动物生态学绪论双语版2021.8.28修改

3/3动物生态学绪论双语版2021.8.28修改Introduction

?What’secology?

?Subjectsofecology

?Methodsofapproachtoecology

?History

?Branchesofecology

ErnstHaeckel(1834-1919)

Elton,Charles(1900-1991)

EnglandHerbertGeorgeAndrewarthaAustrialia,1907-1992

CharlesJkrebs

Canada

E.POdumUSA1913-2002

马世骏1915-1991

1.TheEcologyofForestBirds:UsingFieldStudiestoTestTheory

栗颊林莺橙胸林莺

黑喉绿林莺

栗胸林莺黄腰白喉林莺

?RobertMacArthur(1958)predictedthatthesewarblersmightbeabletocoexistandnotcompetewitheachotheriftheyfedontheinsectslivingindifferentzones.

interactionsbetweenwarblerspecieshelpmaintaindifferenceinBerndHeinrich(1979,1993)Bumblebee熊蜂

Energybudget

Hewanttoknowtherateatwhichfeedingbumblebeestakeinenergy(income)relativetotherateatwhichtheyexpendedenergy(cost).

Energygainorloss=Energyintake-Energyexpended

fromvariousspeciesofflowerstoestimatetheirrateofenergy

StopwatchCatch

?Hefoundtheyusuallyvisitedonlyasingleflowerspecies.

Herecordedthenumberofflowersvisited.

Hemeasuredthevolumeandsugarcontentofnectarproduced

Theamountofenergyexpendedduringflightwasapproximately

Figure1.1environmenttemperatureandbumblebeeheatingrate

measuredinalaboratoryexperiment(datafromHeinrich1993)

3.ForestNutrientbudgets:Inventories

andLarge-ScaleExperiments

NaliniNadkarni(1981,1984)

?Becauseofleachingby

heavyrains,manyrain

forestsoilsarepoorin

nutrients.

?Howtheprodigiouslife

ofrainforestscanbe

maintainedonsuch

nutrient-poorsoils.

Figure1.2exploringtherainforestcanopy.What

NaliniNadkarnidiscoveredhelpedsolveapuzzle.

Epiphytes附生植物Epiphytes附生植物

matsandextractnutrients

Figure1.5Historyfromlakesediments.云杉山毛榉栗子

records

Figure1.8Exponentialgrowthofacolonizingpopulationofscotch

pine,Pinussylvestris(Bennett,1983)樟子松

Laboratory

Examplestudy:

Doeyespotsmimiceyes?

Startledisplay

Continuouslyvisible

Caligo

Alternativeexplanation:eyespotsarejusthighlyconspicuoustoapredator&promoteavoidancebehaviour

Fieldstudies

Test:Doeyespotspreventpredation?

Doeyespotsworkbymimickingeyesorbybeingconspicuous?M

Createartificial‘butterflies’–don’tmimicanyrealspecies

Pintotrees–geteatenbybirds

Comparetheprobabilityofsurvival

Spacepreyoutwidely–don’twantbirdstolearnPinpreyitemsalongtransects(1-3kmlong)Repeattransectsinseveral(5-10)differentwoodlandareas–accountfordifferencesinoverallpredationlevels

Record‘survival’everyfewhoursover24-72hours

Pinseveralhundredtargetsintotal–samenumbersofeachtreatmenttype

1:Black‘pupil’andlight‘iris’

2:Invertedspotofsamecontrast

3.Control

Doesapairofspotsworkbest?(Likeapairofeyes)

Ordohighernumbersandlargersizedeyespotsworkbest?

123

456

Sametotalspotareaason3

Results:Experiment3

Noadvantageofcircles

Whyaresomanyeyespotscircular?Developmentalreasons

1.Prophaseofecology

2B.C~16A.D公元前2世纪到

公元16世纪

积累了大量的生态学事实、现

象和材料，如动植物的生活习

性和驯化。

?公元前400年，《诗经》，“维鹊有

巢，维鸠居之”。

?公元前1200年《尔雅》，记载了

176种木本植物和50多种草本植

物。

?亚里士多德将动物分为水栖的和陆

栖，按食性分为肉食、草食、杂食

及特殊食物。

?荻奥弗拉斯图斯,《植物群落》，植

物类型与环境的关系

ThomasRobertMalthus1766～1834England

1925，Lotka&Volterra，提出种间竞争数学模型。

USAItaly

Darwin，1809～1882

England

提出食物链、生态位等概念。

RaymondL.Lindeman，1915-1942CapeMaywarbler栗颊林莺Yellow－Rumpedwarbler黄腰白喉林莺Bay－Breast