ron如果这个动作verb-这样结构是错误

RONSC1.verb-ingistheintendedobjectofthepreposition---这样的结构是错误的。eg:错误：Thereisnoevidenceofmybrotherstealingthecandy.(错误：wewantevidenceofhisSTEALING,notevidenceofmybro")Thereisnoevidenceofmybrother'sstealingthecady.nounintendedobjectofprepeg：Igave$5tothebeggarwalkingontheOF+NOUN+VERBINGmodifierMainaction如果三样东西并列：A,B,andC.记and前面的逗号Handsignsthatnativesuseandthatappearinlocalrituals.HandsignsthatnativesuseandappearinlocalritualsHandsignsusedbynativesandappearinginlocalritualsused和appearing并列，handsignsendmodifierswithegtherestaurantthat)weateat Ispokewithegtherestaurantatwhichweate withwhomIspokeneg:...in1910thisgroupmadeup35percentofthepopulationwhencomparedto20percetninpopulationwhencomparedto20percentin2000(whenitisbeingcomparedtootherone的时候才是对的)populationascomparedto2000whenitwas20percent(2000比较，ascompared这里用不合适populationcomparingitwith20percentin2000.(comma+ving这里用不对population,unlike2000,with20population,comparedwith20percentinNOUNnocommatobe and连接两个分句，说明这两个句子没有关系，是独立的。(and连接的两个分句的选项)signalideaeg:...toproduceenoughenergyonacommercialscaleforefficientgenerationofelectricityandheatfactoriesandhomes.whatisparallelto在平行结构中，helverbs可以放在主语前面egIknowmoreaboutShakespearethandoesmybrotherthanmybrotherdoes.eg:IknowmoreaboutShakespearethanmybrotherdoes,whohasnotstudiedBritishIknowmoreaboutShakespearethandoesmybrother,whohasnotstudiedBritishliterature.正 verb放在noun+modifier前面。eg：Thoughlessobviouslyvisible,termitesdoessignificantlymoredamagetohomesthanbranchesfromtrees.D.termitesdosignificantlymoredamagetohomesEtermitesdosignificantlymoredamagetohomethandoED有歧义。辑问题了。所以这里do只能 辑问题了。所以这里do只能 basedbasedon...IgmatIwasbasedon...basedon...,主语+动词主语+verb+basedonnouniswas...basedon...（duetobasedon"dueto"becauseofincludingnoun.(不同于including后面的内容不可以是所修饰名词的全部，只能是列举部分setoffbyawouldandwill和canwouldcould用于虚拟语气：ifyouwantmoreinformation---commacommaNOUN+PREPeg:ED'sletterstoS.H.D,whichwereeg:TheoldcapitolbuildinginBonioia,whichwasthecapitalcityofCaliforniafor...TheoldcapitolbuildinginBenioia,whichwasbuiltinunderayearwhen......,prep+which那么前面加与不加逗号都可inwhich..ORinwhich...whichNOUN+MODIFIER,modifierprepphrase的话。主动并没有倾向性，都有可能。actualnoun 不能当做名词来用，除了在平行结构中：Mybrother'swifeisthesameheightasmodifierapplytosubjectvingvedadjlikeunlike...seemstohave"which"modifiercannotjumpoverthisintervening...morethan80massive ,aslargeaslargeraslargeorlargereg:XiseitherbiggerorsmallerthanYXisgreaterthanorequaltoY.(正确）XisgreaterorequaltoY.(错误)如果有ingmodifier,那么whatdoesitimplyaboutthetenseofth (is/are+ ng除外,它们不是modifier)comma-INGmodifierwhichrefertowhichrefertoNoun1(+prepwhichprepphrases指代，只要contextgrammar允许。prepphrasethatmodifiestheintendedNoun.eg:Itookpicturesofmydog,whicharesoadorablethattheymakeeveryones .(ofmydog是picture的，所以可以跳过)eg:Itookpicturesin1995whicharesoin1995pictures，所以不能跳ving的时候，vingtimeframe的话，需要用ving可以用从句等。comma+vingmodifiersCLOSELYRELATEDtoclause。(如果两者在逻辑上没有任何关系的话，就不构成comma+ving)peoplewho+一个从句，ledtopassisngtheActin1999allowing错误)(1.ledtopassing---notidiomaticcomma+ingprecedingACTION(ledto...)notmakeledtotheAct不对。leadtoconcreteobject.eg:Thisbreakthroughledtos.(错误eg:Thisbreakthroughledtothedevelopmentofs(正确intentofverbing对intent--intenttoverb like后面应该加noun，有的时候可以加一些modifer，但是不能是clause。不可以是Asitiswithtraditionalpharmaciesonlinedrugstoresrelyon....(it没有指代任何东西)Aswiththecaseoftraditionalpharmaciesonlinedrugstoresrelyonprescriptions...(with没有任何含义）Asisthecasewithtraditional...asclauseprepeg:Joegave10%ofhissalarytocharitythisyear,AShedidlastyear.eg:TheweatherishotanddryintheNevada,asitisinArisona.AsinArisona,theweatherishotanddryininasmuchas...意思是"limitedtothefollowingortothisextent"如果看到comparisonwordsthatmeandifferentthings---becarefulofthenatureofalwayspayattentiontointhesameas:ASinthecaseofmostexpressionsofthistype---theexpressionhastoMEANWHATITSAYS.eg:Ascreendoordecreases,butdoesnotblock,airflowintoahouse,inthesamewaythatanaeratordecreseswaterflowfromafaucet.***there'salso"so",whichdoesntworkwith"inthesameway justas1/3ofbankcustomersstillpreferhumanlersto....,manytravelerswill...(这两个句子要连在一起，不能中间加一个that隔开)Thisisyear'sinterestrateisfourtimescomparedtolastyear.Johnisbettercodecomparedtome.Thisyearpopulationrateismorecomparedtolastyear.....ishigherascomparedwith.......ishigherascomparedtoCompareto/with---shouldbeused theTWOTHINGSthatareINTENDEDTOBEeg:TheunemploymentrateinCountryXis4%,comparedto2%inCountry2.eg:TheteacherwasproudofJane's4.0gpaascomparedtoherotherclassmateswhoareallfalling.classmateJane's4.0gpa.没有可以用于比较的主体。thegpa's.Janehada4.0gpa,comparedtothemuchlowergpa'softherestoftheeg:Ascomparedtothehumanities,quntitativefieldsrequirestrongmathskills.错。这个句子没--->QuantfieldsrequiremathskillsthatarestrongRelativetothoserequiredinthe问题：likeNoun 可以吗整一句的改错（no--modifiermasrelativepronouns,eg:Thoughcomposedofthousandsofseparateicyringletsifviewedupclose,themainringsofSaturnmayappearsmoothandcontinuouswhentheyareviewedfromadistance.("ifviewedupclose"AREGMAT不喜欢把一个很wordymodifier和一个concisemodifier并列比如thoughnoweateninlargetiesaroundtheworldandharmless 改成"knowntobeharmless"eg:itisrequiredthatheturnoffthefauceteveryday.Heisrequiredtoturnoffthefauceteveryday.andusageofmodifiersisaffectingthemeaning.长句子、长划线句子要注意看---thewayyoumesswithmodifiers---movethemaroundinthe---GMACcantmovemodifiersaroundunlesstheyunderlinethewhole…bythejointadoption…byjointly区别：verbalnouns(“adoption”)areIM AL,referringtotheoverallnotionofthisaction(anditsconsequences)withoutanexplicitreferencetowho/whatisperformingtheaction:theydon’tconveytheideathatsubjectisdirectlyinvolved.Gerundsforms(“adopting”,“exposing”)generallyDOconveytheideathatthesubjectisdirectlyinvolvedintheprocess.aprocessperformedbypeople,---即使人不提及---ifthefocusofthesentenceisonthesteps/executionoftheprocessitself.Eg:adoptingachildisanobleact.(如果talkingaboutsomeonewhoisconsideringadoptingachild--- ALIZEINGthesentence,可以;talkaboutthePROCESSofadoptingachild”,Adoptingachildinvolvesthoroughbackgroundchecksandgrueling但是，ifyoumeaningeneral---“theadoptionofachildisanobleEgtherivershavebeenredirectedbytheconstructionof …. Byconstructing 13statesfromallregionsofthecountryannouncedaplantoimposenewcontrolsonpollutionfromtruckandbusenginesinthattheywilljointlyadoptemissionlimitsthatwouldbefarstricterthanthefederalrules.forimposingnewcontrolsonpollutionfromtrucksandbusengines,andjointlyEg:Therewasalotoftrafficonthefreeway,andIwaslateto错误。Andseparateandindependent.Planto planforPlantodo:theverb“do”issomeactionthatIdirectlyplantodo.Eg:Iplantosellmyoldclothes. thisiswhatIamgoingtodo.Planforng:“verbing”istheGOALorPURPOSEoftheplan.Butit’snottheactualmechanicsoftheplan.Eg:Myplanformakingmoneyistosellmyold…emissionsmustbecutatthesourcebyfossilfuelsthatareburnedmoreefficientlyand,insomecases,byalternativessuchashydrogenfuelcellsthatcanreplacefossilfuelsaltogether.byfossilfuels,byalternativesnotafuel,但是事实上suchasfuelsby…by…平行。整个句子也是不对，emissionsmustbecutbyfossilfuels.C.burningfossilfuelsmoreefficientlyand,insomecases,byreplacingfossilfuelsaltogetherwithalternativessuchashydrogenfuelcells正确。这里的burning和replacing不是 alizing,(the whoactuallydoesthestuffisnotmentioned)但是：BurningreplacingprocessesperformedbyTheemphasisofsentenceisONTHEPROCESS,notonteralnotionofthese isaRON2waystoindicateactualcauseandEg:Atruckcrashedinfrontofmeonthefreeway,makingmelatetoExplicittransitionwordforcause/Eg:Atruckcrashedinfrontofmeonthefreeway,andsoIwaslatetoEg:Theelectronicscompanyhasunveiledwhatitclaimstobetheworld’ssmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorder,thelengthofwhichisthatofahandledcomputer,anditweighslessthan11Tobetheworld’ssmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorder,thelengthofwhichisthatofahandheldcomputer,anditweighsTobethesmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorderintheworld,whichisaslongasahandheldcomputer,weighingmodifier不对。Isthesmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorderintheworld,whichisaslongasahandheldcomputer,anditweighsIstheworld‘ssmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorder,whichisaslongasahandheldandIstheworld’ssmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorder,thelengthofwhichisthatofahandheldcomputer,weighingmodifier这里告诉的是：twodifferentcharacteristicsofthedevices.用”AND”在这里能表达这种意BE的结构不对。Themodifierdoesn'tworkinBE,becauseweighisnotadescription(oraninevitableconsequence)oflength.Thesemodifiersdescribe,insomereasonablydirectway,thePREVIOUSACTION(previousSeparatedimensions-→useC选项中，digitalcamcorderintheworld+,+“which”NOUN1NOUN2DependontheOG12EmilyDickinson’sletterstoSusanDickinsonwhich…”这里，whichreferstoletter.AC不平行。ChoiceD:…IS*and*weighsEg:ThearmycutwormmothisacriticalsourceoffatforasmanyasathirdofYellowstoneNationalPark’sgrizzlybears;theyoverturnrockstofindthem,asmanyas40,000perbearinasingleday.bears;theyoverturnrockstofindthem,asmanyas(themmoths,bears;overturningrockstofindtheinsectsupbearsoverturningrockstofindthemasmanyas(mothoverturningrocks了bears,andtheyoverturnrockstofindthem,upbears,whichoverturnrocksfindtheinsects,asmany2facts:1)thisthingisacriticalsourceof2)thebearsgohuntingforridiculousnumbersofthemThesearenotindependentobservations;(1)isthereasonfor(2)Therefore,“and”isnotanappropriateconnector.-INGactionincomma+-ingTheSUBJECTofthepreviousclauseshouldbethesource/agent/do-eroftheactiondescribedinthe–ING。CantheCOMMA+INGmodifythetouchingnoun?Ifthemodifiercomesafteraclause,then,no!Ifitjustfollowsanoun(NOTaclause),then,yes,itE.bears,whichoverturnrocksfindtheinsects,asmanyas1000perbearinasingleQ:Isthisareferencetorocks,ortoBASICPRINCIPLEOFModifiersgoascloseaspossibletothestuffthattheyareCOMMONThesentenceisABOUTthecutwormmoth,itwouldbeweirdifauthorignoredthemothtodescribethenumberofrocksthatthebearoverturns.Eg:TheAchaemenidempireofPersiareachedtheIndusValleyinthefifthcenturyB.C.,bringingtheAramaicscriptwithit,fromwhichwasderivedbothnorthernandsouthernnalphabets.theAramaicscriptwithitfromwhichwasderivedbothnorthernandtheAramaicscriptwithit,andfromwhichderivingboththenorthernandwithittheAramaicscript,fromwhichderiveboththenorthernandwithittheAramaicscript,fromwhichderivesbothnorthernwithittheAramaicscript,andderivingfromitboththenorthernOE:the“and”impliesThesethingsarenotindependent---thesecondpart(thenorthernandsouthernnalphabetscomefromhere)isaDescription/AddlinformationabouttheAramaicscript.So,“and”doesn’tmakeREVERSECONSTRUTIONThereisonecarinthe TherearetwocarsintheOnthebeachwasasinglepigeonhuntingforfood. Onthebeachweretwopigeons…#1PRINCIPLEOFALLMODIFIERSPutthemodifierASCLOSEASPOSSIBLEtothestuffthatit’stalkingaboutAB---FartherawayDeriveand“areXderivesfromY-→YisthesourceofX(generalstatementofXisderivedfromY-→thisisactuallyperformed(usuallybypeople)sugarisderivedfromSpeciesXisderivedfromspeciesY-→DOESN’TMAKESENSERON16EG:The151memberernmentsoftheWorldBankareexpectedtoincreasethebank’sfundingby$115billion,thoughsomeUnitedStateslegislatorsciteanobstacletocongressionalpassagebeingtheconcernthatthebank’sloanswillhelpforeignproducerscompetewithAmericanbusiness.anobstacletocongressionalpassagebeingtheconcernbeingmodifieraconcernasanobstacletocongressionalasanobstacletocongressionalpassagethetheconcern,anobstacletocongressionalasanobstacleforCongresstopassitthethatthisconcernaspecificconcernisanobstacletothecongressionalpassageofthefundingincrease，concern而不是congressionalpassage.BDTheyciteTHECONCERNasanasanobstacletocongressionaltheasanobstacletocongressionalthethe

rnthattheloanswill…anobstacletocongressionalpassage,thattheloanswill…Modifier的位置。KeepthemodifiersnearwhattheyaremodifyingEg:IthinkofthistestasafunpuzzleItreatthistestasagameTheydescribeactionsEg:Galileodidnotinventtheescope,butonhearing,in1609,thatsuchanopticalhadbeenmade,hequicklybuilthisowndevicefromananpipeandspectacleGalileodidnotinventtheescope,butonhearing,in1609,thatsuchanopticalinstrumenthadbeenmade,heGalileohadnotinventedtheescope,butwhenheheard,in1609,ofsuchanopticalinstrumenthavingbeenmade,Galileo,eventhoughhehadnotinventedtheescope,onhearing,in1609,thatsuchanopticalinstrumenthadbeenmade,heonhearingtheescope?Hadbeenmadehe…?EventhoughGalileodidnotinventtheescope,onhearing,in1609,thatsuchanopticalinstrumenthadbeenmade,同上EventhoughGalileodidnotinventtheescope,butwhenheheard,1609,ofsuchanopticalinstrumentbeingmade,hebeingmade不对ABEMUSTthesentencethatcomesafterward.(that’swhatwewantittodo)“onhearing”/“whenheheard”/etc---whatdoesthisModifyingthesentencedescribingGalileo’sinventionofaThisshouldbeattachedtotheclausethatsayshebuilthisown“in1609”→thisshouldbeattachedto“hearing”(thishappensinallfivechoices)Whenthingsaremovedaround,thinkaboutwhichchoice:placesthemwheretheyaresupposedtobedoesn’tplacetheminlocationswithmorethanoneinterpretationBE不是完整句子Eg:WhendraftingtheDeclarationofSentimentsthatwasadoptedattheSenecaFallsWomen'sRightsConventionin1848,includedinitbytheauthor,ElizabethCadyStanton,wasacallforfemaleenfranchisement.WhendraftingtheDeclarationofSentimentsthatwasadoptedattheSenecaFallsWomen'sRightsConventionin1848,includedinitbytheauthor,ElizabethCadyStanton,wasacallforfemaleenfranchisement.Includingacallforfemaleenfranchisement,adraftoftheDeclarationofSentimentswasadoptedattheSenecaFallsWomen'sRightsConventionin1848thatElizabethCadyStantonWhentheDeclarationofSentimentsdraftedbyElizabethCadyStantonwasadoptedattheSenecaFallsWomen'sConventionin1848,acallforfemaleenfranchisementhadbeenincludedinit.Acallforfemaleenfranchisement,includedinElizabethCadyStanton'sdraftoftheDeclarationofSentimentsin1848,thatwasadoptedbytheSenecaFallsWomen'sRightsConvention.不是完整句子WhenElizabethCadyStantondraftedtheDeclarationofSentimentsthatwasadoptedattheSenecaFallsWomen'sRightsConventionin1848,sheincludedinitacallforfemaleBeabletodifferentiatebetweenMODIFIERSandENTIRECLAUSES:MODIFIERS:actuallymodifystuffENTIRECLAUSES:don’tmodifyparticular Tiredfromafullday’swork,Istillhadtofeedthebody.Tiredfromafullday’swork,thebodystillneededtobefed.EventhoughIwastiredfromafullday’swork,Istillneededtofeedthebaby.EventhoughIwastiredfromafullday’swork,thebabystillneededtobefed.如果是modifier，被修饰的要subject等 CEIfyousay“WhenX,Y”,itmustactuallybetruethat“y”WHEN(C)WHENthedraftWASADOPTED,acallwas/hadbeen(E)WHENEDRAFTEDthedeclaration,…sheincluded…(thisispreciselythetimeWHENsheincludedthecall)Eg:Tastebudsareonion-shdstructureswithbetween50and100tastecells,eachofthemhasfingerlikeprojectionspokingthroughtheopeninglocatedatthetopofthetastebudcalledthetastepore.themhasfingerlikeprojectionspokingthroughtheopeninglocatedatthetopofthetastecalledthetastethemthathavefingerlikeprojectionsthatpokethroughanopeninglocatedatthetopofthetastebud,whichtheycallthetasteporewhichhasfingerlikeprojectionspokingthroughtheopening,calledthetastepore,locatedatthetopofthetastebudwhichhavingfingerlikeprojectionsthatpokethroughanopening,whichiscalledthetastepore,locatedatthetopofthetastebud which没有动词了whichhavefingerlikeprojectionsthatarepokingthroughanopeninglocatedatthetopofthetastebudcalledthetasteporeMODIFIERPLACEMENTisrelativeModifierTheissueis“whichchoicedoestheBESTJOBofplacingthemodifierscorrectlyandclearly?”Thefacts:*thisopeningiscalledthe“tastepore”CD对。AEnotclearRONEG:AstudyoffoodresourcesintheNorthPacificbetween1989and1996revealedthatcreaturesoftheseabedweresufferingfromdwindlingfoods,possiblyresultingfromincreasingseasurfacetemperaturesduringthesameperiod.thatcreaturesoftheseabedweresufferingfromdwindlingfood s,possiblyresultingfromincreasing thatcreaturesoftheseabedweresufferingbecausefood sweredwindling,possiblyasaresultofanincreasein WHOLECLAUSE/IDEAthatcreaturesoftheseabedweresufferingbecauseoffood s,whichweredwindlingpossiblyasaresultofincreasing creaturesoftheseabedthatweresufferingfromfoodsthatweredwindling,possiblyresultingfromanincreaseincreaturesoftheseabedthatweresufferingbecausefoodsweredwindling,possiblyresultedfromDEthestudyrevealcreatures…ItrevealstheideainclauseWhat’sthedifferencebetween“revealTHATxverb…”and“revealed***torefertotheWHOLEIDEAofthisclause,use***iftheACTUALNOUNisthefocus,thenit’soktousetheABWhat’sthe*werethecreaturesactuallysufferingFROMtheS?(NOUN)OR*weretheysufferingBECAUSEthesWERErunningdown?***ifyouseeadistinctionbetweenaNOUNandaWHOLECLAUSE,askyourself---WHAT’STHEMESSAGE?Arewetalkingaboutthenoun,orthewholeclause?Eg:createCONSTRASTINGexamples,usingsametopicideas,inordertohighlighttheHistoricaldatashowthatmanymenwereunemployedduringtheGreatDepression.正确Historicaldatashowmanymenwhowereunemployedduring….错误---besureyouknowwhyTheseoldpicturesshowmanymenwhowereunemployedduring…正确Theseoldpicturesshowthatmanymenwereunemployedduring…错误---notareasonable***Increasing&anincrease“what’sthemessage”type“increasingNOUN”isthe“ANINCREASE(inthenoun)”istheINCREASE,nottheEg:PoliticalsituationsintheMiddleEasthavecausedanincreaseingasprices.正确。 anincrease.Situationscausedanincrease…对。PoliticalsituationsintheMiddleEasthavecausedincreasinggasprices.错误。不是政治格局导致了价格。Situationscausedprice。错。TheincreaseingaspricesistakingupalargerandlargerportionoftheaverageAmericanfamily’sbudget.错误IncreasinggaspricesaretakingupalargerandlargerportionoftheaverageAmericanfamily’sbudget.正确eg:OnEarth,amongthesurestindicationsofsunspotcyclesarebelievedtobetheratethattreesgrow,asseenintheringsvisibleinthecrosssectionsoftheirtrunks.OnEarth,amongthesurestindicationsofsunspotcyclesarebelievedtobetheratethattreesOnEarth,amongthesurestindicationsofsunspotcyclesare,itisbelieved,therateoftreeOnEarth,therateatwhichtreesgrowisbelievedtobeamongthesurestindicationsofsunspotcyclesAmongthesurestindicationsonEarthofsunspotcycles,believedtobethetreegrowthAmongthesurestindicationsonEarthofsunspotcyclesisbelievedtobetherateatwhichtreesgrowABE都是倒装。正序：therateof…isbelievedtobe…amongthesurestindications… Twocarsareinthehighway.Onecarisinthehighway.InthehighwayisoneInthedrivewayaretwoC.OnEarth,therateatwhichtreesgrowisbelievedtobeamongthesurestindicationsofsunspotcycles WAYfarawayfromthedescription notevencloseE.AmongthesurestindicationsonEarthofsunspotcyclesisbelievedtobetherateatwhichtreesgrowrightnexttothedescriptionCEC:如果有“prepphrase+comma+sentence”,thenthatprepphraseshoulddescribetheENTIREIDEAofthesentence.Eg:InLouisiana,hurricanesaresaidtobeamanifestationofGod’sthebeliefisaboutALLhurricanes.Thebelief(=ideaofwholeclause)isheldbypeopleinHurricanesinLouisianaaresaidtobeamanifestationofGod’sThisrefersonlytohurricanesINLouisiana.Inotherwords,resultoftheGod,其他地方不是E---…indicationonEarth---rightnexttothe“whatisONTheindicationsareonearth”Eg：youarelookingforSIGNSONEARTHthatwill lyouaboutsunspotcycles(aneventthatoccursreallyfarfromEarth)Eg：Unlikemostseverancepackages,whichrequireworkerstostayuntilthelastdayscheduledtocollect,workersattheautomobilecompanyareeligibleforitsseverancepackageeveniftheyfindanewjobbeforetheyareterminated.thelastdayscheduledtocollect,workersattheautomobilecompanyareeligibleforitsseverancepackagethelastdaytheyarescheduledtocollect,workersareeligiblefortheautomobilecompany'sseverancepackagetheirlastscheduleddaytocollect,theautomobilecompanyoffersitsseverancepackagetotheirlastscheduleddayinordertocollect,theautomobilecompany'sseverancepackageisavailabletoworkersthelastdaythattheyarescheduledtocollect,theautomobilecompany'sseverancepackageisavailabletoworkersDontconfusewith“theideathat”“thenotionEg:Theideathatyoucanjump10feetintheairisabsurd.---thisistheTheideathatyoumentionedinclassyesterdayisabsurd.---youmentionedtheidea.(“idea”istheobject)Thelastday(that)theyarescheduledtocollect-→theycollecttheRONMyfriendwholivesinTexasheenjoysthehotweather.Modifier:modifierreferstoHint:splitbetweenMODIFIERS&COREELEMENTS(subject/With是介词，itshouldbefollowedbyaNOUN.possiblywithmodifiers)With+NOUN+modifiersIfyouhave , ”→thetwopartsshouldREINFORCEeachEg:Withthreesmallchildrenathome,Racheldoesn’thavemuchtimeforhobbies.---makeEg:Iatedinnerdranksomewatergotdressedheadingtotheclubtomeetfriends.错。andSCTipsByImportanceofMeaninginSentenceCorrection&HowtostudySCYoushouldALWAYScheckthemeaning,beforeyoulookatANYTHINGinthesentence.almosteveryoneofthemajorSCerrortypesiseasiertoidentifyifyouareusingthemeaningofthesentence,andmostofthemareimpossibletounderstandfully*without*themeaning.verbtense--comple yimpossiblewithoutmeaningverbvoice-- yimpossiblewithoutmodifiers--canbeassignedaccordingtogrammarrules,butdeterminingwhethertheassignmentis*correct*isimpossiblewithoutmeaningpronouns--aresubjecttogrammarrules,butdeterminingwhetherthepronoun*correct*isimpossiblewithoutparallelism--sometimesbasedongrammar,butyouneedmeaningtofigureoutwhichitems*should*beparallelintheplaceetc.ACTIVEvs.PASSIVEisaMEANINGISSUE.(VERBTENSESarealsoaMEANINGISSUE.)Theseare*NOT*grammarmakesurethatyouunderstandthesignificanceofthepassivevoicevs.theactivetheactivevoicemeansthatthesubjectisthedoeroragentoftheaction.imovedtochicago-->imadethedecisiontomovetochicagomyself,formyownimovedtochicago-->imadethedecisiontomovetochicagomyself,formyownthepassivevoicemeansthatthesubjectistheorrecipientoftheaction--i.e.,thattheactionisdonetothesubject.iwasmovedtochicago-->someoneelse,e.g.,myemployer,madememovetochicago;itwasn'tmydecision.HowtoStudySCforEVERYSC*youshouldbeabletogothroughtheCORRECtence--includingthenon-underlinedpart--andjustifyEVERYconstructionintha --ifthere'samodifier,youshouldbeabletoexplainexactlywhatitmodifies,andexactlywhythatmodificationmakessense.--ifthere'sapronoun,youshouldbeabletoexplainexactlywhatitstandsfor,andexactlywhythatmakessense.--ifthere'saverb,youshouldbeabletofinditssubject.youshouldalsobeabletojustifythetenseinwhichtheverbisused,and/orthetensesequenceofmultiple--youshouldbeabletoexplaintheexactmeaningofthe--ifthereareparallelstructures,youshouldbeabletoexplain(a)thegrammaticalparallelismAND(b)theparallelisminmeaning.etc.InSC,youshouldbeabletogothroughtheCORRECTanswers,andJUSTIFYEVERYTHINGinthecorrectanswer.i.e.,ifthereisanunderline,substituteinthecorrectanswertomakeacompletesentence,andthenmakesurethatyouunderstandeverythinginthatcorrec thegoodthingaboutthissortofstrategyisthatyoucanfigureoutmostthingsbyyourself.forinstance,evenifyou'veneverseenaparticulartypeofmodifierbefore,youknowthatit'susedcorrectly--soyoucanjustdeduceitsproperusefromthecontext.etc.Mythof"OneOneoftheX'sthat/whoOneoftheX'sOnlyoneoftheX'sOnlyoneoftheX'sthat/whoTheonlyoneoftheX'sthat/who"Would"Vs"Would"isthepasttenseofIfyouaretalkingaboutpredictingorexpectinganeventthatstillliesinthethenyouuseIfyouaretalkingaboutTPREDICTIONorexpectationofaneventwhosetimeframehasALREADYPASSED,thenyouuse"WOULD".LIKE/ASYoumakecomparisonswithLIKEwhenyoucomparenouns,ornounphrases(i.e.,anythingthatdoesn'thaveaVERB).PrepositionalphrasestakeNotethattheremaybemodifiersattachedtothesenouns.Ifthereare,don'tcare.Modifiersaredisposable.YoumakecomparisonswithASwhenyoucompareclauses(thingsthathaverealVERBS),orprepositionalphrases.NOTE:Whenyou'redecidingwhethersomethingisaclauseorjustanounphrase,rememberthat-INGFORMSDONOTCOUNTASVERBS(unlessthere'sahelverbattachedtothem)."Thosebabiesarecute,likelittlepandasslidingdownrainbows"--Note"sliding"isNOTa"slidingdownrainbows"isamodifier,andthusdoesn'thavetobeconsideredinthegrammarofthesentence."Thosebabiesarecute,asarelittlepandasthatslidedownrainbows"--"are"isaverb,sothisisa"thatslide..."DOESNOTcount,sinceit'spartofa"Thosebabiesarecute,likelittlepandasthatslidedownrainbows"--"littlepandas"isa"thatslide..."DOESNOTcount,sinceit'spartofa"Ourfamilylivesonafarmnow,asinthe19thcentury."--CORRECT!Prepositionalphrasestake"as"Comparedto/withforIfyousay"comparedwith/to"forstatistics,youshouldciteBOTHstatisticsintheTheexpression"comparedto/with"doesNOTimplyanysortofdirectiontothecomparison;i.e.,itgivesnohintastogreater/less/like/unlike.Therefore,youneedtogivebothoftherelevantstatistics,orelsethestatementwon'tmakeanysense.因为compare没有方向性，所以要both数据"TheunemploymentrateinEsterialastmonthwas5.3%,comparedtotherateinBurdistan."--INCORRECT!Thismakesnosense.WehaveabsoluynoideawhatisgoingonwiththerateinBurdistan."TheunemploymentrateinEsterialastmonthwas5.3%,comparedtoarateofinBurdistan."--CORRECT!Bothstatisticsare"IncontrastIfyousay"incontrastto",thenyoudon'tHAVEtomentionbothstatistics...Althoughyoustillcanmention.Incontrastto可以提到both"IncontrasttothecorrespondingrateinEsteria,theunemploymentrateinBurdistanfelllastmonth."--CORRECT!Inthiscase,the"incontrastto"constructionimpliesthattheEsterianratewentup.Wedon'tactuallyhavetosaythisBut,ifyouwant,youcanmentionboth"IncontrasttothecorrespondingrateinEsteria,whichroseby0.5%,theunemploymentrateinBurdistanfellby0.3%lastmonth."--ALSOCORRECT!"ByInclausesmodifiedwith"byTIME",youshouldPastPerfect(hadVERBed)ifthetimemarkerisinthePresentPerfect(has/haveVERBed)ifthetimemarkeris"byFuturePerfect(willhaveVERBed)ifthetimemarkerisintheUsageof"Could"isamodalexpressingpast(potential)Ifsomethingisassume