakegooduseofthestudiestheyhavepursued

C.artisanslookdownuponstudies

D.asplantsneedpruning,one’sstudyabilitiesneedcultivating

问题3选项

A.agreewiththewriterofthebook

B.refutethewriter’sviewpoint

C.trytofindfaultwiththewriter

D.ponderuponwhatyouhaveread

问题4选项

A.history

B.rhetoric

C.speech

D.publicrelations

问题5选项

A.philosopher

B.lawyer

C.mathematician

D.physician

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:D

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第一段中的Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.（读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际）可知选C。

2.细节事实题。由文章第三段中的Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem（有手艺的人轻视读书，无知的人羡慕读书，聪明的人利用读书）可知B选项中的sensibleman不正确。

3细节事实题。由文章第四段中的Readnottocontradictandconfute；nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.（读书不要反驳和困惑，也不要相信和想当然；也不要去寻找话语，而是要权衡和思考）可知D选项“思考你所读过的东西”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。由文章倒数第二段中的Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtile;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.（历史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩）可知选B。

5.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences，lethimstudytheschoolman;fortheyarecyminisectors[splittersofhairs].（如不能辩异，可令读经院哲学，因为研究经院哲学者吹毛求疵者也）可知选A。

13.单选题

Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShouldLike,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.

Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”,forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.

Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,"doingourownthing",hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwell-regardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyform,thatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.

Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle:WhyWeShould,Like,Care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.

Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina”.Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.

1.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish（

）.

2.Theword“talking”(Line6,Paragraph3)denotes

（

）.

3.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?

4.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s

（

）.

5.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as（

）.

问题1选项

A.isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms

B.isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment

C.hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture

D.broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s

问题2选项

A.modesty

B.personality

C.liveliness

D.informality

问题3选项

A.Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.

B.BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.

C.Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.

D.Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.

问题4选项

A.interestintheirlanguage

B.appreciationoftheirefforts

C.admirationfortheirmemory

D.contemptfortheirold-fashionedness

问题5选项

A.‘"temporary’’isto“permanent”

B.“radical”isto“conservative”

C.“functional”isto“artistic”

D.“humble”isto“noble”

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。由文章第二段中的Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialtyislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom”，forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.（Mr.McWhorter的学术专长是语言的历史和变化，例如，他认为“谁”这一词的逐渐消失是自然的，并不比失去古英语中的词格尾缀的消失更令人遗憾）可知Mr.McWhorter认为正式英语的衰变是一种自然的现象，因此选B。

2.词义题。根据题干关键词talking定位到文章第三段中的InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.（在英语口语和书面语中，交谈战胜了演讲，自然表达胜过了精雕细琢），分析句子可知talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft是对应关系，talking对应的spontaneity，specking对应craft，可推测演讲是需要精心准备的，而谈话则是自然随意的，因此D选项“非正式的”符合题意。

3.细节事实题。由文章第四段中heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive—thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas（他承认，人类语言的所有种类，包括非标准语言，包括黑人英语这样非标准语言，都具有很强的表达力。世界上没有一种语言或方言不能表达复杂的思想）可知A选项“逻辑思维不一定与我们说话的方式有关”符合题意。

4.推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms—heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.（Mr.McWhorter承认，正式的语言并不是绝对必要的，他并没有提出任何激进的教育改革——他其实只是为那些美好而不是实用品的消逝而感到遗憾）可知Mr.McWhorter认同俄罗斯记住诗歌的做法，认为是somethingbeautiful，对其做法是赞同的，因此B选项“赞赏他们的努力”。

5.推理判断题。由heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful（他其实只是为那些美好而不是实用品的消逝而感到遗憾）可推测paperplates（纸盘）指的是实用性，而china（瓷盘）指美，具有艺术性，因此选C。

14.单选题

Fallingsalesandrisingoverheadshaveobligedthecompanytorevieweachcustomer’s（

）limit.

问题1选项

A.credit

B.currency

C.check

D.certificate

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项credit“借贷，贷款，信誉”；B选项currency“货币”；C选项check“支票”；D选项certificate“证明，证明书”。根据limit（限制，限额）可知A选项符合语境。句意：销量下降和管理费用上升迫使公司审查每个客户的信贷限额。

15.单选题

Ifthebuildingproject（

）bytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.

问题1选项

A.beingcompleted

B.iscompleted

C.tobecompleted

D.completed

【答案】C

【解析】考查非谓语动词。从句中已有谓语动词isdelayed，空格处为非谓语动词，排除B选项。A选项beingcompleted表示正在进行的被动；C选项tobecompleted表示将来的被动；D选项completed表示一般被动。根据bytheendofthismonth（到本月底）可知此处是对将来的假设，因此选C。句意：如果这个建筑工程在本月底之前竣工的计划被推迟，该建筑公司将被罚款。

16.单选题

Hesettheengineofthecar（

）.

问题1选项

A.going

B.go

C.togoing

D.ongoing

【答案】A

【解析】考查固定搭配。setsth.doing表示“使……开始”；settodo表示“动手干（认真开始干，争论，拳赛，殴斗）”。此处表示使车的引擎发动，因此选A。句意：他发动了汽车的引擎。

17.单选题

Youseethelightning（

）ithappens,butyouhearthethunderlater.

问题1选项

A.theinstant

B.foraninstant

C.ontheinstant

D.inaninstant

【答案】A

【解析】考查状语从句。分析“Youseethelightning____ithappens”可知空格处缺少一个连词，结合句意可知选A，theinstant表示“一……就……”，引导时间状语从句，其他选项不能引导时间状语从句。句意：闪电一发生，你就看到了，但随后才听到雷声。

18.单选题

Youdidn’tputonmoreclothes;otherwiseyou（

）cold.

问题1选项

A.wouldn’thavecaught

B.wouldn’tcatch

C.can’tcatch

D.can’thavecaught

【答案】A

【解析】考查虚拟语气。otherwise表示“否则，要不然”时，其后的句子是否用虚拟语气。由Youdidn’tputonmoreclothes可知此处是对过去的虚拟，故空格处用过去完成时，因此选A。句意：你没有多穿衣服，否则就不会感冒了。

19.单选题

（

）excessiveconsumptionoffriedfoodshasseriousconsequencesashasbeenproved.

问题1选项

A.Theoretically

B.Presumably

C.Incredibly

D.Practically

【答案】B

【解析】考查副词辨析。A选项theoretically“理论地，理论上”；B选项presumably“据推测，很可能，大概”；C选项incredibly“极其，难以置信地”；D选项practically“实际上，几乎，差不多”。由ashasbeenproved（如已证实的那样）可知前面的内容应该是一种猜测比较符合逻辑，即证实推测。句意：据推测，过度食用油炸食品会造成严重后果，这已被证实。

20.单选题

Ourcorporation’sobligationunderthis（

）islimitedtorepairorreplacement.

问题1选项

A.warranty

B.license

C.market

D.necessity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项warranty“（商品）保用单”；B选项license“执照，许可证”；C选项market“市场，交易”；D选项necessity“必然，必要”。根据repairorreplacement（修理或更换）可知A选项符合语境。句意：我公司在本保证项下的义务仅限于修理或更换。

21.单选题

（

）scientistshaveobservedincreasedpollutioninthewatersupply.

问题1选项

A.Late

B.Later

C.Latter

D.Lately

【答案】D

【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项late“晚的”；B选项later“后来的，以后，其后”；C选项latter“（刚提及的两者中）后者的，（系列中）最后的”；D选项lately“最近，近来”。根据haveobserved可知句子为现在完成时，因此选D。句意：最近，科学家们观察到供水中的污染增加了。

22.单选题

Theoldcoupledecidedto（

）aboyandagirlthoughtheyhadthreechildrenoftheirown.

问题1选项

A.adapt

B.bring

C.receive

D.adopt

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项adapt“使适合（新用途、新情况），适应（新情况）”；B选项bring“带来，引起，导致”；C选项receive“拿到，接到，受到”；D选项adopt“收养，领养，采用”。此处表示这对老夫妇决定领养一男一女，因此选D。句意：这对老夫妇决定收养一男一女，尽管他们自己有三个孩子。

23.单选题

Beingimpatientis（

）withbeingagoodteacher.

问题1选项

A.intrinsic

B.ingenious

C.incompatible

D.inherent

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项intrinsic“固有的，内在的，本身的”，强调事物本身的特性，多用于术语；B选项ingenious“精巧的，心灵手巧的”；C选项incompatible“（与某事物）不一致，不相配，（与某人）合不来”；D选项inherent“固有的，内在的”，有继承而来的，传下来的这种内在和固定，多用于一般词语。由impatient（没有耐心的）可知C选项符合语境。句意：没有耐心是不可能成为一名好老师的。

24.单选题

Hadtheexplosionbrokenout,thepassengersintheplaneshouldhavebeenkilled,foritwas（

）timedwiththeplane’stake-off.

问题1选项

A.simultaneously

B.instantaneously

C.spontaneously

D.conscientiously

【答案】A

【解析】考查形近词辨析。A选项simultaneously“同时地”；B选项instantaneously“突如其来地，即刻”；C选项spontaneously“自然地，自发地”；D选项conscientiously“凭良心地，认真地”。当虚拟条件句中的谓语含有were，had，should时，可省略连词if，将were，had，should置于句首。Hadtheexplosionbrokenout=Iftheexplosionhadbrokenout（如果爆炸突然发生），由“爆炸发生”与“飞机上的乘客死亡”可推测这两个动词应是同时发生的，因此选A。句意：如果爆炸突然发生，飞机上的乘客就会被杀死，因为爆炸发生的时间和飞机起飞的时间是同一时间。

25.单选题

Growth,reproduction,anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpendenergy.Theexpenditureofenergyisessentiallyaprocessofbudgeting,justasfinancesarebudgeted.Ifallofone’smoneyisspentonclothes,theremaybenonelefttobuyfoodorgotothemovies.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.

Allorganisms,therefore,allocateenergytogrowth,reproduction,maintenance,andstorage.Nochoiceisinvolved;thisallocationcomesaspartofthegeneticpackagefromtheparents.Maintenanceforagivenbodydesignofanorganismisrelativelyconstant.Storageisimportant,butultimatelythatenergywillbeusedformaintenance,reproduction,orgrowth.Thereforetheprincipaldifferencesinenergyallocationarelikelytobebetweengrowthandreproduction.

Almostallofanorganism’senergycanbedivertedtoreproduction,withverylittleallocatedtobuildingthebody.Organismsatthisextremeare“opportunists.”Attheotherextremeare“competitors,”almostallofwhoseresourcesareinvestedinbuildingahugebody,withabareminimumallocatedtoreproduction.

Dandelionsaregoodexamplesofopportunists.Theirseedheadsraisedjusthighenoughabovethegroundtocatchthewind,theplantsarenobiggerthantheyneedbe,theirstemsarehollow,andalltherigiditycomesfromtheirwatercontent.Thus,aminimuminvestmenthasbeenmadeinthebodythatbecomesaplatformforseeddispersal.Theseveryshort-livedplantsreproduceprolifically;thatistosaytheyprovideaconstantrainofseedintheneighborhoodofparentplants.Anewplantwillspringupwhereveraseedfallsonasuitablesoilsurface,butbecausetheydonotbuildbigbodies,theycannotcompetewithotherplantsforspace,water,orsunlight.Theseplantsaretermedopportunistsbecausetheyrelyontheirseeds’fallingintosettingswherecompetingplantshavebeenremovedbynaturalprocesses,suchasalonganerodingriverbank,onlandslips,orwhereatreefallsandcreatesagapintheforestcanopy.

Opportunistsmustconstantlyinvadenewareastocompensateforbeingdisplacedbymorecompetitivespecies.Humanlandscapesoflawns,fields,orflowerbedsprovidesettingswithbaresoilandalackofcompetitorsthatareperfecthabitatsforcolonizationbyopportunists.Hence,manyofthestronglyopportunisticplantsarethecommonweedsoffieldsandgardens.

Becauseeachindividualisshort-lived,thepopulationofanopportunistspeciesislikelytobeadverselyaffectedbydrought,badwinters,orfloods.Iftheirpopulationistrackedthroughtime,itwillbeseentobeparticularlyunstable―soaringandplummetinginirregularcycles.

Theoppositeofanopportunistisacompetitor.Theseorganismstendtohavebigbodies,arelong-lived,andspendrelativelylittleefforteachyearonreproduction.Anoaktreeisagoodexampleofacompetitor.Amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200yearsormore,outcompetingallotherwould-becanopytreesbycastingadenseshadeanddrawingupanyfreewaterinthesoil.Theleavesofanoaktreetastefoulbecausetheyarerichintannins,achemicalthatrendersthemdistastefulorindigestibletomanyorganisms.Thetanninsarepartofthedefensemechanismthatisessentialtolongevity.Althoughoaksproducethousandsofacorns,theinvestmentinacropofacornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots.Onceanoaktreebecomesestablished,itislikelytosurviveminorcyclesofdroughtandevenfire.Apopulationofoaksislikelytoberelativelystablethroughtime,anditssurvivalislikelytodependmoreonitsabilitytowithstandthepressuresofcompetitionorpredationthanonitsabilitytotakeadvantageofchanceevents.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatthepureopportunistorpurecompetitorisrareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsomeopportunisticandsomecompetitivecharacteristics.

1.Inparagraph1,theauthorexplainstheconceptofenergyexpenditureby

（

）.

2.Accordingtothepassage,theclassificationoforganismsas“opportunists”or“competitors”isdeterminedby（

）.

3.Allofthefollowingarementionedinparagraph7ascontributingtothelongevi