法律相关英语-Legal-Writing课件

LegalWritingSeptember,2010LegalWriting1Whyiswritingimportantforlawyers?legalprofessionisacommunicationsprofessionlawyersareprofessionalwriterswaywecommunicatewithclients,otherlawyers,regulatorybodies,judiciaryproofofdiscussions,confirmationcreatesbusinessrelationshipsandtransactionshelpspeopleplanforthefutureitcanbeevidencebasisofyourreputationskillasawriterwillimpactyourcareerWhyiswritingimportantforl2

Goodwritingishardworkandrequirespractice,practice,practice!

Goodwritingishardwor3Goalsofgoodwriting

AccurateOrganizedClearGoalsofgoodwriting

Accurate4

Beforeyoustarttowrite:WhatisthepurposeWhoisyouraudience

Beforeyoustarttowrite:5WritingprocessInformationgathering,researchChoosetypeofdocumentOutlineFirstdraftEditforstyleWritingprocessInformationgat6StyleConsiderationsAppearance: willvarydependingontypeofdocument,butgenerally: -fontsize10-14point -leftjustified(notfull) -useheadingsandsubheadings -usebulletingandlistswherepossibleStyleConsiderationsAppearance7StyleConsiderationsParagraphs-limitthesizeofyourparagraphs-eachparagraphshouldhaveonetopicorthesis-ideasshouldflowlogicallyintheparagraph-usetransitionwordswhenyoumoveontoanewideaStyleConsiderationsParagraphs8StyleConsiderationsClarity-UseActiveVoice

Passive:Thecontractwassignedbythe parties. Active:Thepartiessignedthecontract. Passive:Itwasdeclaredbytheplaintiffthat theinjurieshadbeencausedbythe defendant’sdog. Active:Theplaintiffdeclaredthedefendant’s doghadcausedtheinjuries.StyleConsiderationsClarity9StyleConsiderationsClarity-Nominalizations(nounsthathavebeencreatedfromverbs) Makeadecision→decide Enterintoanagreement→agree Containsaprovision→provides Giveconsiderationto→considerStyleConsiderationsClarity10StyleConsiderationsClarity-Introductoryphrasesthataddnomeaning

itisclearthat;asnotedabove;withrespectto;itisimportanttorememberthatStyleConsiderationsClarity11StyleConsiderationsClarity-Sentencesbeginningwith“Itis”or“Thereis”Itisproblematictoinvolvesomanypeopleinthedecision.→Involvingsomanypeopleinthedecisionisproblematic.StyleConsiderationsClarity12StyleConsiderationsClarityUnnecessaryphrasesDuetothefactthat→becauseAsaresultof→becauseAtthetimewhen→whenForthesereasons→thereforeStyleConsiderationsClarity13StyleConsiderationsClarity-AvoidlegalesetheaforementionedpartythesaiddefendantABCCompanyLtd.(hereinafter“ABC”)IpsofactoStyleConsiderationsClarity14StyleConsiderationsClarityAvoidover-usingintensifiersclearly,extremely,very,obviouslyStyleConsiderationsClarity15StyleConsiderationsClarity-Avoidlongsentences-Beconsistentinyourterms-Writegender-neutral -avoidmasculinenounsand pronounsforgeneralreferenceStyleConsiderationsClarity16StyleConsiderationsThepowerofplainlanguageBefore

Thisisaclausefromatraditionalmortgagecontract.COMPOUNDINTEREST

Itisagreedthatincasedefaultshallbemadeinpaymentofanysumtobecomedueforinterestatanytimeappointedforpaymentthereofasaforesaid,compoundinterestshallbepayableandthesuminarrearsforinterestfromtimetotime,aswellafterabeforematurity,shallbearinterestattheChargeRate,andincasetheinterestandcompoundinterestarenotpaidonthenextinterestpaymentdateafterthedateofdefaultarestshallbemade,andcompoundinterestattherateaforesaidshallbepayableontheaggregateamountthendue,aswellafterasbeforematurity,andsoonfromtimetotime,andallsuchinterestandcompoundinterestshallbeachargeupontheChargedPremises.StyleConsiderationsThepower17StyleConsiderationsAfterThisisasampleplainlanguageversionofthisclause.Interestowingonlatepayments

Ifaregularmortgagepaymentislate,wecalculatetheextrainterestyouoweforbeinglateeveryday,usingtheannualinterestrateofyourmortgage.Youpayinterestonboththeprincipalandtheinterestportionofthepaymentthatislate.Whenwereceiveapayment,wewilldeducttheinterestchargesforthelatepaymentandtheinterestowingontheprincipalamountfirst,beforeanypartofthepaymentisappliedtoreducingtheprincipalamount.Wemayalsodecidetoapplythelatepaymenttootheramountsyoumayowe,forexample,propertytaxes.StyleConsiderationsAfter18LegalwritingAccurate,organizedandclearANDInlinewiththeethicsanddutiesoftheprofessionLegalwritingAccurate,organiz19TypesofLegalWritingplanning/preventive(wills,lease,contracts)predictive(legalopinion)persuasive(legalbrief)TypesofLegalWritingplanning20WritingprocessInformationgathering,researchChoosetypeofdocumentOutlineFirstdraftEditforstyleWritingprocessInformationgat21PlanningwithPurposeinMindRoadmapping(fromClaryandLysaght,SuccessfulLegalAnalysisandWriting:TheFundamentals,2ded,2003)where(isthedestination),whatarethegoalswhy(whatisthebenefit)who(isthevisitor/audience–whatistheirbackground,howsophisticated,learningstyle)whenhow(scenicv.mostdirect;leisurelyv.fastest;safestv.risky;mostfamiliarv.newer;easyv.moredifficultPlanningwithPurposeinMindR22PlanningwithPurposeinMindExample:Visitortothecitywantstoseeamovie.Whatareyourwrittendirections?PlanningwithPurposeinMind23PlanningwithPurposeinMindRoadmapDirections: “Frommyhouse,gonorththreeblockstothehighway. GoeastonthehighwayandgetoffattheMainStreetexit. Atendofexit,gostraight. After1/2ablock,turnintomovietheatreparkinglot.”AsktheWhat/Where;Why;Who;HowquestionstoevaluateyourdirectionsPlanningwithPurposeinMindR24PurposefulwritingusetitlessoyoucantellthedestinationdonotassumepriorknowledgeuselandmarksbepreciseputdirectionsinthepropersequencePurposefulwritingusetitless25Typesoflegalwritingplanning/preventivepredictivepersuasiveTypesoflegalwritingplanning26Informationgathering–thefactsfactsgiverisetolegalproblemsit’sthelawyer’sjobtodiscoverthefacts–clientsoftenwillnotprovidealltheinformationusetheWho,What,Where,When,Why,Howquestionstothinkaboutyourclient’sissue,whatyouknowandwhatyoudon’tknow.gapsinyourknowledgemightbeimportantdetailstosolvingtheclient’sproblemInformationgathering–thefa27Informationgathering–thefactsGetthebeginning,middleandendofthestory.Itshouldbecoherentandmakesense.Recognizeandaccountforallthematerialfacts.Worktodiscoveranymissinginformation.Ifyouhavetoproposeasolutionwithoutsomematerialfacts,thinkabouthowthemissinginformationmightaffectyouropinion.Thinkaboutthewidercontextforthestory–howdohistory,culture,values,attitudesandpoliciesplayintothestory?Informationgathering–thefa28TheRulesWhatruleswillapplytothefacts?Incommonlawcountries:ConstitutionStatutesAdministrativerulesandregulationsCases(interpretiveandcommonlaw)TheRulesWhatruleswillapply29OutliningCriminalCode

PARTI

DefenceofPersonSelf-defenceagainstunprovokedassault34.(1)Everyonewhoisunlawfullyassaultedwithouthavingprovokedtheassaultisjustifiedinrepellingforcebyforceiftheforceheusesisnotintendedtocausedeathorgrievousbodilyharmandisnomorethanisnecessarytoenablehimtodefendhimself.Extentofjustification(2)Everyonewhoisunlawfullyassaultedandwhocausesdeathorgrievousbodilyharminrepellingtheassaultisjustifiedif(a)hecausesitunderreasonableapprehensionofdeathorgrievousbodilyharmfromtheviolencewithwhichtheassaultwasoriginallymadeorwithwhichtheassailantpursueshispurposes;and(b)hebelieves,onreasonablegrounds,thathecannototherwisepreservehimselffromdeathorgrievousbodilyharm.R.S.,1985,c.C-46,s.34;1992,c.1,s.60(F).OutliningCriminalCode30Outlining(2)Everyonewhoisunlawfullyassaultedandwhocausesdeathorgrievousbodilyharminrepellingtheassaultisjustifiedif(a)hecausesitunderreasonableapprehensionofdeathorgrievousbodilyharmfromtheviolencewithwhichtheassaultwasoriginallymadeorwithwhichtheassailantpursueshispurposes;and(b)hebelieves,onreasonablegrounds,thathecannototherwisepreservehimselffromdeathorgrievousbodilyharm.Outlining(2)Everyonewhois31Importantconsiderationsunderstandingtheassignmenttimeconstraintsandflexibilitywritingapproaches(objectivev.persuasive)Importantconsiderationsunders32Letters(incl.email)mostpersonalkindoflegalwritingopinionswillbeformedaboutyourpersonalityfromyourlettersdon’tgetsloppyremembertheycanbecomepublicdocumentsmostimportant:purpose,reader,contentLetters(incl.email)33LettersReader:thinkaboutneedsandcharacteristicsofreaderwhatdoesreaderknowandunderstand?reader’scurrentmentalandemotionalstatus?reader’spersonality?LettersReader:34LettersPurposes:Substantivepurposes-conveyinformationoradvice-documentinformationfortheprotectionoftheclientandlawyer-persuadesomeonetodosomethingLettersPurposes:35LettersRelationalpurposes-establishandmaintainagoodrelationship-communicatethewriter’scompetence-establishprofessionalboundariesLettersRelationalpurposes36LettersToneprimarywaywritercommunicates:hispersonalityandcharacter,ANDthewriter’sopinionofthereaderLettersTone37Clientletters-retainermustestablishabalancebetweenestablishingapositiverelationshipandsettingboundariesclientshouldfeelconfidentthelawyerisconcernedaboutclient’sneeds,andthattheywillworkasateamBUTletteralsotalksaboutauncomfortabletopicssuchasfees,costs,limitstorepresentationcarefulattentiontotoneClientletters-retainermust38Clientletters-retainerFirstandlastsentence:talkaboutyourappreciatingthechancetoservetheclient(warmbeginningandendingareimportant!)Clientletters-retainerFirst39Clientletters-retainer1. Identifytheclient

Ifanyambiguityabouttheidentity,dealwithitintheretainerletter.(corporations,partnerships,marriedcouples,minorsetc.)Clientletters-retainer1. Id40Clientletters-retainer2. Identifythelegalmatter DefinescopeofyourrepresentationClientletters-retainer41Clientletters-retainer3. Setoutfee,possibleexpenses,andpaymentexpectationsHourlyrates,fixedfees,contingencyPaymentofanyinitialamount(“retainer”)andadditionalamountsBillingcyclesSetoutwhatotherexpensestheclientisexpectedtopay.Clientletters-retainer3. Se42Clientletters-retainer

4. Clarifywhenrepresentation willbeginClientletters-retainer43Clientletters-retainer5. IdentifypossibleconflictsofinterestClientletters-retainer44Clientletters-retainer6. TerminationofrepresentationCircumstanceswhenthefirmmightwithdraw(non-paymentoffees,etc)Clientletters-retainer45Clientletters-retainerFormat:Lettercancontainalltheterms,ortherecanbeaseparatedocument,likeafeeschedule.Clientletters-retainer46Clientletters-statusKeepingtheclientinformed,atintervals.Don’tavoidtellingyourclientbadnews.Clientletters-status47LetterstootherlawyerscarefulwritingandimportanceoftoneLetterstootherlawyers48LetterstootherlawyersDemandlettersinclude - statementofclient’sclaim - damagessustained - amountsoughtLetterstootherlawyersDemand49LetterstootherlawyersDemandletters(detailed)identifyyourclientsummarizeclaimassertotherparty’sliabilitysetoutfactsofcasetruthfullybutfavourabletoyourclient…LetterstootherlawyersDemand50LetterstootherlawyersDemandletters(detailed)EmphasizeculpableconductofotherpartyandminimizethatofyourclientIncludedescriptionofdamagesExplainresultsofyourlegalresearchLetterstootherlawyersDemand51LetterstootherlawyersDemandletters(detailed)MakeademandforthereliefyourclientseeksExpressyourhopeitcanbesettledshortoflitigationInvitearesponsefromtheotherlawyerbyadeadlineIndicatewhatactionwillbetakeniftheydon’tmeetthedeadlineLetterstootherlawyersDemand52LetterstootherlawyersConfirminglettersConfirmallagreementspromptlywithaconfirmingletterWillclarifyyourunderstanding,andgivetheotherlawyerthechancetodosame(andcorrectiftheydon’tagree)LetterstootherlawyersConfir53Predictivewriting–

legalmemorandaandopinionlettersLegalReasoningRule-basedreasoningPolicy-basedreasoningPrinciple-basedreasoningCustom-basedreasoningPredictivewriting–

legalme54LegalreasoningRule-basedreasoningjustifiesaresultbyestablishingandapplyingaruleoflaw“BecausethePRCregulationsaysthis,thecompanymust…”LegalreasoningRule-basedreas55LegalreasoningAnalogicalreasoningjustifiesaresultbecauseofsimilaritiesordifferencestoothercases“BecauselastyearcompanyA’sapplicationwasrefused,wecanexpectourcompany’sapplicationtoberefusedaswell.”“EventhoughcompanyA’sapplicationwasrefused,wethinkourcompany’sapplicationwillbeapprovedbecause…”LegalreasoningAnalogicalreas56LegalreasoningPolicy-basedreasoningjustifiesaresultbyanalyzingwhichanswerisbestforsocietyatlarge“Minorsshouldnotbeboundbythecontractstheysignbecauseyoungpeopleshouldbeprotectedfromtheconsequencesofmakingimportantdecisionsbeforetheyarematureenoughtoconsideralltheoptions.”LegalreasoningPolicy-basedre57LegalreasoningPrinciple-basedreasoningjustifiesaresultbyappealingtoabroadprincipleorcharactertraitvaluedbyoursociety,suchasmorality,justice,orfairness.“TheresultshouldbeXbecauseitisfair.”LegalreasoningPrinciple-based58LegalreasoningCustom-basedreasoningjustifiesaresultbyrelyingonculturalandsocialnormsofbehaviour.phrasedaswhatis“reasonable”“Aminorshouldnotbeboundbythecontractbecauseitisnotreasonablethattheywouldunderstanditsterms.”LegalreasoningCustom-basedre59Analyzingalegalissue–legalmemorandaandopinionlettersBasicstructure–IRACIssueRuleofLawApplicationofRuletoFactsConclusionAnalyzingalegalissue–lega60OfficeMemointernalworkingdocumentofthelawfirmnotforoutsidereadersremembertobeasobjectiveaspossiblegoalistomakeanaccuratepredictionOfficeMemo61OfficeMemoFormat:HeadingQuestionPresentedBriefAnswerFactStatementDiscussionConclusionOfficeMemoFormat:62OfficeMemoHeading:identifiestherequestingattorney,thewriter,thedate,theclient,thematterdateisimportantbecauselawandfactsmaychangethematterdescriptionshouldincludetheparticularissueyou’vebeenaskedtoanalyzeOfficeMemoHeading:63OfficeMemoQuestionPresented(ortheIssue):identifiesthequestionyou’vebeenaskedtoanalyzeOfficeMemo64OfficeMemoDraftingthebriefanswer:shortsummaryofyouranswerdegreesofcertainty: certain>>almostcertain>>probable>>likelytogoeitherwayOfficeMemoDraftingthebrief65OfficeMemoDraftingtheFactStatementselectwhichfactstoinclude (factsrelevanttothequestion,andbackgroundfactsnecessaryforcontext)organizethefactsinaneffectivewaymaintainneutrallanguage,includefavourableandunfavourablefactsOfficeMemoDraftingtheFactS66OfficeMemoDiscussionsummarizetheruleanditssubpartsdiscusshowtherulesfitwiththefactsidentifylegalissuesnotcoveredbythememoidentifyundisputedissuesheadingsshouldbecompletethesissentencesOfficeMemoDiscussion67OfficeMemoConclusiononlynecessaryifthediscussionhasbeenlongandcomplexOfficeMemo68Clientletters-opinionOpeningparagraphs:personalmaterial,ifappropriatesummaryofquestionyouanalyzed(youcanincludeasummaryofyourconclusion)Clientletters-opinionOpenin69Clientletters-opinionFactsummary:Includethissoyourclientunderstandsthefactsonwhichyoubaseyourconclusion.Clientletters-opinionFacts70Clientletters-opinionLegalanalysis:Explainresultsofyourresearchandthelegalconclusionsyouhavereached.Clientletters-opinionLegal71Clientletters-opinionAdvice:Canbeorganizedinsimpletopics,suchasadvantages,disadvantages,likelihoodofsuccess,timeframeClientletters-opinionAdvice72ContractsanyagreementbasedonanexchangeofpromisesthatcanbeenforcedincourtContracts73ContractsRequirementsofavalidcontract: 1. agreement 2. consideration 3. contractualcapacityofparties 4. legalityofsubjectmatterContractsRequirementsofaval74Contracts1. Agreement

-anofferandacceptanceContracts75ContractsOffer: -promiseorcommitmenttodoorrefrainfromdoingsomespecifiedthinginthefuture -offerormustintendtobeboundbytheoffer -termsmustbereasonablycertainordefinite -offermustbecommunicatedtooffereeContractsOffer:76ContractsAcceptance: -acceptanceresultsinabindingcontract -acceptancemustbeunequivocal -acceptancemustbecommunicatedtotheofferorContractsAcceptance:77Contracts2. Consideration: -somethingofvaluegivenin exchangeforapromise -mustbelegallysufficient -adequacyofconsideration (fairnessofthebargain)Contracts2. Consideration:78Contracts3. Capacity -partiesmusthavecontractual capacity(legalabilitytoenterinto a contractualrelationship) -courtswillassumecapacity (contractsenteredintobyminorsare voidable;contractsenteredintoby mentallyincompetentpeoplearevoid)Contracts3. Capacity79Contracts4. Legality -contracttodosomething prohibitedbylawisillegalandvoidContracts4. Legality80ContractsCourtsmaystillfindacontracttobeunenforceableincasesof:Mistake(mutualmistakeonmaterialfact)FraudulentmisrepresentationUndueinfluenceDuressContractsCourtsmaystillfind81ContractsTipsfordraftingcontracts:-besureyouarecomfortablewithandunderstandyourobligations-considerwhatcouldgowrongorwhatwouldmakeperformancedifficult-don’tleaveanythingout-coveralloptions,consequences,possibilitiesContractsTipsfordraftingcon82ContractsTipsfordraftingcontracts:-usesimplelanguage-defineambiguousterms-usetermsconsistently-clear,logicalorganization-useheadingsContractsTipsfordraftingcon83StandardContractTermsIdentityofthepartiesAddressesofthepartiesPurposeofthecontractUnderlyingassumptionsStandardContractTermsIdentit84StandardContractTermsContractterms -ingeneral -dutiesofeachparty -rightsofeachparty -relevantdates -relevantpricesordollaramounts -relevantquantities -paymentterms -lumpsum,COD,installments -paymentduedates -taxes -interest -latefeesStandardContractTermsContrac85StandardContractTermsWarrantiesDisclaimersLimitationsonliabilityLiquidateddamagesConfidentialityprovisionIndemnificationagreementDefaultTerminationStandardContractTermsWarrant86StandardContractTermsArbitrationclauseGoverninglawVenueoflawsuitsinvolvingthecontractStatementthatcontractconstitutesentireagreementSeverabilityofindividualprovisionsSignatureofauthorizedsignatoriesNotarizationStandardContractTermsArbitra87Homework:Writearetainerlettertoyourclient.Usewhateverinformationyouthinkisusefulintheretainerletter;addanyfactsorinformationyouneedifitisnotprovided.Client’sname:ZhangYun,QualityPaperCompanyHiringyouto:Provideadviceabout,negotiateanddraftasalescontractbetweenQualityPaperandEastSunBusinessSchool.Fees:youhaveagreedtodotheworkfor10,000yuan.Otherinformation: EastSunismanagedbyZhangYun’sbrother,ZhangMing.LastyearyoucompletedthelegalworkforEastSun’spurchaseoflandforanewbuilding.Homework:88LegalWritingSeptember,2010LegalWriting89Whyiswritingimportantforlawyers?legalprofessionisacommunicationsprofessionlawyersareprofessionalwriterswaywecommunicatewithclients,otherlawyers,regulatorybodies,judiciaryproofofdiscussions,confirmationcreatesbusinessrelationshipsandtransactionshelpspeopleplanforthefutureitcanbeevidencebasisofyourreputationskillasawriterwillimpactyourcareerWhyiswritingimportantforl90

Goodwritingishardworkandrequirespractice,practice,practice!

Goodwritingishardwor91Goalsofgoodwriting

AccurateOrganizedClearGoalsofgoodwriting

Accurate92

Beforeyoustarttowrite:WhatisthepurposeWhoisyouraudience

Beforeyoustarttowrite:93WritingprocessInformationgathering,researchChoosetypeofdocumentOutlineFirstdraftEditforstyleWritingprocessInformationgat94StyleConsiderationsAppearance: willvarydependingontypeofdocument,butgenerally: -fontsize10-14point -leftjustified(notfull) -useheadingsandsubheadings -usebulletingandlistswherepossibleStyleConsiderationsAppearance95StyleConsiderationsParagraphs-limitthesizeofyourparagraphs-eachparagraphshouldhaveonetopicorthesis-ideasshouldflowlogicallyintheparagraph-usetransitionwordswhenyoumoveontoanewideaStyleConsiderationsParagraphs96StyleConsiderationsClarity-UseActiveVoice

Passive:Thecontractwassignedbythe parties. Active:Thepartiessignedthecontract. Passive:Itwasdeclaredbytheplaintiffthat theinjurieshadbeencausedbythe defendant’sdog. Active:Theplaintiffdeclaredthedefendant’s doghadcausedtheinjuries.StyleConsiderationsClarity97StyleConsiderationsClarity-Nominalizations(nounsthathavebeencreatedfromverbs) Makeadecision→decide Enterintoanagreement→agree Containsaprovision→provides Giveconsiderationto→considerStyleConsiderationsClarity98StyleConsiderationsClarity-Introductoryphrasesthataddnomeaning

itisclearthat;asnotedabove;withrespectto;itisimportanttorememberthatStyleConsiderationsClarity99StyleConsiderationsClarity-Sentencesbeginningwith“Itis”or“Thereis”Itisproblematictoinvolvesomanypeopleinthedecision.→Involvingsomanypeopleinthedecisionisproblematic.StyleConsiderationsClarity100StyleConsiderationsClarityUnnecessaryphrasesDuetothefactthat→becauseAsaresultof→becauseAtthetimewhen→whenForthesereasons→thereforeStyleConsiderationsClarity101StyleConsiderationsClarity-AvoidlegalesetheaforementionedpartythesaiddefendantABCCompanyLtd.(hereinafter“ABC”)IpsofactoStyleConsiderationsClarity102StyleConsiderationsClarityAvoidover-usingintensifiersclearly,extremely,very,obviouslyStyleConsiderationsClarity103StyleConsiderationsClarity-Avoidlongsentences-Beconsistentinyourterms-Writegender-neutral -avoidmasculinenounsand pronounsforgeneralreferenceStyleConsiderationsClarity104StyleConsiderationsThepowerofplainlanguageBefore

Thisisaclausefromatraditionalmortgagecontract.COMPOUNDINTEREST

Itisagreedthatincasedefaultshallbemadeinpaymentofanysumtobecomedueforinterestatanytimeappointedforpaymentthereofasaforesaid,compoundinterestshallbepayableandthesuminarrearsforinterestfromtimetotime,aswellafterabeforematurity,shallbearinterestattheChargeRate,andincasetheinterestandcompoundinterestarenotpaidonthenextinterestpaymentdateafterthedateofdefaultarestshallbemade,andcompoundinterestattherateaforesaidshallbepayableontheaggregateamountthendue,aswellafterasbeforematurity,andsoonfromtimetotime,andallsuchinterestandcompoundinterestshallbeachargeupontheChargedPremises.StyleConsiderationsThepower105StyleConsiderationsAfterThisisasampleplainlanguageversionofthisclause.Interestowingonlatepayments

Ifaregularmortgagepaymentislate,wecalculatetheextrainterestyouoweforbeinglateeveryday,usingtheannualinterestrateofyourmortgage.Youpayinterestonboththeprincipalandtheinterestportionofthepaymentthatislate.Whenwereceiveapayment,wewilldeducttheinterestchargesforthelatepaymentandtheinterestowingontheprincipalamountfirst,beforeanypartofthepaymentisappliedtoreducingtheprincipalamount.Wemayalsodecidetoapplythelatepaymenttootheramountsyoumayowe,forexample,propertytaxes.StyleConsiderationsAfter106LegalwritingAccurate,organizedandclearANDInlinewiththeethicsanddutiesoftheprofessionLegalwritingAccurate,organiz107TypesofLegalWritingplanning/preventive(wills,lease,contracts)predictive(legalopinion)persuasive(legalbrief)TypesofLegalWritingplanning108WritingprocessInformationgathering,researchChoosetypeofdocumentOutlineFirstdraftEditforstyleWritingprocessInformationgat109PlanningwithPurposeinMindRoadmapping(fromClaryandLysaght,SuccessfulLegalAnalysisandWriting:TheFundamentals,2ded,2003)where(isthedestination),whatarethegoalswhy(whatisthebenefit)who(isthevisitor/audience–whatistheirbackground,howsophisticated,learningstyle)whenhow(scenicv.mostdirect;leisurelyv.fastest;safestv.risky;mostfamiliarv.newer;easyv.moredifficultPlanningwithPurposeinMindR110PlanningwithPurposeinMindExample:Visitortothecitywantstoseeamovie.Whatareyourwrittendirections?PlanningwithPurposeinMind111PlanningwithPurposeinMindRoadmapDirections: “Frommyhouse,gonorththreeblockstothehighway. GoeastonthehighwayandgetoffattheMainStreetexit. Atendofexit,gostraight. After1/2ablock,turnintomovietheatreparkinglot.”AsktheWhat/Where;Why;Who;HowquestionstoevaluateyourdirectionsPlanningwithPurposeinMindR112Pu