2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）试卷号81

住在富人区的她2022年考研考博-考博英语-湖南大学考试名师押题精选卷I（带答案详解）（图片可根据实际调整大小）题型12345总分得分一.综合题(共50题)1.单选题

Mr.Liisthepresent（

）ofthepresidentialchairofthecompany.

问题1选项

A.transaction

B.prescription

C.professor

D.incumbent

【答案】D

【解析】名词辨析。句意:李先生现任公司总裁。

transaction交易；事务；办理。prescription药方；指示；惯例。professor教授；教师。incumbent在职者；现任者。

2.单选题

Thecomputercanbeprogrammedto（

）awholevarietyoftasks.

问题1选项

A.assign

B.tackle

C.realize

D.solve

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。句意:计算机可以通过编程来各种各样的任务。

assign指派,分配;tackle处理;realize意识到;solve解决。故B项符合句意。

3.单选题

Thattradeprotectionhurtstheeconomyofthecountrythatimposesitisoneoftheoldestbutstillmoststartlinginsightseconomicshastooffer.Theideadatesbacktotheoriginofeconomicscienceitself.AdamSmith’sTheWealthofNations,whichgavebirthtoeconomics,alreadycontainedtheargumentforfreetrade:byspecializinginproductioninsteadofproducingeverything,eachnationwouldprofitfromfreetrade.Ininternationaleconomicsitisthedirectcounterparttotheideathatpeoplewithinanationaleconomywillbebetteroffiftheyspecializeatwhattheydobestinsteadoftryingtobeself-sufficient

Itisimportanttodistinguishbetweenthecasesforfreetradeforoneselfandthecaseforfreetradeforall.Theformerisanargumentforfreetradetoimproveonenation’sownwelfare(the"national-efficiency”argument).Thelatterisanargumentforfreetradetoimproveeverytradingcountry'swelfare(the"cosmopolitan-efficiency"argument).

Underlyingbothcasesistheassumptionthatfreemarketsdetermineprices,butgovernmentsmaydistortmarketpricesby,forexample,subsidizingproductionorgovernmentsmayprotectintellectualpropertyinadequately,causingunderproductionofnewknowledge.

Thecosmopolitan-efficiencycaseforfreetradeisrelevanttoquestionssuchasthedesignofinternationaltraderegimes.Thenational-efficiencycaseforfreetradeconcernsnationaltradepolicies;itis,infact,AdamSmith'scaseforfreetrade.Economiststypicallyhavethenational-efficiencycaseinmindwhentheytalkoftheadvantageoffreetradeandofthefollyofprotectionism.

ThetradepolicyoftheUnitedStatestodayispremisedonadifferentassessment:thatindeedU.S.marketscan,andshould,beclosedasameansofopeningnewmarketsabroad.Thispremiseunderliessections301through310ofthe1988OmnibusTradeandCompetitivenessAct.Theseprovisionspermit,andsometimesevenrequire,theU.S.governmenttoforceothercountriesintoacceptingnewtradeobligationsbythreateningtariffretaliationiftheydonot.Butthose”tradeobligations"donotalwaysentailfreetrade.Theycan,forinstance,taketheformofvoluntaryquotasonexportsofcertaingoodstotheUnitedStates.Thus,theymaysimplyforceweaknationstoredirecttheirtradeinwaysthatstrongnationsdesire,cuttingawayattheprinciplethattradeshouldbeguidedbymarketprices.Mucheconomicanalysisshowsthatinthepast20yearsU.S."fairtrade"mechanismsturnedincreasinglyintoprotectionistinstrumentsusedunfairlyagainstforeigncompetition.

1.Theauthormentionsthatit’strueofAdamSmiththathearguedthat（

）.

2.Thenational-efficiencyandthe“cosmopolitan-efficiency”argumentrestontheassumptionthat（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPTtheargumentthat（

）.

4.Theauthorismostcriticalof（

）.

5.Thebeststatementtosummarizetheauthor'sargumentwouldbe（

）.

问题1选项

A.protectionismininternationaltradewasbad.

B.specializationwasgood,whichledotherstoadvocatefreetrade.

C.dueto“cosmopolitan-efficiency”freetradewasdesirable

D.freetrademustalsobefairtrade.

问题2选项

A.freetradeallowsforselfsufficiency.

B.pricesarethesameineachtradingnation

C.marketproductioniscompletelyunregulatedbythegovernments.

D.pricesaren’tbeingaffectedbygovernments’policies.

问题3选项

A.theU.S.hasnotadheredtotheprincipleoffreetradeinpractice.

B.theU.S.oftenusesthethreatofpunishmentforitsownadvantage.

C.voluntaryquotasaredesirablealternativestoprotectionism.

D."Fairtrade”policiesareoftenjustdisguisedformsofprotectionism.

问题4选项

A.the"nationalefficiency"argument.

B.the"cosmopolitanefficiency"argument.

C.thegovernmentoftheU.S.

D.the1988OmnibusTradeandCompetitivenessAct.

问题5选项

A.freetradeisdesirablebutitstheoryisnotgenerallyaccepted.

B.UStradepolicygoesagainstthewisdomofeconomists.

C.protectionismisfollyforanumberofreasons.

D.theU.S.isbeingunfairinitsforeignpolicies.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】1.细节题。第一段指出：...alreadycontainedtheargumentforfreetrade:byspecializinginproductioninsteadofproducingeverything,eachnationwouldprofitfromfreetrade(专营某一类产品而不是所有的产品，每个国家都将会从自由贸易中获利)。

2.细节题。第三段指出:Underlyingbothcasesistheassumptionthatfreemarketsdetermineprices(以上两种是基于自由市场决定价格这一假设)。

3.细节题。文章最后一句话：Mucheconomicanalysisshowsthatinthepast

20yearsU.S."fairtrade"mechanismsturnedincreasinglyintoprotectionistinstrumentsusedunfairlyagainstforeigncompetition(过去20年间，美国所谓的“公平贸易”机制已日益转变为美国实施不公平外贸竞争的保护工具。故可知A项(美国在实践中没有坚持自由贸易原则)、D项(公平贸易政策往往只是伪装成保护主义的形式)符合文章内容，排除。第四段：...theU.S.governmenttoforceothercountriesintoacceptingnewtradeobligationsbythreateningtariffretaliationiftheydonot...美国通过恐吓式的关税报复方式，迫使其他国家接受其新的贸易政策。由此可知，B项（美国经常出于自身利益而使用惩罚威胁）符合文章内容，排除。由此可以推断C正确。

4.推断题。文章指出:美国现行的贸易政策是以不同评估标准为前提,这一前提是依据1988年通过的《贸易和竞争力综合法案》第301条至310条规定。这些规定使得美国可以通过恐吓式的关税报复方式，迫使其他国家接受其新的贸易政策。因此推测D项正确。

5.主旨大意题。B项(美国的贸易政策违背了经济学)比较能概括全文主旨。

4.单选题

Formostallergies,thebesttreatmentis（

）ofthebother—somesubstancesfromthesensitiveperson’senvironment.

问题1选项

A.dissipation

B.deviation

C.elimination

D.pacification

【答案】C

【解析】名词辨析。句意:对于大多数过敏者，最好的治疗就是消除过敏源一一些敏感人群环境的东西。

dissipation浪费；消散；［物］损耗。deviation偏差；误差；背离。elimination消除；淘汰。pacification和解;平定；讲和。

5.单选题

Expertssaidtheamountofcompensationforsicksmokerswouldbereducedifcoolerjurorsprevailed.

问题1选项

A.resigned

B.compromised

C.persist

D.dominate

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。句意:专家说假如陪审团成员（

）的话，那么赔偿给吸烟患者的数额就会减少。

resign辞职，放弃，委托。compromise妥协，和解persist坚持，持续。dominate控制，支配，占优势，占主要地位。prevail:战胜，流行。

6.单选题

Fuelscarcitiesandpriceincreases（

）automobiledesignerstoscaledownthelargestmodelsandtodevelopcompletelynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.

问题1选项

A.persuaded

B.prompted

C.imposed

D.enlightened

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。句意:燃油短缺和价格上涨汽车设计者缩小大型汽车的研发，转而开发全新的小型汽车和卡车生产线。

persuade:说服，劝说。prompt:促进,促使。impose:强加,征税,利用。enlighten:启发，启蒙，教导。因此B项符合句意。

7.单选题

Thisprojectwould（

）ahugeincreaseindefensespending.

问题1选项

A.result

B.assure

C.entail

D.accomplish

【答案】C

【解析】动词辨析。句意:这个项目必须要在国防上的开支。

Result导致;assure保证,使某人相信;entail使....是必需的;accomplish完成,实现(目标)，多用于完成某项任务或目标。因此C项符合句意。

8.单选题

Perhapsallcriminalsshouldberequiredtocarrycardswhichread:Fragile:HandlewithCare.Itwillneverdo,thesedays,togoaroundreferringtocriminalsasviolentthugs.Youmustrefertothempolitelyas“socialmisfits”.Theprofessionalkillerwhowouldn’tthinktwiceaboutusinghiscluborknifetobattersomeharmlessoldladytodeathinordertorobherofhermeagerlife-savingsmustneverbegivenadoseofhisownmedicine.Heisinneedof“hospitaltreatment”.Accordingtohismisguideddefenders,societyistoblame.Awickedsocietybreedsevil-orsotheargumentgoes.Whenyoulistentothiskindoftalk,itmakesyouwonderwhyaren’tallcriminals.Wehavedoneawaywiththeabsurdlyharshlawsofthenineteenthcenturyandthisisonlyright.Butsurelyenoughisenough.ThemostsenselesspieceofcriminallegislationinBritainandanumberofothercountrieshasbeenthesuspensionofcapitalpunishment.

Theviolentcriminalhasbecomeakindofhero-figureinourtime.Heisglorifiedonthescreen;heispursuedbythepressandpaidvastsumsofmoneyforhis“memoirs”.Newspaperswhichspecializeincrimereportingenjoyenormouscirculationsandthepublishersoftrashycopsandrobbersstoriesor“murdermysteries”haveneverhaditsogood.Whenyoureadabouttheachievementsofthegreattrainrobbery,itmakesyouwonderwhetheryouarereadingaboutsomegloriousresistancemovement.Thehardenedcriminaliscuddledandcossetedbythesociologistsontheonehandandadoredasaherobythemassesontheother.It’snowonderheisaprivilegedpersonwhoexpectsandreceivesVIPtreatmentwhereverhegoes.

Capitalpunishmentusedtobeamajordeterrent.Itmadetheviolentrobberthinktwicebeforepullingthetrigger.Itgavethecold-bloodedprisonersomethingtoponderaboutwhilehewasshakinguporservinghisarseniccocktail.Itpreventedunarmedpolicemenfrombeingkilledwhilepursuingtheirdutybykillersarmedwithautomaticweapons.Aboveall,itprotectedthemostvulnerablemembersofsociety,youngchildren,frombrutalviolence.Itishorrifyingtothinkthatthecriminalcanliterallygetawaywithmurder.Weallknowthat“lifesentence”doesnotmeanwhatitsays.Aftertenyearsorsoofgoodconduct,themostdesperatevillainisfreetoreturntosocietywherehewillliveverycomfortably,thankyou,ontheproceedsofhiscrime,orhewillgooncommittingoffencesuntilheiscaughtagain.

Peoplearealwayswillingtoholdliberalviewsattheexpenseofothers.It’salwaysfashionabletoposeasthedefenderoftheunder-dog,solongasyou,personally,remainunaffected.Didthedefendersofcrime,onewonders,intheirdesireforfair-play,consultthevictimsbeforetheysuspendedcapitalpunishment?Hardly,youseetheycouldn’t,becauseallthevictimsweredead.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingistheauthor’sopinion?

2.Thetonetakenbytheauthortowardsthesedefendersofcrimeinthepassageis（

）.

3.“Capitalpunishment”mostprobablymeans（

）.

4.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?

5.Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Allcriminalsshouldberequiredtocarrycardswhichread:Fragile:HandlewithCare.

B.Capitalpunishmentistheonlywaytodetercriminals.

C.Societyistoblame.

D.Allcriminalsneedhospitaltreatment.

问题2选项

A.ironical.

B.critical.

C.agitated.

D.controversial.

问题3选项

A.lifesentence.

B.severepunishment

C.fine.

D.sentenceofdeath

问题4选项

A.Therehasbeenamarkedtrendinsocietytowardsthehumanetreatmentoflessfortunatemembers.

B.Everybodyinsocietythinksitreasonablethatallcriminalsshouldbepunished.

C.Theauthorsympathizeswithallcriminals.

D.Robbersusuallythinktwicebeforeshooting.

问题5选项

A.Professionalkillersshouldnotbetreatedwithhumanetreatment.

B.Theviolentrobbersshouldthinktwicebeforepullingthetrigger.

C.Weshouldgivetheprisonertimetoponderaboutwhileheisshakinguporservinghisarseniccocktail.

D.Severepunishment,evendeathpenalty,shouldbegiventocriminals.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:A

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:D

【解析】1.细节题。第三段指出:Capitalpunishmentusedtobeamajordeterrent(死刑是主要的威慑力量),故选B。

2.态度方向。根据题干关键词定位至最后:Didthedefendersofcrime,onewonders,intheir

desireforfair-play,consultthevictimsbeforetheysuspendedcapitalpunishment?Hardly,youseetheycouldn’t,becauseallthevictimsweredead(罪犯的辩护人认为要公平，那是不是在执行死刑前要咨询受害者意见呢？显然这是不可能的，因为所有的受害者都死了)。据此可见作者的预期是具讽刺意味的。

3.词义题。“Capitalpunishment”指的是“判死刑”。

4.细节题。B项：大家都认为所有罪犯都应受到惩罚。文章中并未提到，故排除。C项：作者同情犯罪分子。作者对犯罪分子的态度是否定的，故排除。D项：职业杀手会三思而后行,与文章内容不符。

5.推断题。根据全文大意,可知D项(对犯罪分子要从重处罚，甚至死刑)正确。

9.单选题

Thisbookshouldbewell-recommendedwithinthe（

）ofanyonewhohasstudiedEnglishforfouryears.

问题1选项

A.possession

B.competence

C.confidence

D.qualification

【答案】D

【解析】名词辨析。句意:应向学过四年英语的人力荐这本书。

possession:拥有，所有,个人财产。competence:能力，胜任,本领。confidence:信心。qualification:资格，条件。

10.单选题

Thereisthefearthatbabiesmightbegeneticallyalteredtosuittheparents'wishes.

问题1选项

A.enhanced

B.revised

C.alternated

D.modified

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析。句意:人们担心有些父母为了使小孩达到他们的期望而（

）其基因。

enhance:提高，加强，增进。revise修改，校订。alternate交替，轮流。modify修改，更改，改变。alter:改变，更改。

11.单选题

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonworkforceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.HumanmanagementisnottraditionallyseenasacentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredasindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherforceofproductiontobehired/rentedatthelowestpossiblecost,whichisamustasonebuysrawmaterialorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohumanresourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatepeckingorder.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer.Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhumanresourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforce,infact,theyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalormanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthatmadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexampletakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGerman(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanthanitisinUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretaininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingappliestothehumanresourcemanagementofAmericancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheexecutiveofhuman-resourcemanagementinAmericanfirms?

3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputinworkforcetrainingmainlygoes

on（

）.

4.WhyisthereaslowpaceoftechnologicalchangeinAmericanfirms?

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyhirepeoplewiththeleastpossiblemoneyregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyseeskillsgainastheiremployees’ownbusiness.

C.Theyrefertohireself-trainedworkers.

D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeenemploymentcompetition.

问题2选项

A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesofthefirm.

B.Hispositionislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologieshavebeenintroduced.

C.Hehasnosayinginmakingimportantdecisionsofthefirm.

D.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.

问题3选项

A.technologicalandmanagerialstaff

B.workerswhowillrunnewequipment

C.workerswholackofbasicbackgroundskills

D.topexecutive

问题4选项

A.NewequipmentismoreexpensiveinAmerica.

B.Americanfirmsdon’tpayenoughattentiontoon-the-jobtrainingtheirworkers.

C.ThedecisionmakingprocessinAmericanfirmsmakesthemlessresponsivetotechnologicalchanges.

D.TheprofessionalstaffsofAmericanfirmsarelesspaidandsolesscreative.

问题5选项

A.Americanfirm’humanresourcemanagementstrategiesaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

B.Humanresourcemanagementisakeyfactorinafirm’ssurvival.

C.ThecostofworktraininginAmericaishigherthanthatinJapanandGermany.

D.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhumanresourcemanagement.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】1.细节题。第一段指出:Skillacquisitionisconsideredasindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherforceofproductiontobehired/rentedatthelowestpossiblecost,whichisamustasonebuysrawmaterialorequipment(技能获得被视为个人责任。劳动力只是另一种以最低成本雇佣/租赁的生产力量，跟购买原材料或设备一样是必需品)。因此B项(他们认为技能的获得是员工自己的事)正确。

2.细节题。根据题干关键词executiveofhuman-resourcemanagement定位至第二段:Thepostofheadofhumanresourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(人力资源管理主管的职位通常是一个专门的工作，处于公司等级制度的边缘。处于该职位的高管从未就重大战略决策参与讨论，也没有机会晋升为首席执行官),因此选C项(他对公司的重大决策没有发言权)。

3.细节题。第三段指出:Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalormanagerialemployees,故选A项(技术和管理人员)。

4.细节题。题干问的是为什么美国公司的技术变革步伐缓慢？据此定位至第四段:Theresultisaslowerspaceoftechnologicalchange,此句前面就是原因,故选择C项(美国公司的决策过程使他们跟不上技术变化)。

5.主旨大意题。本文主要是讲美国公司的人力资源管理策略影响他们的竞争能力。A项(美国公司的人力资源管理策略影响其竞争能力)正确。

12.单选题

Consumersandproducersobviouslymakedecisionsthatmoldtheeconomy,butthereisathirdmajor（1）toconsidertheroleofgovernment.Governmenthasapowerful（2）ontheeconomyinatleastfourways.

DirectServices.Thepostalsystem,forexample,isafederalsystem（3）theentirenation,asisthelargeandcomplexestablishment.Conversely,theconstructionand,（4）ofmosthighwaysisthe（5）oftheindividualstates,andthepubliceducationalsystems,despitealargefundingrolebythefederalgovernment,areprimarily（6）forbycountryorcitygovernments.Policeandfireprotectionandsanitation（7）arealsotheresponsibilitiesoflocalgovernment.

RegulationandControl.Thegovernmentregulatesandcontrolsprivate（8）inmanyways,forthe（9）ofassuringthatbusinessservesthebest（10）ofthepeopleasawhole.Regulationisnecessaryinareaswhereprivateenterpriseisgranteda（11）,suchasintelephoneorelectricservice.Publicpolicypermitssuchcompaniestomakeareasonable（12）butlimitstheirabilitytoraiseprices（13）,sincethepublicdependsontheirservices.Oftencontrolis（14）toprotectthepublic,asforexample,whentheFoodandDrugAdministrationbansharmfuldrugs,orrequiresstandardsof（15）infood.Inotherindustries,governmentsetsguidelinestoensurefaircompetitionwithoutusingdirectcontrol.

StabilizationandGrowth.Branchesofgovernment,includingCongressandsuchentitiesastheFederalReserveBoard,attempttocontroltheextremesofboomandbust,ofinflationanddepression,by（16）taxrates,themoneysupply,andtheuseofcreditTheycanalso（17）theeconomythroughchangesintheamountofpublicspendingbythegovernmentitself.

DirectAssistance.Thegovernmentprovidesmanykindsofhelpto（18）andindividuals.Forexample,tariffs（19）certainproductstoremainrelativelyfreeofforeigncompetition;importsaresometimestaxedsothatAmericanproductsareableto（20）betterwithcertainforeigngoods.Inquiteadifferentarea,governmentsupportsindividualswhocannotadequatelycareforthemselves,bymakinggrantstoworkingparentswithdependentchildren,byprovidingmedicalcarefortheagedandtheindigent,andthroughsocialwelfaresystemtohelptheunemployedandretirees.

问题1选项

A.economy

B.horror

C.magnifier

D.element

问题2选项

A.elevation

B.emotion

C.effect

D.election

问题3选项

A.dripping

B.serving

C.diverging

D.clamping

问题4选项

A.clearance

B.combustion

C.commence

D.maintenance

问题5选项

A.commonplace

B.responsibility.

C.conductivity

D.consequence

问题6选项

A.consoled

B.compacted

C.paid

D.bracketed

问题7选项

A.services

B.boycotts

C.budgets

D.charters

问题8选项

A.banquet

B.boom

C.arena

D.enterprise

问题9选项

A.assertion

B.purpose

C.asset

D.assumption

问题10选项

A.admiration

B.interests

C.adoption

D.accuracy

问题11选项

A.monopoly

B.acceptance

C.abolition

D.morality

问题12选项

A.proximity

B.blend

C.breast

D.profit

问题13选项

A.fairly

B.unfairly

C.friendly

D.unnecessarily

问题14选项

A.exercised

B.broadened

C.bankrupted

D.exemplified

问题15选项

A.faculty

B.quantity

C.quality

D.fragment

问题16选项

A.applauding

B.assessing

C.ascending

D.adjusting

问题17选项

A.affect

B.accommodate

C.adhere

D.affirm

问题18选项

A.beverage

B.businesses

C.bondage

D.botany

问题19选项

A.perplex

B.permit

C.perturb

D.plunder

问题20选项

A.compensate

B.confront

C.console

D.compete

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:B

第4题:D

第5题:B

第6题:C

第7题:A

第8题:D

第9题:B

第10题:B

第11题:A

第12题:D

第13题:B

第14题:A

第15题:C

第16题:D

第17题:A

第18题:B

第19题:B

第20题:D

【解析】（1）逻辑分析。文章开头第一句就讲到消费者与生产者会对经济产生影响，由此可以推出文章接下来要讲另一个影响因素，只有D选项element(要素)符合题意。

（2）名词辨析。powerfuleffect：强大的影响力。故选择C。

（3）动词辨析。此处为动词的现在分词形式作后置定语修饰federalsystem。邮政系统属于服务行业，故选择B。

（4）名词辨析。此处为and连接construction和空格,因此此处应该填与construction并列的名词。高速公路除了建设，还需要对其进行保养，才保证正常使用。故选择D:保养、维护。

（5）名词辨析。高速公路建设与保养问题，涉及一个各个州归属与责任的问题。由此可知选B:责任。

（6）动词辨析。thepubliceducationalsystems,despitealargefundingrolebythefederalgovernment：公共教育系统大多数的资金由联邦政府提供。由此推测接下来继续谈论费用的支付问题。故选择C:支付。

（7）固定搭配。service:局、部。Policeandfireprotectionandsanitationservices：警察局、消防部门、卫生局。

（8）名词辨析。句意:政府在许多方面监管和控制私营企业。故选D:企业。

（9）名词辨析。句意:政府实施对企业的管理是为了达到某一目的，故选择B:目的，企图。

（10）名词辨析。句意:政府指导企业的发展，让企业在盈利的同时，也需要满足全社会的利益，故选择B:利益。

（11）名词辨析。句意:在私营企业被垄断的地区，监管调控是必要的。故得知选择A:垄断。

（12）逻辑分析。企业要生存就必须盈利，故选择D:利润。proximity:接近，邻近。blend:混合。breast:胸怀，乳房。

（13）副词辨析。企业为了赚得更多的利润，会打价格战，会恶意提高价格，故选择B:不公平地。fairly:公平地。friendly:友好的。unnecessarily:不必要地。

（14）动词辨析。control：此处理解为调控，而这一行为是需要实施，故选择A:运用，实施。broaden:扩大，变宽。bankmpt:破产。exemplify:例证，例示。

（15）名词辨析。theFoodandDrugAdministrationbansharmfuldrugs,orrequiresstandardsof65infood：食品药品管理局禁止生产有害药品，提出食品加工的质量标准，由此可知选择C:质量。faculty:科，系。quantity:量，数量。fragment:碎片，片段。

（16）动词辨析。...controltheextremesofboomandbust,ofinflation...：调控经济过热和过度衰退，抑制通货膨胀。要解决这些问题需要采用一些经济手段，如：调整税率，货币发行量（themoneysupply）,故选择D:调整。applaud:赞同，鼓掌。assess:评定，估计。ascend:上升，攀登。

（17）动词辨析。运用经济手段（调整税率、货币发行量），会对经济产生一定影响，故选择A:影响。accommodate:适应，调解。adhere:坚持。affirm:肯定，断言。

（18）语义连接。individual:个人，政府要保证个体利益也需要照顾全局，由此可以得知选择B:企业。beverage:饮料。bondage:束缚，奴役。botany：植物学。

（19）动词辨析。tariffscertainproductstoremainrelativelyfreeofforeigncompetition;为了企业的更好的发展，可以允许减免某些企业的税收，故选择B:允许。perplex:困惑，为难。perturb:扰乱。plunder:抢夺，抢劫。

（20）动词辨析。...Americanproducts...withcertainforeigngoods:美国产品、外国产品，可得知国内产品与外国产品为了争得市场，必然存在竞争，故选择D:竞争。compensate:补偿、赔偿。confront:面对，遭遇。console:安慰。

13.单选题

TWAwascriticizedfortryingtocoverupthetruthratherthanpromptlynotifyingvictims'families.

问题1选项

A.briefly

B.quickly

C.accurately

D.earnestly

【答案】B

【解析】副词辨析。句意:环球航空公司被诟病其试图掩盖真相而不是立马通知遇难者家属的行为。

briefly短暂地，简略地。quickly迅速地，很快地。accurately精确地，准确地。earnestly认真地，诚挚地。promptly迅速地。故选B。

14.翻译题

Jointventures,inanumberofcases,don’tworkoutbecausethe“people”relationshipsbecomeungluedand/orthebusinesscan’tbemadeprofitable.Withthisinmind,internationaljointventuresshouldbestructuredtoanticipatetheworstcontingencies.Ifthisisdoneeventhoughthecontingenciesdon’toccur,youcanfeelthatyourcompany’sinterestshavebeenprotected.Here,Iwouldaddanadditionalobservation,namely,thatajointventurethatdidnotworkoutmaybeprofitableforthepartnerswhenbrokenupiftherightdecisionsweremadeonthepurchaseofrealestateortheacquisitionoftherightequipment.Theseassetsmaywellbeworthmorewhensoldthanwhentheywerepurchasedbythejointventurewhenformed.ThishasbeenparticularlytrueinJapan.Ifthebreakupisprofitable,thenyou’llwanttomakesurethatyougetyourshareoftheseprofits.

【答案】在不少情况下，合资企业之所以不成功，不是因为人际关系不和，就是因为企业不盈利，或是两者兼而有之。出于这一考虑，国际合资企业应该建立预测突发事件机制。即便是没有出现突发性事件，这一机制也能发挥保护企业利益的作用。在此，我想给出另一个观察报告，即：如果能够收购面临破产的合作企业的不动产或完好的设备，不盈利的合资企业有望扭亏为盈。收购的资产再次被抛售时，其价值将远远高于收购时的成本。这一做法在日本很受欢迎。如果破产是为了盈利，那么破产者也会从这一过程中获利。

15.单选题

Whenevertwoormoreunusualtraitsorsituationsarefoundinthesameplace,itistemptingtolookformorethanacoincidentalrelationshipbetweenthem.ThehighHimalayasandtheTibetanplateaucertainlyhaveextraordinaryphysicalcharacteristicsandthecultureswhicharefoundtherearealsounusual,thoughnotunique.However,thereisnointentionofadoptingMontesquieu'sviewofclimateandsoilasculturaldeterminants.Theecologyofaregionmerelyposessomeoftheproblemsfacedbytheinhabitantsoftheregion,andwhiletheproblemsfacingacultureareimportanttoitsdevelopment,theydonotdetermineit.

TheappearanceoftheHimalayasduringthelateTertiaryPeriodandtheaccompanyingfurtherraisingofthepreviouslyestablishedrageshadamarkedeffectontheclimateoftheregion.Primarily,ofcourse,itblockedtheIndianmonsoon（季风）fromreachingCentralAsiaatall.Secondarily,airandmoisturefromotherdirectionswerealsoreduced.

PriortotheraisingoftheHimalayas,thelandnowformingtheTibetanuplandshadadry,

continentalclimatewithvegetationandanimallifesimilartothatofmuchoftherestoftheregiononthesameparallel,butsomewhatdifferentthanthatoftheareasfarthernorth,whichwerealreadydrier.WiththecomingoftheHimalayasandtherelativelysuddendryingoutoftheregion,therewasaseverethinningoutoftheanimalandplantpopulation.TheensuingincompletePleistoceneglaciations（冰蚀）hadafurtherthinningeffect,butsignificantlydidnotwipeoutlifeinthearea.Thusaftertheendoftheglaciationstherewereonlyafewvarietiesoflifeextantfromtheoriginalcontinentalspecies.IsolatedbytheKunlunrangefromtheTarimbasinandTurfandepression,specieswhichhadalreadyadaptedtothedrysteppeclimate,andwouldotherwisehavebeenexpectedtoflourishinTibetan,theremainingnativefaunaandflora（动植物）multiplied.ArmanddescribestheTibetanfaunaasnothavinggreatvariety,butbeing"striking”intheabundanceoftheparticularspeciesthatarepresent.Theplantlifeissimilarlylimitedinvariety,withsomeobserversfindingnomorethanseventyvarietiesofplantsineventherelativelyfertileEasternTibetanvalleys;withfewerthantenfoodcrops.Tibetan’’tea"isamajorstaple,perhapsreplacingtheunavailablevegetables.

Thedifficultiesoflivinginanenvironmentatoncedryandcoldandpopulatedwithspeciesmoreusuallyfoundinmorehospitableclimates,aregreat.Thesedifficulties