《英国文学》课程教学大纲（完整版）

PAGEPAGE75《英国文学》课程教学大纲课程名称(中文)：英国文学课程名称(英文)：BritishLiterature课程编号：060502015007课程类别：专业选修课程学时学分：总学时36学分2其中实践学时开出时间：2015年级第1学期开课单位：外国语学院适用专业英语师范（本科）一、课程的教学目标和教学要求1.课程工作任务目标英国文学是高等学校英语专业的必修课。教学目的是使学生对英国文学发展史，英国主要作家及其作品有一宏观、系统的了解，以提高学生对英国文学作品的欣赏理解能力，从而熟练地掌握英语语言技能。2.职业能力目标通过英国文学的学习，不但要使学生掌握文学方面的理论和常识，增强学生欣赏英国文学作品的能力，同时要提高学生的英语语言技能；使学生更好地适应未来的工作。3.素质目标通过英国文学的学习，不但要使学生掌握文学方面的理论和常识，增强学生欣赏英国文学作品的能力，同时要提高学生的英语语言技能；不但要培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力及创新能力，而且要培养他们的思想道德素质、文化素质和心理素质。二、教学时数分配周次课程内容章节教学内容教学时数123456789101112131415161718123456789101112131415161718OverviewofBritishLiteratureEarlyandmedievalBritishLiteratureChaucerShakespeareThe17th-centuryBritishLiteratureThe18th-centuryBritishLiteraturePre-RomanticisminBritainRomanticNovelistsRomanticNovelistsRomanticpoetsRomanticpoets19th-CenturyWomenNovelistsWritersinVictorianPeriodWomenWritersCharlesDickensModernDramatistsModernisminBritishLiteratureReview222222222222222222三、主要教学内容与教学方法（一）教学安排《英国文学》课程的授课时间为一学期，每周2学时,共36学时。英国文学课中各个历史阶段的学时分配如下：1、盎格鲁·撒克逊时期(2学时)2、十四世纪后半期及十五世纪的文学(4学时)3、文艺复兴时期(10学时)4、资产阶级革命时期及王政复辟时期(2学时)5、十八世纪文学(4学时)6、浪漫主义时期(4学时)7、十九世纪中期及后期(6学时)8、二十世纪文学(4学时)（二）英国文学的授课内容：第一章盎格鲁·撒克逊时期（2学时）第一节历史背景及文学特点第二节世俗文学1、《贝奥武甫》2、盎格鲁·撒克逊诗歌的特点第二章十四世纪后半叶及十五世纪英国文学(4学时)第一节乔叟时期1、历史背景及文学特点2、威廉·兰格兰3.杰弗利·乔叟第二节十五世纪英国文学1、历史背景及文学特点2、托马斯·马罗礼3、民谣选读：杰弗利·乔叟：TheCanterburyTales民谣：“RobinHoodandAllin-a-Dale”第三章文艺复兴时期(10学时)第一节历史背景及文学特点文艺复兴的主要特点人文主义第二节托马斯·莫尔第三节诗歌1、魏阿特和萨利2、菲力浦·锡特尼3、埃德蒙·斯宾塞第四节小说李雷第五节戏剧1、约翰·李利2、罗伯特·格林3、托马斯·基德4、克里斯托弗·马洛第六节威廉·莎士比亚第七节莎士比亚以后的英国戏剧1、本·琼斯2、其他戏剧家第八节弗兰西斯·培根选读：莎士比亚：TheMerchantofVeniceHamletSonnet18培根：“OfStudies”第四章英国资产阶级革命及王朝复辟时期(2学时)第一节历史背景及文学特点玄学派清教主义第二节玄学派诗人约翰·邓恩第三节约翰·弥尔顿第四节约翰·班扬第五节约翰·屈莱顿思考题：略选读弥尔顿：ParadiseLose“OnHisBlindness”约翰·邓恩：“GoandCatchaFallingStar”“DeathBeNotProud”约翰·班扬:ThePilgrims’Progress第五章十八世纪英国文学(4学时)第一节历史背景及文学特点古典主义启蒙主义感伤主义讽刺作品第二节十八世纪初期英国文学1、亚历山大·蒲柏2、艾狄生和斯梯尔3、丹尼尔·笛福4、乔纳森·斯威夫特第三节十八世纪末期英国小说1、塞缪尔·理查逊2、亨利·菲尔丁3、劳伦斯·斯泰恩4、奥利弗·哥尔德斯密5、哥特式小说6、塞缪尔·约翰逊第四节十八世纪英国戏剧1、理查德·比·谢立丹2、奥利弗·哥尔德斯密第五节十八世纪英国诗歌1、托马斯·葛蕾2、威廉·布莱克3、罗勃特·彭斯选读：丹尼尔·笛福：RobinsonCrusoe乔纳森·斯威夫特：“AModestProposal”亚历山大·蒲柏：AnEssayonCriticism亨利·菲尔丁：TomJones塞缪尔·约翰逊：“LettertoLordChesterfield”威廉·布莱克：“London”“Tyger”罗勃特·彭斯：“AMan’saManforA’That”“Scots,WhaHae”“ARed,RedRose”“AuldLangSyne”第六章浪漫主义时期(4学时)第一节历史背景及文学特点浪漫主义湖畔派历史小说第二节诗歌1、威廉·华兹华斯2、塞缪尔·特·科勒律治3、罗伯特·骚塞4、乔治·戈登·拜伦5、波西·比西·雪莱6、约翰·济慈第三节小说及散文1、沃尔特·司各特2、查尔斯·兰姆3、简·奥斯丁选读：威廉·华兹华斯：“SheDweltamongtheUntroddenWays”“TotheCuckoo”“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”“TheSolitaryReaper”“ComposeduponWestminsterBridge”塞缪尔·特·科勒律治：“KublaKhan”乔治·戈登·拜伦“WhenWeTwoParted”“TheIslesofGreece”“SheWalksinBeauty”波西·比西·雪莱：“MenofEngland”“OdetotheWestWind”“ToaSkylark”约翰·济慈：“OnFirstLookingintoChapman’sHomer”“OdetoaNightingale”“ToAutumn”第七章十九世纪中期及后期的英国文学(6学时)第一节历史背景及文学特点宪章运动批判现实主义拉斐尔前派新浪漫主义唯美主义第二节宪章运动时期的诗歌1、艾内斯特·琼斯2、托马斯·胡德第三节十九世纪中期的小说1、查尔斯·狄更斯2、威廉·萨克雷3、夏洛特·布朗蒂4、埃米莉·布朗蒂5、E·C·盖斯凯尔6、乔治·爱略特第四节十九世纪下半叶的诗歌1、阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生2、罗伯特·布朗宁3、E·B·布朗宁4、D·G·罗塞蒂5、A·C·斯温伯恩6、威廉·莫里斯第五节十九世纪下半叶的散文1、托马斯·卡莱尔2、约翰·罗斯金3、马修·阿诺德4、T·B·麦考利第六节十九世纪下半叶的小说1、乔治·梅雷迪斯2、塞缪尔·巴特勒3、托马斯·哈代4、R·L·史蒂文森5、奥斯卡·王尔德选读：托马斯·胡德“TheSongoftheShirt”查尔斯·狄更斯：OliverTwist威廉·萨克雷：VanityFair阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生：“Ulysses”“Break,Break,Break”“CrossingtheBar”罗伯特·布朗宁：“Home-Thoughts,fromAbroad”E·B·布朗宁：SonnetsformthePortuguese约翰·罗斯金“Books”托马斯·哈代：TessoftheD’Urbervilles第八章二十世纪英国文学(4学时)第一节历史背景及文学特点现代主义意识流小说愤怒的青年荒诞派戏剧第二节二十世纪英国戏剧1、乔治·肖伯纳（GeorgeBernardShaw）2、约翰·高尔斯华绥3、W·B·叶芝4、肖恩·奥凯西5、塞缪·贝克特6、J·J·奥斯本7、哈罗德·品特第三节二十世纪英国小说1、罗德亚德·吉卜林2、约瑟夫·康拉德3、H·G·威尔斯4、约翰·高尔斯华绥5、A·柯南·道尔6、弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫7、詹姆斯·乔伊斯8、D·H·劳伦斯9、W·S·毛姆10、A·J·克罗宁11、罗伯特·特莱塞尔12、葛兰姆·葛林第四节二十世纪英国诗歌1、T·S·艾略特2、W·H·奥登选读：乔治·肖伯纳：Mrs.Warren’sProfession约翰·高尔斯华绥：TheForsyteSaga弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫：Mrs.Dalloway四、考核方式测试与考核是了解学生学习情况、教师教学质量的重要手段。测试必须具有科学性、客观性和可行性。测试应既有助于提高学生的语言运用能力，又有助于培养学生的思维分析能力。在英国文学棵的测试中，既要包括文学史方面的客观问题及对文学作品的语言方面的理解问题；同时应注重检验学生分析问题和解决问题的能力。测试中的客观题和主观题应保持科学合理的比例。五、使用教材与参考书目1、教材《英国文学史及选读》，吴伟仁，外语教学与研究出版社，20132、参考书目1）《英国文学选读》，杨岂深、孙銖，上海译文出版社，19812）《新编英国文学选读》，罗经国，北京大学出版社，19963）《英国文学史》，刘炳善，河南人民出版社，1995六、其他说明本标准应根据地方经济发展的需要，及时调整学习情境。日期：2012年6月日TeachingPlanofEnglishLiterature外国语学院：Chapterone教学目的：1．使学生了解本门课程的教学目的、课程基本内容；2．从宏观上掌握英语文学发展各个阶段的主要特征、出现的文学流派及代表作家；3．向学生介绍学习本课程的方法以及必读书目和参考书目。教学内容：英国文学史发展概述教学方法：教师讲授及学生提问教学时数：4课时课后作业：了解早期英国的历史和盎格鲁撒克逊时期的文学。Lecturenotes:1.OldEnglishLiteratureGenerallyspeaking,thisperiodlastsfrom449A.D.to1066anditwitnessedthemakingoftheEngland.AftertheRomanwithdrawal,from449threetribesformNorthernEuropeinvadedBritain:Jutes,AngelsandSaxons.Smallkingdomsestablishedbythemweregraduallycombinedintooneunitedkingdom:thelandofangels,England.ThedialectsgraduallygrewintoasinglelanguagecalledAnglo-Saxon,orOldEnglish,whichisthebasisofModernEnglish.EnglishliteraturebeganwiththeAnglo-SaxonsettlementinEngland.Theybroughtaspecificpoetictradition.ThemostimportantpoemisTheSongofBeowulf,thenationalepicofEnglishpeople.TheAnglo-Saxonperiodexperiencedatransitionfromtribalsocietytofeudalism.2.MedievalEnglishLiteratureThisperiodcoversaboutfivecenturies.AftertheNormanConquestin1066,afeudalsystemwasestablishedinEnglandandRomanCatholicChurchhadamuchstrongercontroloverthecountry.(Anglo-Saxonswerechristianizedinthe7thcentury.)Englishliteraturestartedtoflourishinthisperiod.MiddleEnglishliterature,comparedwithOldEnglishliterature,dealswithawiderrangeofsubjectsanddifferentstylesandgenresareused.RomanceisthemostprevailingkindofliteratureintheMiddleAges.Popularballadoccupiesanimportantposition.GeoffreyChauceristhemostimportantmedievalwriter.Secularmattersareinvolvedinhiswritings.HeisthefirstrealisticwriterandtheforerunnerofEnglishRenaissanceforhisworksbearmarksofhumanism.WilliamLanglandisanotherimportantone.3.RenaissanceEnglishliterature(late15thcentury~early17thcentury)DuringthecenturyandhalfafterthedeathofChaucer,Englandexperiencedgreatchanges:theestablishmentofTudorDynasty(1485~1603),ReligiousReformation,theestablishmentofProtestantism,commercialexpansionabroad,theWarwithSpainetc.Bythesemeans,Englishbourgeoisiefoughtforexistenceandfoughtforpower.Theriseofbourgeoisiesoonshoweditsinfluenceinthesphereofculturallife.AnintellectualmovementknownastheRenaissancefirstbeganinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Renaissanceisalsocalledtherebirthofletters,thatis,theclassicalliteraturebyGreek,RomanandLatinauthors.Thethoughtofhumanismaroseatthattimeandthatisthekeytotherenaissance.ThegreatesthumanistisThomasMore(Utopia).Fromthefirsthalfofthe16thcentury,theEnglishRenaissancebegantodevelopintoafloweringofliterature.Manyformsofwritingappear:translationofclassicalliterature,worksonhistory,booksdescribingdiscoveriesandadventures.Poetryisanimportantsphereinexpressingthevoiceandtheenergyoftheage.(Sonnetandblankverseareused.)Mostimportantisthedrama,thatis,thehighestgloryofEnglishRenaissanceof16thcentury.TherepresentativewritersareEdmundSpencer:poetryWilliamShakespeare:dramaFrancisBacon:essay4.EnglishLiteratureoftheRevolutionandRestorationPeriod(17thcentury)AfterthevictoryoftheSpanishWar,thetiebetweenthemonarchyandthebourgeoisiebegantoweaken.TheconflictbetweentheparliamentandtheKingreachedthehighestpoint,hencebrokeouttheEnglishRevolutionin1649.TheresultwastheestablishmentofaCommonwealth,arepublicinEngland.WhileafterthedeathofCromwell,themonarchywasrestored1660.Afteracenturyofdisputesandbattlestilltheso-called“GloriousRevolution”in1688,thebasicstructureofEnglandwassettled.DuringtheRevolution,thestrengthofthebourgeoisieandtheirangerwasexpressedunderareligiouscloak,Puritanism.Itadvocatedthesimplicityoflife,whichwasgoodfortheaccumulationofcapitalandalsogreatlyinfluencedtheliteratureofthisperiod.Themainliteraryformoftheperiodispoetry.AmongthepoetsJohnMiltonisthegreatest.Besides,themetaphysicalpoetsappearedataboutthebeginningofthe17thcentury.Theworksofthemarecharacterizedbymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform.JohnDonneisthefounderofthisschool.InthefieldofprosewritingofthePuritanAge,JohnBunyanoccupiesthemostimportantposition.Thisageiscalledthe“AgeofMilton”.ThegreatestRestorationworksaretheworldly,wittycomedies(Comedyofmanners).AllthefeaturesofRestorationliteratureareexemplifiedintheworksofJohnDryden.Thisageiscalledthe“AgeofDryden”.Comedyofmanners:taketheartificialandsophisticatedhabitsanddoingsofthehighsocietyasitsgeneralsettingandloveasitsspecificsubject.Loveforlove.WilliamCongreve)5.18thcenturyEnglishliteratureAttheendofthe17thcentury,Englandbecameaconstitutionalmonarchy,thenfollowedaperiodofcomparativelypeacefuldevelopment.Inthe18thcentury,EnglandwitnessedtheindustrialRevolutionandthebourgeoismiddleclassbegantogrowrapidly.Atthesametime,anintellectualmovement,enlightenmenttookplaceinEurope,sotoEngland,whichisthestruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlightenersadvocatedequality,reason,andscience.The18th-cneturyEnglandisalsocalledtheAgeofEnlightenmentortheAgeofReason.TherepresentativeenlightenersareAlexanderpope,JosephAddisonandRichardSteele.Literatureofthisperiodfallsintomanytrends:1)Theschoolofneoclassicism,includingAlexanderpope,JosephAddisonandRichardSteele.TheyfoundtheirartisticmodelsintheclassicalliteratureofGreekandLatinanddemandedanywritingshouldbecontrolledbyfixedlawsandrules.2)Thesecondimportantphenomenonistheriseandgrowthofrealisticnovel.Therisingbourgeoismiddleclasswantedtoexpresstheirideasandservetheirinterests,henceappearedthenewkindofrealisticliterature.DanielDefoe,JonathanSwiftandHenryFieldingarethemostfamous.3)Sentimentalismappearedinthemiddleofthe18thcentury,asareactionagainstcommercialismandthecoldrationalism.Sentimentalistsemphasize“thehumanheart”andshowsympathytothepoor.ThistrendmarksthetransitionformneoclassicismtoromanticisminEnglishpoetry.ThomasGrayisoneofthemodels.AnothersentimentalistpoetisOliverGoldsmith(TheDissertedVillage).ThemostoutstandingfigureofEnglishsentimentalismisLaurenceSterne.4)Attheendofthiscentury,Pre-romanticismaroseinEngland.Passionandemotionarefrequentlyconcernedsubjectsinthepoetryofthistrend.WilliamBlakeandRobertburnsaretherepresentatives.6.RomanticEnglishLiteratureAttheturnofthe18thcenturyandthe19thcentury,provokedbytheFrenchrevolutionandtheEnglishIndustrialRevolution,anewliterarytrendRomanticismaroseinEngland.Generallyspeaking,itexpressestheideasandthefeelingsofthosewhoarediscontentwiththedevelopmentofthecapitalism.Actually,thisperiodisanageofpoetry.WilliamWordsworth,SamuelTaylorColeridge,GeorgeGordonByron,PercyByssheShelleyandJohnKeatsarethemajorromanticpoets.Theypaygreatattentiontothespiritandemotionofman.RomanticproseisrepresentedbyCharlesLamb,whosefamiliaressaysareveryfamous.ThetwogreatnovelistsofthisperiodareWalterScottandJaneAusten.Scottisfamousforhishistoricalnovels.Heisanimportanttransitionalwriterfromromanticismtorealism.7.CriticalRealisticLiteratureinthe19thCentury19thcenturyinEnglandsometimesisroughlycalledtheVictorianperiod(1836~1901).AsaresultoftheIndustrialRevolution,towardsthemiddleofthatcentury,EnglandreachedthehighestpointasaworldpowerandthestrugglebetweentheworkingclassandthecapitalistsbecamethebasiccontradictioninEnglishsocialandpoliticallife.Amidsuchaclass-struggleperiod,manywritersturnedtosocialcriticism.Soappearedanewliterarytrend:criticalrealism.Itflourishedinthe40sandearly50s.Theserealistsaremainlyconcernedwiththesociety,thesocialsystemandthepeopleinthesociety.Themostimportant,theyperfectnovelasaliteraryformintheirwritings.CharlesDickensisthegreatest.Othersare:W.M.Thackeray,Brontesisters,Mrs.Gaskell,GeorgeEliotetc.Duringthemidandlate19thcentury,proseandpoetrywerealsoflourishing.ThefamousprosewritersareThomasCarlyleandMatthewArnold.ThemajorpoetsareAlfredTennysonandRobertBrowning.WiththeChartistmovementappearedtheChartistliterature,butcomparedwiththeabove-mentioned,itisofminorimportance.EarnestJonesisthegreatestrepresentativeinthemovement.Someotherliterarytrendsattheendofthe19thcentury:1)Naturalism:literaturemustbetruetolifeandexactlyreproducereallife,includingallitsdetailswithoutanyselection.GeorgeGissingisonewhowroteundertheinfluenceofnaturalism.2)Neo-romanticism:emphasizetheinventionofexcitingadventuresandfascinatingstoriestentertainthereaders.RobertLouisStevensonistherepresentative(TreasureIsland).3)Aestheticism:(artforart’ssake)trytoseparateartformreallife,paylittleattentiontosocialandmoralobligations.RepresentativesareOscarWildeandWalterPater.8.20thCenturyEnglishLiteratureWorldWarOneisusuallyregardedasthewatershedinEnglishhistory.Afterit,radicalchangestookplaceinEngland.Experiencingthetwowarstill1970s’England’spowerovertheworldwaslessened,especiallyafterthelossofallthecolonies.Theso-called“sun-never-setempire”finallycollapsed.Thesocialchangeswerereflectedintheliteratureofthetime.1)RealisticwritingEarly20thcenturyliteratureturnedincreasinglytolowermiddle-classandworking-classlife,asintheDublinstoriesofJamesJoyceandthenovelsofArnoldBennet,JohnGalsworthyandH.G.Wells.InSonsandLovers,D.H.Lawrencewroteaboutthelifeofaminer’sfamilyintheindustrialNorthofEngland.Realistsinthisperiodcontinuedthetraditionsofcriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyanddevelopedthem.2)ModernismAroundthetwoworldwars,manywritersandartistsbegantosuspectandbediscontentwiththecapitalism.Theytriedtofindnewwaystoexpresstheirunderstandingoftheworld.Itwasamovementofexperimentsintechniquesinwriting.Itflourishedinthe20sand30sinEnglishliterature.Representativesinpoetry:W.B.YeatsandT.S.Eliot.Modernistnovelists:D.H.Lawrence,E.M.Foster,JamesJoyceandVirginiaWoolf.Theyturnedtheirinteresttodescribingwhatwashappeninginthemindsoftheircharacters.Becauseoftheiremphasisonthepsychologicalactivitiesofthecharacters,theirwritingsarealsocalledpsychologicalnovels.Moderndrama:J.M.Synge(Irishdramaticrevival)3)Englishliteraturesince1945Wheremodernwasakeywordforthefirstpartofthe20thcentury,thetermpostmodernhasbeenwidelyusedtodescribetheattitudesandcreativeproductionwhichfollowedtheSecondWorldWar.Postmodernismcelebratesdiversity,eclecticism,andparodyinallformsofart,formarchitecturetocinema,formmusictoliterature.Alltheformswhichrepresentexperiencearemediated,transformed,andthetruthofexperiencethusbecomesevenmorevariedthanithaseverbeenbefore.Drama:SamuelBecket(WaitingforGodot),JohnOsborne(LookBackinAnger)andHaroldPinter(TheBirthdayParty).Novel:WilliamGolding,JohnFowles(TheFrenchLieutenant’sWoman),KingsleyAmis(theAngryYongman),MartinAmisetc.Poetry:DylanThomas,PhilipLarkin,TedHughesandSeamusHeaneylecturenotes:Ⅰ.Anglo-SaxonConquestIntheancienttimes,therewerethreetribescalledAngles,SaxonsandJutesinthenorthernEurope.Inthe5thcentury,theyconqueredBritainandsettleddownthere.AfterdrivingthenativepeopleintothedeepmountainsofWalesandScotland,theydividedthewholeislandamongthemselves.Anglessettledintheeastmidland,andbuiltthekingdomofEastAngles.SaxonstookthesouthernpartoftheislandandsetupsomesmallkingdomsasWessex,EssexandSussex.Jutesoccupiedthesoutheasterncorneroftheisland.GraduallysevenkingdomsaroseinBritain.Bythe7thcentury,thesesmallkingdomswerecombinedintoaunitedkingdomcalledEngland.Angles,SaxonsandJutesusuallyknownasAnglo-SaxonsarethefirstEnglishmen.LanguagespokenbythemiscalledtheOldEnglish,whichisthefoundationofEnglishlanguageandliterature.WiththeAnglo-SaxonsettlementinBritain,thehistoryofEnglishliteraturebegan.Ⅱ.CharacteristicsofAnglo-SaxonLiteratureAnglo-Saxonliterature,thatis,theOldEnglishliteratureisalmostexclusivelyaverseliteratureinoralform.Itcouldbepasseddownbywordofmouthfromgenerationtogeneration.Itscreatorsforthemostpartareunknown.Itwasonlygivenawrittenformlongafteritscomposition.ThereweretwogroupsofEnglishpoetryinAnglo-Saxonperiod.ThefirstgroupwasthepaganpoetryrepresentedbyBeowulf,thesecondwasthereligiouspoetryrepresentedbytheworksofCaedmonandCynewulf.Inthe8thcentury,Anglo-Saxonproseappeared.ThefamousprosewritersofthatperiodwereVenerableBedeandAlfredtheGreat.Ⅲ.Anglo-SaxonPoetry1.PaganPoetryThepaganpoetry,alsocalledsecularpoetry,doesnotcontainanyspecificChristiandoctrineandemphasizesontheharshnessofcircumstanceandthehelplessnessofhumansbeforethepoweroffate.Beowulfistherepresentative.BeowulfBeowulfistheoldestpoemintheEnglishlanguage,itisthemostimportantspecimenofAnglo-Saxonliterature;andalsotheoldestsurvivingepicintheEnglishlanguage.Itconsistsofmorethan3,000lines.Itwasoriginallyinanoralform,sungbytheminstrelsattheendofthe6thcentury.Ithadbeenpassedfrommouthtomouthforhundredsofyearsbeforeitwaswrittendowninthetenthcenturyorattheendoftheninthcentury.Themanuscriptwasdiscoveredin1705.Themainstoriesarebasedonthefolklegendsoftheprimitivenortherntribes.Throughthedescriptionofthefightswiththemonsters,weseeitisessentiallyconcernedwiththeheroicidealofkingsandkingshipinNorthernEurope:courageandstrength,wisdom.Beowulfisshownnotonlyasagrandhero,butalsoasasaviorofthepeople.A.Story:Hrothgat,kingoftheDanes,hasbuiltneartheseaamead-hallcalledHeorot.Itisthemostsplendidhallintheworld.Everynightthekingandhisthanesgathertheretofeastandenjoythesongsofhisgleemen.Butthenmisfortunebefallsthem.Onenight,aftertheyhavegonetosleep,afrightfulmonstercalledGrendelcomes,breakingintothehall,andkillingthirtyofthesleepingwarriors,andthencarryingofftheirbodiestodevourtheminhislairunderthesea.Theappallingvisitspeedilyrepeats,andfearanddeathreigninthegreathall.Thewarriorsfightatfirst,butfleewhentheyfindthatnoweaponcanhurtthemonster.Thesplendidmead-hallisleftdesertedandsilent.FortwelvewintersGrendel’shorribleraidscontinue;andjoyischangedtomourningamongtheDanes.BeowulfisthenephewofHygelac,kingoftheGeatswholiveinJuteland,Denmark.WhenhehearsthatHrothgatisingreattrouble,hecrossestheseawith14soldierstoridHrothgarofthemonster.Aftertheygetthere,theyaregivenafeastofwelcome,andthentheyliedowninthehallforthenight.Atmidnight,GrendelcomesandkillsoneofBeowulf’scomrades.Beowulfhasahand-to-handfightwithhim.Finallyhewrenchesoffoneofthemonster’sarms.Thenthemonsterfleestohisdintodie.Thenextnight,Grendel’smotherdescendsuponthehalltoavengeherson.Shecarriesawaytheking’sdearestfriend.Inthemorning,Beowulfpursuesherintoherlairandslaysherwithaswordwroughtbythegiants.WhenhefindsthecorpseofGrendel,hecutsoffhisheadandbringsitbackintriumph.TheDanesawardhimmanytreasures,andBeowulfreturnstohisuncle.Lateron,BeowulfbecomeskingoftheGeatsandreignsoverhispeoplefor50years.Thenafire-spewingdragonbeginstodevastatethelandofhiskingdom,becausesomebodyhasstolenacupfromamountaincave,whichthedragonhasguardedfor300years.Thereforetheangrydragondeterminestopunishthepeopleofthekingdom.With11chosenthanestheagedkinggoestothedragon’smountaintofightwithit.Asaresult,thedragoniskilled,butBeowulfisseverelywoundedduringthefight.Hediesaheroicdeath.Thepoemendswiththefuneralofthehero.B.WritingFeaturesofthePoem1)ItisnotaChristianbutapaganpoem,despitetheChristianflavorgiventoitbythemonasteryscribe.(p3~4)Itistheproductofalladvancedpagancivilization.Thewholepoempresentsusanall-roundpictureofthetribalsocietyandChristianculture.Thesocialconditionsandcustomscanbeseeninit.Sothepoemhasagreatsocialsignificance.2)Theuseofthestrongstressandthepredominanceofconsonantsareverynotableinthispoem.Eachlineisdividedintotwohalves,andeachhalfhastwoheavystresses.3)Theuseofthealliterationisanothernotablefeature.Threestressesofthewholelinearemadeevenmoreemphaticbytheuseofalliteration.4)Alotofmetaphorsandunderstatementsareusedinthepoem.Forexample,theseaiscalled"thewhale-road"or"theswanroad";thesoldiersarecalled"shield-men";thechieftainsarecalledthe"treasurekeepers";human-bodyisreferredtoas"thebone-house";Godiscalled"wonder-wielder";monsterisreferredtoas"soul-destroyer".2.ReligiousPoetryThereligiouspoetryisalsocalledChristianpoetry.Itismainlyonbiblicalstoriesandsaints’lives.ButsometimesthereisamixtureofChristianandpaganideasinthesepoems.ItisrepresentedbyCaedmonandCynewulf.1)Caedmon(610-680)CaedmonisthefirstknownreligiouspoetofEngland.HeisknownasthefatherofEnglishsong.HislifestoryisvividlydescribedinBede'sHistoricEcclesiastica.ThebooktellsusthatCaedmon,ahumbleandunlearnedman,tendscattleforanabbeyontheYorkshirecoast.Onenight,atafeast,whensongsarecalledfor,hestealsoutquietly,becausehefeelsashamedthathecancontributenothingtotheamateurentertainment.Thenheliesdowninthecowshedtosleep.Inhissleep,hehearsavoiceaskinghimtosing."Ican'tsing,"hesays,"andthatiswhyIleftthefeastandcamehere.""Nevertheless,"saysthemysteriousvoice,"Youshallsingtome.""WhatshallIsing?"asksCaedmon."Singmethesongofcreation."ThenCaedmonsingsasongwhichishisfirstpoem,calledTheHymnofPraise.Lateron,Caedmoncomposedmanyotherpoemsbyusingthebiblicalmaterial.2)CynewulfandHisPoemsCynewulflivedintheearly9thcentury.ExcepttheunknowncomposerofBeowulf,heisregardedasthegreatestAnglo-Saxonpoet.Ofhislifeweknowverylittle.Hewasprobablyanecclesiastic牧师andascholar.Hisnameremainedunknownuntil1840.Heproducedfourpoems:Christ,Juliana,TheFatesoftheApostles,andElene.OfallthesepoemsthemostcharacteristicisTheChrist,whichisadidacticpoeminthreeparts:thefirstpartcelebratestheNativity;thesecondpartdescribestheAscension;andthethirdpartdealswithDoomsday.Cynewulftookhissubjectmatterpartlyfromthechurchliturgy,morelargelyfromthehomiliesofGregorytheGreat.Throughoutthepoem,adeeploveforChristandreverenceforVirginMaryareexpressed.Ⅳ.Anglo-SaxonProseProseliteraturedidnotshowitsappearanceuntilthe8thcentury.Therewerethreefamousprosewriters:VenerableBede,AlfredtheGreat,andAelfric.1.VenerableBede(673-735)WhenwespeakoftheOldEnglishprose,thefirstnamethatcomesintoourmindisVenerableBede,whoisthefirstscholarinEnglishliteratureandhasbeenregardedasFatherofEnglishlearning.Hisworks,overfortyinnumber,writtenexclusivelyinLatin,coverthewholefieldofhumanknowledgeofhisday.ThemostimportantofhisworksisTheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople.ThebooknotonlytellsushowreligionwasintroducedandspreadinEnglandbutalsorecountssomehistoricaleventsofthatperiodandAnglo-Saxonmythologicallegends.ItmustbepointedoutthatthemanwhofirstdescribedCaedman'slegendarylifestoryisBede.2.AlfredtheGreat(848-901)AlfredtheGreat,kingofWessexkingdom,isanotherimportantfigureinprosewritingofAnglo-Saxonperiod.Duringhisreign,hetriedeverymeanstoimprovethestateofeducation,suchasfoundingcolleges,andimportingteachersfromEurope.Hewasawell-knowntranslator.HetranslatedsomeimportantLatinworksintoEnglish.Butofhisworks,themostimportantisTheAnglo-SaxonChronicles.ThisbookrecordsthemainhappeningsoftheAnglo-Saxonperiod.ItisthebestmonumentoftheOldEnglishprose.3.Aelfric(955-1023)Aelfricwasaclergyman.HewrotealargenumberofreligiousworksinGreekandLatin.Intohisworkheintroducedalighter,clearerandmoremusicalprose.WecanseeinhisworkstheOldEnglishprosewasattaininghighquality.思考题：1)HowmanygroupsdoestheOldEnglishpoetryfallinto?Whatarethey?2)WhatfeaturesdoesBeowulfhaveinwriting?3)WhatarethemaincharacteristicsofAnglo-Saxonliterature?4)WhatisAlfred’smostimportantcontributiontoBritishliterature?Chapter2MiddleEnglishLiterature教学目的:1．了解中世纪英语文学的发展状况；2．掌握这一时期各种文学形式及代表人物的特点。教学重点：1．中世纪英国文学的总体特征；传奇、民谣的特点；2．《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》的主题、母题分析；3．罗宾汉民谣分析；4．威廉•朗格兰及《农夫皮尔斯》介绍；5．乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》分析，乔叟的文学贡献；6．英语诗歌知识介绍。教学难点：1．主题与母题的区分；2．《坎特伯雷故事集》中《序曲》的结构特征及其蕴含的宗教思想；3．英语诗歌的韵律、格律特点；4．学生对诗歌中古英语词汇的理解。教学时数：4课时LectureNotes:I.HistoricalBackground1.TheNormanConquestIn1066,William,theenergeticDukeofNormandy,invadedEnglandwithhisstrongarmy.Afiercebattlewas,foughtnearHastingsbetweentheEnglishandtheNormanarmies.AstheEnglishweredividedandirresolute,theylostthendecisivebattleandtheirleaderHaroldwaskilled.Thus,William,theConqueror,becametheKingofEngland.2.TheConsequenceoftheConquestTheNorman